Moral Law Research Articles

HOW THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR CHANGED THE MODERN WORLD

The author analyzes the geopolitical, economic, energy, military, historical, informational, and other important factors, which played a role in the Russian military aggression against Ukraine.
 Particularly, the author presents a comprehensive overview of the reasons behind the implementation of the intervention in Ukraine and the violation of the main principles of morality and international law by Russia. Furthermore, the author shows how Russia is losing geopolitical influence in the world and particularly in the post-soviet space, which the Kremlin considers as a zone of geopolitical and geostrategic interests of Russia after the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
 The author also examines the economic consequences of the war, including how the military operation has damaged the Russian economy, and how this has negatively affected the Russian government’s budget. One of the results of it is the decreasing volume of Russian oil and gas exports, especially in the European market. In this context, some aspects of how the war affects the global economy are also discussed and analyzed.
 Regarding military aspects, the statistical data related to Russian losses in the war, including military personnel and military techniques also are considered in the framework of the research.
 In the research, attention is paid to the importance of analyzing some historic factors, related to the imperialistic policy of the Russian empire, the Soviet Union, and the Russian Federation accordingly from the 19th century till now. Particularly, the focus is on kinds of violations that have been implemented by their rulers against different states and nations, including mass deportations and genocides of the civilian population.
 In conclusion, the author presents possible scenarios for developments related to the Russia-Ukraine war.

Protection of Life in the Legislation and Teachings of Saint John Paul II

The paper discusses the teachings and legislation of St John Paul II on human life and its legal protection. The Pope’s attitude to abortion, euthanasia and the death penalty was subjected to closer analysis. The author also points out that the legal protection of human life in the teachings and ecclesiastical documents is closely related to the essence of democracy. According to John Paul II, the “moral” value of democracy is not automatic, but depends on conformity to the moral law. In such a society, civil law must ensure that all members of society enjoy respect for certain fundamental rights which innately belong to the person. First and fundamental among these is the inviolable right to life of every human being from the moment of conception.

THE CONCEPT OF MEDICAL LAW AND ITS PLACE IN THE SYSTEM OF BRANCHES OF LAW

The scientific work is devoted to the legal nature and regulation of medical law as a branch of law. There is little scientific literature and judicial practice on medical disputes in Georgian realities. Therefore, the study aims to intensify discussion in this direction. The problem becomes even more relevant in the context of technological development in the medical field. The purpose of the research is to determine the object of regulation of medical law, the place of medical law in the legal system, and the relationship between medical law and medical ethics. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to answer the following questions: What relations are included in the scope of regulation of medical law? What is its method of regulation? Where is the place of medical law – is it included in civil law, is it part of criminal and administrative law, or does it represent a certain unity of all three areas? From this point of view, the subject and method of regulating medical law should be studied. Also of interest is a brief analysis of documents reflecting the international context in the medical field, especially in the area of protecting the personal autonomy of the patient. Research confirms that medical law is an interdisciplinary field. It includes law and other branches of science, such as bioethics, medicine, and psychology. Thus, there is a close relationship between medical law and medical ethics. It is also possible that a violation of medical ethics entails a violation of the law and corresponding liability. In addition, it appears that medical law includes parts of public (administrative) law, criminal law, contract law and tort law. The role of contract and tort law in effectively protecting the interests of the patient is special.

Ethical, aesthetic, socio-political background and aspects of Kant’s philosophy

The ethical and aesthetic aspects of Kant’s philosophy had a huge impact on the socio-cultural circles of writers and artists, and turned out to be more accessible both to philosophers and to all fans of philosophy. Social and political issues have always worried people more than theoretical aspects. Kant raises the question of eternal peace, refutes the existing evidence of God, explores the origin of the moral law, its ontological basis and offers its solution. It was an era of social and scientific revolutions: the social one broke the structures of feudalism, opening new horizons for cultural and political transformations; the scientific one made a paradigm shift. The methodological revolution of Bacon and Descartes led to the emergence of fundamentally new approaches, for example, induction. The Galileo-Newton scientific revolution shaped a new universalism. Kant’s philosophy organically complemented all these processes. His postulates of practical reason embody transcendental ideas in objective reality, which the will helps to find corresponding objects. The revolutionary impact exerted by the Critique of Practical Reason, according to Kant’s followers, was much stronger than the ideas of the Great French Revolution. Kant explored the aesthetic ability of man in the Critique of Judgment, considering it as the ability of the soul to unite the faculties of knowledge and desire.

