Mordant Black Research Articles

Oxidative decolorization of Mordant Black 17 by peroxydisulfate facilitated by Fe2+

Oxidative decolorization of Mordant Black 17 by peroxydisulfate facilitated by Fe2+

Amine-Functionalized MWCNTs for the Removal of Mordant Black 11 Dye

In this study, amine-functionalized MWCNTs (f-MWCNTs) have been investigated as potential material for the removal of Mordant black dye 11 (MBD 11). To evaluate the optimal condition and adsorption capability of the adsorbents (f-MWCNTs), the effect of temperature, pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time on adsorption rate are examined. The study shows a stronger interaction between the dye and f-MWCNTs. The highest removal efficiency is observed in acidic medium (pH 2) with an initial dye concentration of 50 mg L−1, where 99% of the dye is adsorbed from the medium in 40 min using 0.05 g of f-MWCNTs. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies reveal that adsorption occurs by the Langmuir adsorption model and pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics. According to the thermodynamic parameters, the adsorption exhibits endothermic and spontaneous behavior.Graphical

Dye removal from simulated and real textile effluent using laccase immobilized on pine needle biochar

Textile industries generate huge amount of water containing harmful azo dyes that have known carcinogenic and mutagenic toxicities. Removal of these azo dyes is an important step in the treatment of wastewater. This work evaluates the potential application of enzyme immobilized biochar for the removal of azo dyes from real and simulated textile effluents. The simulated textile effluent was prepared using azo dyes Congo red, Malachite green and their mixture. Dye removal studies were conducted in batch studies using laccase immobilized biochar and optimization of immobilization was achieved through response surface methodology. In the case of simulated effluent, higher dye removal efficiencies were obtained when added separately (73.8 % for Malachite green dye and 88.1 % for Congo red) in comparison to when mixed together (59.3 % for Malachite green dye and 78.7 % for Congo red). In the case of real textile effluent, the dye removal through an enzyme immobilized system with 100 % removal efficiency was obtained for one of the dye peaks while it was 35.7 % for the other dye present in the effluent along with 33.3 % COD removal. The real textile effluent was analyzed by GC–MS and the presence of one of the metabolite phenol,2,4-bis (1,1-dimethyl ethyl) in the GC–MS spectra indicated degradation of dye Mordant Black. Thus, an enzyme immobilized biochar system can be used for simultaneous dye adsorption and degradation of toxic azo dyes from real effluents.

Molecular modeling of mordant black dye for future applications as visible light harvesting materials with anchors: design and excited state dynamics

In this study, new visible light harvesting dyes (MBR1-MBR5) have been designed as efficient materials with silyl based anchoring abilities on semiconducting units for future dye-solar cells applications. Their unique molecular structures of novel D-π-ASemiconductor typewere evaluated thoroughly by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. To enhance the optical performance in visible region, a novel dye structure (MBR) was derived from the chemical structure of mordant black (MB) dye with electron acceptor semiconducting units (MBR1-MBR5). The Coulomb-attenuating Becke, 3-parameter, Lee-Yang-Parr (CAM-B3LYP) functional, which had a hybrid and long-range correlation with 6-31G + (d,p), generated a [Formula: see text] (683nm) that was very comparable to its experimental value (672nm). The energies of highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO), and their HOMO-LUMO energy gaps (HLG) were calculated. Their ionization potentials (IP) varied from 5.616 to 8.320eV, demonstrating their good electron donating trend. The [Formula: see text] values of dyes displayed a significant red shift from MBR (682nm) value with range 565-807nm except MBR1 which was slightly blue shifted. The dye MBR4, which had the smallest HLG (0.23eV) had the greatest second order nonlinear optical (NLO) response of 144,234 Debye-Angstrom-1. The DFT calculated results provided insight into the creation of new silyl anchoring groups for future DSSCs material designs with increased stability and effectiveness. The goal of the current study is to forecast the development of novel NLO materials with a D-π-ASemiconductor design that use semiconductors as anchoring groups to adhere to a surface.

Parametrical Study for the Effective Removal of Mordant Black 11 from Synthetic Solutions: Moringa oleifera Seeds’ Extracts Versus Alum

Prior studies have examined the ability of Moringa oleifera (MO) seed extract, among other natural coagulants, to remove several types of dyes. MO has been proven to have a high capacity to remove some anionic dyes. The aim of the present study is to explore the possible use of aqueous and saline extracts of MO as biocoagulants for the removal of Mordant Black (MB11) from aqueous solution. Their performances were compared to that of aluminum sulfate (alum). To do so, various operating parameters were investigated such as coagulant dose (100–600 mg/L), pH (3–11), initial dye concentration (100–350 mg/L), sodium chloride concentration (0.2–2 M), and sedimentation time (15–90 min). The maximum percentages of MB11 removal were found to be 98.65%, 80.12%, and 95.02% for alum, aqueous extract of MO (MOPW), and saline extract of MO (MOPS), respectively, at around pH 6.5 and for coagulant doses of 400 mg/L (alum) and 500 mg/L (MOPW and MOPS). The coagulation-flocculation mechanism of biocoagulants was hypothesized to be adsorption and charge neutralization. The two biocoagulants (MOPW and MOPS) showed an interesting versatility towards pH counter to alum which was very sensitive to this parameter. pH variations were measured for the three coagulants and proven to be negligible for the biocoagulants. Faster sedimentation time was recorded when MOPW and MOPS were used, suggesting the existence of larger quickly settleable flocs. Considering their high coagulative capacity, rapid and cost-effective preparation, and eco-friendly character, MO extracts can be considered as powerful alternatives to aluminum sulfate in the remediation of MB11 from wastewaters.

Experimental, DFT and MD simulation studies of Mordant Black 11 dye adsorption onto polyaniline in aqueous solution

In this study, polyaniline was synthesized using two methods; in-situ polymerization using tartaric acid as a dopant (PANI/TA) and emulsion polymerization in the presence of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide as a surfactant (PANI/HTAB). Samples were characterized by SEM-EDX, FTIR, and XRD analyses. Subsequently, materials were evaluated for the adsorption of Mordant Black 11 (MB11) dye in aqueous media under different experimental conditions. Kinetic data were analyzed by pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models. Equilibrium isotherm data were fitted to Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) models. Sample prepared by emulsion polymerization shows a higher monolayer capacity of 232 mg/g compared to 115.9 mg/g obtained for the sample prepared by in-situ polymerization. Thermodynamic study indicated an endothermic and spontaneous process. Besides, the adsorbents displayed good regeneration performance using 0.1 N NaOH solution. In addition, quantum chemical parameters were calculated by DFT and the agreement between these parameters and experimental observations was analyzed. Also, the interactions between the dye molecule and the PANI (001) surface were simulated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. It was found that the dye was adsorbed onto the PANI (001) surface in a nearby parallel position.

Assessment of biodecolorization potentials of biofilm forming bacteria from two different genera for Mordant Black 11 dye

Potential of indigenous biofilm forming Staphylococcus and Bacillus sp. to decolorize and transform Mordant Black 11 dye was exploited for the reclamation of contaminated environmental compartments. The dye decolorization potential of the bacterial strains was assessed against variable environmental parameters. Both the strains exhibited > 50% decolorization of dye in the absence as well as presence of carbon source over 72 h. Bacillus subtilis MB378 was the most potential and efficient strain which exhibited 75.23% decolorization of Mordant Black 11 dye at 37 ˚C within 48 h in glucose supplemented medium. Optimum decolorization of Mordant Black 11 dye by Bacillus subtilis MB378 under aerobic conditions was attained at pH 8 and 30 ˚C within 24 h of incubation. The bacterial strain also possessed the ability to tolerate high concentrations of Mordant Black 11 dye up to 150 mg L−1. Quantitative assessment revealed maximum decolorization of Mordant Black 11 dye (76.12%) by Staphylococcus sp. MB377 at acidic pH, 37 ˚C with 1% inoculum size. Mordant Black 11 dye on addition of metals followed the dye decolorization order as Cd > Cu > Cr. IR analysis, UV–vis spectroscopy, HPLC and GCMS profiles ascertained the biodecolorization and biotransformation potential of these strains supporting effective utilization of indigenous biofilm forming bacteria for comprehensive treatment of dye containing effluents.

Decolorization and discovery of metabolic pathway for the degradation of Mordant Black 11 dye by Klebsiella sp. MB398.