A Libertarian Anarchist Analysis of Norman Geisler’s Philosophy of Government

There are numerous approaches and conclusions regarding church and state relations and how Christianity affects public policy. Yet the purpose of this study is to question some of the philosophical assumptions and biblical interpretations that Christians hold to which support the state as a morally legitimate authoritative institution in the first place. This article will argue that various presuppositions regarding the state’s moral legitimacy are untenable, if not self-refuting. The philosophical commitments of a form of Christian Conservatism exemplified by Norman L. Geisler will be analyzed and critiqued by the Christian Libertarian Anarchist school of thought, represented by Gerard Casey. Geisler’s views on first principles, God’s moral law, social contracts, consent, anarchy, the distinction between vices and crimes, preconditions for virtue, and the common good will be examined. Then, Geisler’s interpretation of classic biblical texts supporting the alleged moral legitimacy of the state will also be assessed. This article will contend that if one were to consistently apply some pertinent principles found in Geisler’s prolegomena to theology when reasoning from natural revelation and the relevant biblical data, one will find that the conclusions are more compatible with the political theology of Christian Libertarian Anarchism. Hence the one who questions how Christianity affects public policy should take into consideration the reasons to deny that divine revelation affirms the state as a morally legitimate authoritative institution. If this is the case, the question ought to be reframed to determine how Christianity affects public policy within a state that has no legitimate moral grounds for authority.

The Conception of Environmental Sovereignty for The Discovery of Just Law in The Field of Environment in Indonesia

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to analyze the conception of environmental sovereignty for the discovery of just law in the field of environment in Indonesia and analyze the Implementation of the Concept of Environmental Sovereignty in Legislation in the Field of Environment and Natural Resources. Theoretical reference: The theoretical framework for this research will draw upon concepts of environmental sovereignty, legal pluralism, socio-ecological systems theory, environmental justice, international environmental law, and indigenous rights. It will also integrate perspectives from scholars specializing in environmental law, policy studies, anthropology, and environmental ethics. Method: The method of approach used in the research is a normative approach in this case analyze, the level of legal synchronization both vertically and horizontally related to environmental sovereignty for the discovery of fair law in the field of environment. Results and Conclusion: The results of this research show that The conception of environmental sovereignty for the discovery of just law in the field of environment in Indonesia is to form a harmonious, just, democratic and sustainable environmental law, then the conception of environmental sovereignty in the sense of creating a balance of rights between humans and nature, with a legal pluralism approach to realizing environmental justice and the Implementation of the Concept of Environmental Sovereignty in Legislation in the Field of Environment and Natural Resources is to form norms in laws and regulations governing the management of natural resources and the environment. Implications of research: The research findings will have significant implications for policymakers, environmental organizations, indigenous communities, and scholars working in the field of environmental law and policy. It will provide insights into the strengths and weaknesses of current legal frameworks, offer recommendations for enhancing environmental governance, and suggest ways to balance sovereignty with global environmental responsibilities. Originality/Value: This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing a comprehensive analysis of the interplay between environmental sovereignty and the development of just laws in Indonesia. It offers original insights into how the concept of sovereignty influences environmental decision-making and its impact on environmental justice, policy implementation, and sustainable development in a diverse and ecologically rich country like Indonesia.

Pemikiran Ekonomi Ibnu Taimiyah Dan Relevansinya Terhadap Ekonomi Modern

Human life cannot be separated from economic problems that affect human relationships with other humans. These relationships must be based on Islamic religious norms which regulate all aspects of life, including those related to muamalah issues. As part of our efforts to develop an Islamic economic system, we are trying to find a concept of the main ideas of that time as inspiration and guidance. For this reason, the author tries to convey the main thoughts of one of the scholars, namely: Shaykhul Islam Ibn Taimiyah which relates to economic issues, he has very in-depth knowledge about Islamic teachings. Islam today requires a clear economic perspective regarding what is expected and how these things can be achieved. To achieve these rights requires freedom in the economy and property rights limited by moral law and supervised by a state that is just and capable of enforcing sharia law. All economic activities are permitted unless the activity is expressly prohibited by the Shari'a.