Extensive utilization of the synthetic dyes in various industries is leading to water and soil contamination and ultimately impacting the humans. A research study was conducted for investigating the biodecolorization and biotransformation of Mordant Black 11 dye. For this purpose, potential of biofilm forming bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae MB398 isolated from effluent outlets of Tops Food Industry, Hattar, Pakistan, was assessed to decolorize and transform Mordant Black 11 dye. Bacterial strain MB398 exhibited the capability of growing optimally at acidic pH (pH 6.0). Klebsiella pneumoniae MB398 efficiently decolorized Mordant Black 11 dye (64.55%) in aerobic environment at pH 6.0 and 37 °C over 24 h, which further increased to 75.35% over a period of 72 h of incubation. Strain MB398 also exhibited the capability of decolorizing Mordant Black 11 dye in the presence of cadmium (63.71%), chromium (61.78%), and copper (61.50%), respectively. UV-VIS spectrophotometric analysis, FTIR, and HPLC spectra were also indicative of biotransformation of dye molecules by Klebsiella pneumoniae MB398. GC-MS analysis of Mordant Black 11 dye revealed formation of 9 novel and unique metabolites including phenol,2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl); 9-eicosene, (E); ethanol,2,2-(2-propenyloxy); acetic acid, benzene; 1-naphthol; methyl formate; valeraldehyde,2,4-dimethyl; and 7-hexadecene (Z). A possible metabolic pathway depicting the biotransformation of Mordant Black 11 dye by Klebsiella pneumoniae MB398 was projected. Findings of the current research study strongly suggest application of Klebsiella pneumoniae MB398 for developing large scale bioremediation strategies for the abatement of synthetic dyes to retain environmental sustainability in bioeconomic way.

Exploring the Outcomes of Sulphur Sources on ZnO/CdS Nanocomposites Towards Photocatalytic Degradation of Mordant Black 11 Dye

Nanostructured ZnO/CdS composites were synthesized using hydrothermal method by varying the sulphur source; thiourea (TU) and thioglycolic acid (TGA). Pure ZnO and two samples of CdS were prepared by varying the sulphur source in order to compare the results of the nanocomposite with the pure nanomaterials. X-ray diffraction analysis shows the average particle size of the ZnO/CdS (TU) and ZnO/CdS (TGA) nanocomposite to be 12.81 nm and 25 nm, respectively. High resolution TEM analysis shows the particle size of ZnO/CdS (TU) and ZnO/CdS (TGA) to be 12 and 17 nm respectively. UV- visible- reflectance spectra were recorded and the band gaps were estimated to be 2.4 eV and 2.84 eV for ZnO/CdS (TU) and ZnO IR/CdS (TGA). The porosity of ZnO/CdS (TU) was 14 nm and ZnO/CdS (TGA) was 2.5 nm. The photocatalytic activity for the degradation of Mordant black 11 dye under sunlight was studied.

Preferential Solvation of Mordant Black and Solochrome Dark Blue in Mixed Solvent Systems

In this study, the preferential solvation of Mordant Black and Solochrome Dark Blue were investigated in mixed solvent systems of aqueous methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, methanol: ethanol, methanol:propan-1-ol, methanol:propan-2-ol, ethanol:propan-1-ol, ethanol:propan-2-ol, propan-1-ol:propan-2-ol and carbon tetrachloride: dimethylformamide. Results showed a deviation of solvation data from ideality over the majority of composition ranges in all the solvent mixtures. The type and contribution of specific and non-specific solute-solvent interactions were analyzed in the framework of the linear solvation energy relationships. Statistical analysis of single, dual, and multiparametric equations revealed that in pure solvents, spectral behaviours of MB and SDB were affected by the polarity and basicity of the solvent milieu respectively. However in aqueous alcohols, polarity of the solvent milieu was the most significant determinant of spectral patterns with α and β parameters playing secondary contributory roles in the spectral changes of MB and SDB, respectively. Multiparametric equations generally yielded the best fitted model in mixed alcohol systems with polarity remaining the largest contributor, followed by β and α of the solvent milieu in that order. Spectral-structure relationships identified ion-dipole interactions involving the charged sulphonate and hydrazone moieties as well as proton-donor-acceptor interactions of the common labile hydroxyl groups as mechanisms for the observed solvation data.

Visible Spectrophotometric estimation of Simeprevir in Pharmaceutical Formulations

Two simple accurate, rapid and sensitive methods have been developed for the estimation of Atazanavir in the pharmaceutical dosage forms. The Method-A is based on reaction of Atazanavir with Mordant Black III to form an ion-association colored complex at pH-2.4. The method B is based on the reaction of Atazanavir with Solochrome black-T to form an ion-association colored complex in the presence of Potassium Phthalate buffer system. These Methods exhibits maximum absorption at 537nm and 491nm respectively and obeys the Beer's law in the concentration range of 10–90μg/mL, 1–12 μg/mL respectively. The Methods have been statistically evaluated and were found to be precise and accurate. The proposed Methods are economical and sensitive for the estimation of Atazanavir in the bulk drug and in its formulations.

Citrobacter freundii mediated degradation of textile dye Mordant Black 17

One of the important worldwide environmental problems is the improper discharge of colored effluents to aqueous ecosystems which causes acute toxic effects on aquatic flora and fauna. The present study concentrates on efficiency and potentiality of a bacterium isolated from a textile effluent to degrade the azo dye Mordant black 17. Phenotypic characterization and phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA sequence indicated that the bacterial strain was Citrobacter freundii. This organism was able to decolorize the azo dye, mordant black 17 (at a concentration of 100mgL−1) efficiently bringing about 82% and 89% decolourization under shake and static conditions, respectively, at a temperature of 35°C and at pH 6.5. Instrumental analysis confirmed the presence of naphthoquinone and salicylic acid as break-down products of the dye, indicating that the dye can be completely degraded by this organism.

Bioremediation of textile effluent containing Mordant Black 17 by bacterial consortium CN-1

The constructed bacterial consortium CN-1 which was capable of degrading Mordant Black 17 (MB 17) in mineral salt medium was checked for its efficiency to degrade MB 17 in textile effluent. The consortium was capable of removing 15mgL−1 of the dye completely from the effluent which was confirmed by quantification of aromatic amines, FTIR and GC–MS analyses. Quantification of aromatic amine clearly showed the removal of aromatic amines produced during the degradation process by the consortium in the textile effluent containing the dye and the persistence of the aromatic amine in the soil irrigated with untreated effluent containing the dye. Phytotoxicity studies carried out to find out the effectiveness of this bioremediation process confirmed the nontoxic nature of the effluent treated with consortium CN-1. Seed germination as well as all the growth parameters studied was found to be high in the case of treated effluent compared to control.

Development of microbial consortium CN-1 for the degradation of Mordant Black 17

An aerobic microbial consortium capable of degrading Mordant Black 17, a mono sulphonated mono azo dye belonging to the most important group of synthetic colorants was constructed using five different bacterial strains isolated from textile effluent and from soil near tannery effluent. The 16S rRNA gene based molecular analysis revealed that the bacterial consortium (CN-1) consisted of five bacterial strains namely, Citrobacter freundii (2 strains), Moraxella osloensis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas aeruginosa BL22. The consortium required glucose and ammonium nitrate at a concentration of 0.5% (w/v) and 0.1% (w/v) respectively for the maximum decolorization of dye at 37°C and a pH of 7.5 under shake culture condition bringing about 95% decolorization. The degradation was found to follow first order kinetics with a k1 value of 0.16h−1. Naphthol, naphthoquinone, salicylic acid and catechol were identified as the intermediates of degradation. This study demonstrates the efficient degradation of Mordant Black 17, a monoazo dye used extensively in textile industries by an aerobic microbial consortium qualifying the consortium as a potential candidate for the biological treatment of dye containing effluent.

Biodegradation of the textile dye Mordant Black 17 (Calcon) by Moraxella osloensis isolated from textile effluent-contaminated site

The bacterium with dye degrading ability was isolated from effluent disposal sites of textile industries, Tirupur and was identified as Moraxella osloensis based on the biochemical and morphological characterization as well as 16S rRNA sequencing. This organism was found to decolorize 87 % of Mordant Black 17 at 100 mg l⁻¹ under shake culture condition compared to 92 % under stationary culture condition. Maximum degradation of the dye by M. osloensis was achieved when the mineral salt medium was supplemented with 0.5 % glucose and 0.1 % ammonium nitrate at 35 °C. Degradation of dye was found to follow first order kinetics with the k value of 0.06282 h⁻¹ and a R² value of 0.955. Analyses for the identification of intermediate compounds confirmed the presence of naphthalene, naphthol, naphthoquinone, salicylic acid and catechol. Based on this finding a probable pathway for the degradation of Mordant Black 17 by M. osloensis has been proposed.