The combination of moral and law norms in regulation of medical activity

The article considers proposals developed according results of the study and targeted on improving social regulation of medical activities on basis of complex institutional approach. The complexity of approach lies in the fact that in regulation of public relations in health care opposition between norms of law and norms of morality is not allowed because in medicine they inter-condition and inter-complement each other. The institutional aspect of approach is reflected in tight interaction of moral and legal foundations, as well as in mechanisms of implementation of social standardization of specific sphere of medical activity. The formalized model of integrated institutional approach is presented. The importance of bioethics, in which principle of inter-complementarity of morality and law is realized to its maximum extent is emphasized. The significance of structural principles of bioethics that characterize totality of stable relationships of subjects of medical intervention is highlighted. The emphasis is made on interrelation between principles of bioethics and medical ethics, on norms of medical ethics, that largely determine content of professional duty of physician. The norms of medical ethics are grouped into three systems: "doctor-patient", "doctor-colleague" and "doctor-society" that are contained in international ethical documents and "The Code of Professional Ethics for Physicians" of the Russian Federation. The importance of internal and external mechanisms of implementation of complex social regulation of medical activity is marked.

Semantics of Conscience in Richard III: “Worm”, “Coward”, “Witness”

The article surveys a number of meanings of the polysemantic word “conscience”, which defines the religious and moral concept of Shakespeare’s Richard III. The biblical roots of these meanings are shown, to which Shakespeare returned his public over well-known idioms, including the origins of the proverb from Erasmus Adagia “Conscientia mille testes“. Studying Shakespeares three early correlations of conscience with cowardice (“coward”), which will become a part of proverbial language only after Hamlet, the author reveals the original content of this comparison, its connection with the theme of “conscience” and the “thoughts” of the pagans as a “witness” in the Epistle to the Romans (Rom. 2:15). We come to the conclusion that it is this dual complex (separation of conscience leading to repentance, and thoughts as awareness without repentance) that predetermined two divergent vectors of reading the “conscience – coward” verbal link in Richard III, then in Hamlet and after. This duality often leads to ambiguity, paradoxical interpretations, misunderstandings. Meanwhile, of the two vectors for Shakespeare only one is true in each case, and it depends on the meaning of the word “conscience”. Mentioned with annoyance by the Murderer “conscience” which “makes a man a coward” (I, 4, 133–134), is a person’s susceptibility to the divine (moral) law named “conscience”. The same with “Conscience is but a word that cowards use” (V, 3, 309) – the teaching of Christ that irritates the usurper-Richard. Whereas the “coward conscience” (V, 3, 179) of a tyrant who wakes up in a cold sweat is no longer conscience, but a “coward”-mind that gives rise to fear of retribution. The article also provides arguments for interpreting the corresponding expression in Hamlet (III, 1, 83).

Select Source Texts Study on Indian and Western Philosophy

Indian philosophical and Western philosophical texts help us to understand the ethical consciousness of the country. They also emphasis the universal way of life. Universal ethics promotes unity of existence, the divinity of human and harmony of creeds and religion. Human beings are endowed with intelligence using that they can live peacefully. Ethical system insists that human beings can live happily only by living in accordance with moral law which ensure the well-being of the entire humanity. The tradition of Indian ethical texts starting from The Upanisads and Hindu Dharma. The great traditions in western Ethics are highly influential and comparable to traditions in other parts of the world.

A reflection on morality and religion

The aim of this contribution is to reflect on the relation between religion and morality. An overview of the different theories of the origin of morality is provided. According to Blanchard, there are four traditional ways in which the origin of morality can be explained: (1) origin from nature, (2) origin from ourselves, (3) origin from culture and (4) origin from an objective moral law. The last instance creates the possibility for religion to be identified as the origin of morality. In reflecting on the relation between religion and morality one realises that the question that needs to be discussed is whether religion is indeed the provider of morality or not. It is also necessary to determine if religion is the guarantor for morality. The aim of this contribution is to reflect on the relation between religion and morality. An overview of the different theories of the origin of morality is provided. In reflecting on the relation between religion and morality one realises that the question that needs to be discussed is whether religion is indeed the provider of morality or not. It is also necessary to determine if religion is the guarantor for morality. What happens in a secularised society? Is it still possible for morality to exist in a secularised society? It is clear from an understanding of secularisation as differentiation – the separation of spheres – religion and morality can be separated and can exist independently in a secularised society. The influence of the evolution theory by Charles Darwin led to a new way of understanding the nature of morality. Some reflection on the influence of evolution on morality is presented here. One prominent recommendation resulting from this investigation is to emphasise that religion can provide the morals for morality.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This contribution reflects the intersection of anthropology, philosophy, religion studies and ethics. The discussion is based on a philosophical reflection on the relation between religion and morality.

Who did it? Moral wrongness for us and them in the UK, US, and Brazil

ABSTRACT Morality has traditionally been described in terms of an impartial and objective “moral law”, and moral psychological research has largely followed in this vein, focusing on abstract moral judgments. But might our moral judgments be shaped not just by what the action is, but who is doing it? We looked at ratings of moral wrongness, manipulating whether the person doing the action was a friend, a refugee, or a stranger. We looked at these ratings across various moral foundations, and conducted the study in Brazil, US, and UK samples. Our most robust and consistent findings are that purity violations were judged more harshly when committed by ingroup members and less harshly when committed by the refugees in comparison to the unspecified agents, the difference between refugee and unspecified agents decays from liberals to conservatives, i.e., conservatives judge them more harshly than liberals do, and Brazilians participants are harsher than the US and UK participants. Our results suggest that purity violations are judged differently according to who committed them and according to the political ideology of the judges. We discuss the findings in light of various theories of groups dynamics, such as moral hypocrisy, moral disengagement, and the black sheep effect.

The Protection of Human Genetic Information in the EU: Ethical, Constitutional and Criminal Law Aspects

The European Union has achieved a significant milestone through the widespread implementation of genomic and postgenomic technologies in diverse fields including personalized and regenerative medicine, immunology, nutrition practices, sports medicine, and the wellness industry. This article revolves around the practical application of genomics and EU bioethics, with a specific emphasis on investigating the cutting-edge legal methodologies referred to as Lex Genetica and Legal Biotech. The European Union market for genomic research is presently experiencing significant and swift expansion, coupled with ongoing progress and effective integration of genetic technologies. Consequently, there exists a pressing necessity to strengthen legal protections and guarantees, specifically concerning the privacy of human genomic information, within the domain of EU criminal legislation. Within the framework of Horizon Europe, a funding program dedicated to research and innovation, the European Union (EU) prioritizes three pillars, with one specifically focused on tackling global challenges and augmenting the competitiveness of European industries. The “health” cluster within this pillar underscores the significance of advancing healthcare technologies, reducing health hazards, protecting communities, and fostering the welfare of individuals. Genomic research harbors immense possibilities in achieving these aims and has emerged as one of the most pioneering and groundbreaking fields in recent years. This paper aims to complement prior publications by offering an updated analysis of selected topics since 2018. The urgency of legal regulations for all the accompanying processes becomes evident within the global roll-out of postgenomic technologies and the pan-European tendency to move from fundamental exploratory research to the practical application of omics technologies in the EU (the study of genome, proteome, and metabolome). Numerous jurisdictions in the EU provide for gene-related offenses, including cloning, modifying the human germ line, and dispersing GMOs without appropriate authorizations. However, the specific offenses vary in the EU countries to a large degree.

Citizen scientists as data controllers: Data protection and ethics challenges of distributed science

Citizen-science is a rapidly expanding approach to knowledge production that increasingly involves the collection of personal data in various forms. This processing of personal data invokes relevant data protection laws and, specifically, the designation of data controller, the person(s) or organisation(a) who determine if and how personal data is to be processed and hence are charged with the legal responsibility for compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Traditionally, in the context of research, professional researchers would be designated controllers, and research participants whose data was processed would be “data subjects” and hence enjoy the GDPR's protections. Yet, citizen-scientists adopt a dual role, acting both as participants and as researchers. This paper maps the implications this dual role has from the perspective of data protection law and research ethics. We explain how the data protection concept of controller has been interpreted very broadly. As a result, in their dual role, citizen scientists can be both data subjects entitled to protection and data controllers, sometimes of their own data, tasked with data protection compliance obligations. If citizen scientists share the objectives of research projects they participate in or co-shape those objectives, it is likely that they – together with the professional researchers - will be considered controllers, and held responsible for the processing of personal data in compliance with the GDPR. The paper discusses how this can affect both the quality of protections provided to participants (including participant-researchers), thus undermining the fundamental goal of research ethics, generally, as well as the practice of citizen science itself. We analyse this question of citizen scientists as data controllers as both a matter of law and research ethics. We conclude with policy recommendations that can be applied both on the level of data protection law (to reconsider how the role of controller is assigned) and research ethics guidelines that should take a nuanced approach to the circumstances of assignment of the status of data controller in citizen science projects as an important step toward responsible and ethical participatory research.