Adsorption of Acid Dyes onto Wool in TX-100 Reverse Micelles

The non-ionic reverse micelles used for dyeing wool were prepared with a non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 (TX-100) by injecting small amount of acid dye aqueous solution. And the adsorption properties of three water-soluble anionic acid dye including Mordant Black 9, Acid Black 234 and Acid Orange 156 onto wool in TX-100 reverse micelle were studied and compared. Then effect of W value (molar ratio of the injected water to TX-100) and pH level on dye adsorption was also investigated. The results indicate that Higher W value and Low pH level would increase the adsorption amount of the dye onto wool. The adsorption of the dye onto wool showed better agreement with Langmuir isotherm equation. Mordant Black 9 with lower molecular weight and one sulfonic group exhibited the higher adsorption capacity than the other dyes.

An in vitro Study of Diffusibility and Degradation of Three Calcium Hydroxide Pastes.

ABSTRACTAims and objectives : The aim of this in vitro study is to assess the diffusibility and degradation of three calcium hydroxide pastes.Materials and methods : Three pastes were prepared by mixing calcium hydroxide powder with three different vehicles namely water, propylene glycol and CMCP for the investigation. The three pastes were sealed in porcelain caps and immersed in distilled water for the diffusion study. The change in the pH of the surrounding water indicated the rate and degree of diffusion in the degradation study (1 to 7 days, 14th day, 21st day and 30th day). The pastes were exposed to an atmosphere of carbon dioxide in the degradation study to assess the degree to which they can undergo degradation by carbonation. Mordant Black or Solochrome Black indicator was used for the estimation.Results and conclusion : Calcium hydroxide readily diffuses from all the three pastes. Calcium hydroxide diffuses marginally less from a paste made with propylene glycol as compared to CMCP paste. The comparative stability of Ca(OH)2 was studied and the results showed that consistently significant protection is imparted to Ca(OH)2 by CMCP over widely ranging periods.

Dye–surfactant interaction in aqueous solutions

The interaction of four ionic dyes, C.I. Mordant Black 11, C.I. Mordant Black 17, C.I. Direct Yellow 50 and C.I. Basic Blue 9, with cationic and anionic surfactants was studied by absorption spectroscopy. The dyes interact strongly with oppositely charged surfactant in the premicellar concentration range and the appropriate values of constant of dye–surfactant complex formation were estimated. In addition, the most important factor affecting the number of dye particles solubilized in the surfactant micelle was its molecular mass.

The mordant dyeing of wool using tannic acid and FeSO 4, Part 1: Initial findings

C.I. Mordant Black 8 produced reddish-brown dyeings on wool of good light fastness, moderate rub fastness but poor fastness to washing at 40 °C. Subsequent afterchroming with Na 2Cr 2O 7 provided deep, black dyeings of much improved fastness. The substitution of Na 2Cr 2O 7 with FeSO 4 also improved the fastness of the unmordanted dyeings but the ensuing brown shades displayed lower, all-round fastness to their afterchromed counterparts. When the dye was applied in combination with tannic acid, subsequent mordanting with ferrous sulfate yielded brown/greyish-brown dyeings of high colour strength and high all-round fastness. Of two methods that were used to produce such dye/tannic acid/FeSO 4 ‘combination’ dyeings, namely, (dye + tannic acid)/FeSO 4 and dye/(tannic acid + FeSO 4), the latter yielded dyeings of superior fastness.

Inhibitory effect of azo dyes on ammoni-n oxidation by nitrtosomonas

The potential inhibitory effect of five azo dyes on ammonia-N oxidation was investigated. Ammonia-N oxidation was inhibited by the dyes: Mordant Black 17, Direct Red 2, Reactive Red 4, Reactive Yellow 2 and Direct Blue 14 at the concentrations (0.01mgL-1 to 100mgL-1) tested. Inhibition of ammonia-N oxidation increased with increasing concentration of the toxicants. The EC50 values obtained were; 0.208 (Mordant Black 17), 1.813 (Direct Red 2), 7.926 (Reactive Yellow 2), 50.174 (Direct Blue 14) and 332.208 (Reactive Red 4). The results obtained were attributed to any/or all of the following factors: molecular size, impurities in the toxicants and metallic ions. The potential adverse ecological impact of the azo dyes on the productivity of ecosystems is discussed. Keywords: inhibitory effect, azo dyes, Nitrosomonas, ammonia oxidation. AJAZEB Vol. 7 2005: pp. 61-67