Contemplating the Morality of Law Enforcement in Indonesia

Objective: This paper aims to elaborate on the morality of law enforcement in Indonesia today and how to reflect on law enforcement in Indonesia in the future. This paper uses a normative type of writing using a statutory, case, and comparative approach. Method: This paper is then analyzed using the Prescriptive analysis technique. Result: This paper shows that the morality of law enforcement in Indonesia today can be seen from several things: inconsistent law enforcement, corruption among law enforcement officials, law enforcement by violating the law, and selective law enforcement. The reflection of law enforcement in Indonesia in the future based on morality must be based on strengthening several aspects: strengthening integrity and ethics in law enforcement, transparency and accountability in the law enforcement process, revamping the legal system and institutions, and increasing legal awareness. Conclusion: The authors of this research want to learn more about and reflect on the moral dimensions of Indonesia's police force. This research aims to provide light on how morality influences the behavior of law enforcement officials by researching law enforcement methods, ethics, and justice. The study's findings should serve as a springboard for implementing more just rules and procedures in Indonesia's law enforcement.

Problémom nie sú muži, ale ľudia

The concepts of gender, gender role, gender identity, gender stereotypes, and the relationships between them are explained in the introduction of the study. The main topic is focused on essays about the relationship between masculinity and femininity, its genesis, and consequences in the contemporary life authored by the professor of ancient history at the University of Cambridge Mary Beard, the French writer Michel Houellebecq, and Jessa Crispin, the editor-in-chief of Bookslut. The essays resolve male-female power relations differently. Mary Beard offers the concept of over-gender, i.e. universality freed from the conditioning of gender identity.Michel Houellebecq dreams about human cloning and creating a new nature based on a single law, which is the moral law. Jessa Crispin prefers the world of equality based on humanity, built on the ruins of patriarchy, and shared by all people without distinction.

A Tension in Some Non-Naturalistic Explanations of Moral Truths

Recently, there has been some excitement about the potential explanatory payoffs the newish metaphysical notion of grounding seems to have for metaethical non-naturalism. There has also been a recent upsurge in the debate about whether non-naturalism is implausibly committed to some acts being wrong because of some sui generis piece of ontology. It has, in response, been claimed that once we have a clear enough picture of the grounding role of moral laws on non-naturalism, this is not (objectionably) so. This move, I argue, is inconsistent with certain constraints on what non-naturalist-friendly moral laws must be for them to do the explanatory work non-naturalism requires of them elsewhere. In other words, there is tension between the grounding reply to the supervenience objection and the grounding structure implied by some responses to the normative objection.

Communication in Dignity Since Early Antiquity: From Ptahhotep to Current Ethics and International Law

Roots of current conceptions of dignity are identified in Egypt, before the ancient Greek, Roman, Jewish, and Christian sources usually treated as the earliest notions. They refer to dignity in interactionist terms as freedom of speech and in gender as well as socio-economic class relations. They also treat as duties, virtues, and ideals the opposites of humiliation, defamation, censorship, deception, incitement, hate speech, injustice, greed, lack of connectivity, and invasion of privacy. Transcultural continuity is then demonstrated mainly before or outside of Western culture, which has so far been investigated the most for providing origins of moral and legal dignity.

LEGAL EDUCATION: CHALLENGES OF THE NEW TIME AND WAYS OF RESPONSE

Legal education often faces practical problems and fails to properly protect the rights of students,teachers and the state. The purpose of the article is to find the most effective ways to develop legal educationin Russia, an attempt is made to generalize the practice of universities on the discipline of students and theformation of their personality. The methodological basis of the article was a combination of dialectical andsystemic research methods, as well as a teleological approach, according to which the student's personalityrequires formation. The author's position is argued regarding the appropriate location of the studentin the hierarchical system of educational relations, provided that the forms of behavior that ensure therecognition of knowledge by the elders and the transmission of the moral law are preserved. The articlemakes suggestions for further study of this problem and improvement of certain provisions of the legislation,allowing to eliminate the gaps in legal regulation. The author comes to the conclusion that the state shouldworry about state educational institutions, professional educational standards, logistics, and on the otherhand, students should meet and support the state initiative on their part.

Obscuring Reason

Abstract This paper argues that Kant and Fichte develop a conception of “obscuring reason.” This conception allows us to explain our reasons for immoral actions although we are not able to cognize the original ground of evil. The paper analyzes Kant's conception of rationalizing (Vernünfteln) as obscuring reason. By rationalizing, we imputably misuse our faculty of reason in order to construct a viewpoint from which we are no longer bound to the absolute demand of the moral law. Fichte draws on Kant and distinguishes three kinds of operations to obscure the moral law, namely (i) abstraction, (ii) delaying, and (iii) downgrading.