Moral Obligation Research Articles

Exploring tourists’ ecocentric and anthropocentric attitudes towards green hotels: theory of planned behaviour and norm activation theory perspective

ABSTRACT This study examined the role of personal norms, ascribed responsibility, eco-friendly reputation, and perceived moral obligation in tourists’ ecocentric and anthropocentric attitudes and behavioural intentions. This study also investigated whether tourists’ ecocentric and anthropocentric attitudes play mediating roles. The researchers distributed 800 questionnaires to international tourists in Malaysia; of those, 393 usable responses were included for further analysis. We applied partial least squares-structural equation modelling to test the theory and path analysis. The findings reveal that personal norms, ascribed responsibility, and eco-friendly reputations have significant relationships with ecocentric attitudes. Additionally, ascribed responsibility has a positive relationship with anthropocentric attitudes. The results also indicate the mediating role of ecocentric attitudes in the relationships of personal norms, ascribed responsibility, and eco-friendly reputation with intention. The findings reaffirm the norm activation theory and the theory of planned behaviour.

Theological reflections in the age of climate change: a reflection on the jellyfish metaphor

This article weaves together philosophy and theology to explore the imperative of conservation in our increasingly interconnected world. Amidst the shadows of globalization, climate change, and global warming, this intellectual journey continues. The use of the thought-provoking metaphor of the jellyfish underscores humanity's central role in the story of ecological challenges. This pursuit underscores our deep moral duty to navigate complicated paths to viable solutions. While eschewing empirical or case-specific inquiry, this essay presents a concise analytical perspective that enhances our cognitive understanding of the intricate interplay between human societies and the pristine realms of the natural order. This treatise also adopts a theological perspective by weaving spiritual concepts into its fabric. By illustrating poignant instances of environmental degradation, intellectual inquiry brings into sharper focus the profound moral imperatives that underpin the call to address problems such as climate change. Drawing on philosophical and theological foundations, the essay expands our understanding of the intricate threads that connect humanity to the environment. It offers insights into the delicate web of intricate relationships that must be carefully nurtured and preserved. As theological perspectives enrich the discourse, important connections between faith, moral obligations, and our responsibilities to the planet become clear. This treatise offers a holistic perspective on the challenges of our time, combining philosophical and religious concepts to provide a comprehensive view of our current problems.

Understanding the factors affecting consumers’ behaviour when purchasing refurbished products: A chaordic perspective

This paper seeks to develop an integrated conceptual framework to explain the conditions that lead to consumers' behaviour when purchasing refurbished products. Innovative methodology was used, including “fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis” (FsQCA), to explore the factors affecting consumers’ behaviour in this regard. Data gathered from 472 consumers were used to test the suggested model. The results revealed that ethical constructs (i.e., “moral obligation, moral accountability, moral outrage”), threat and coping appraisal variables (i.e., perceived severity, perceived venerability), and value are key drivers of the purchase of refurbished products. The findings also revealed that moral obligation, moral outrage, perceived venerability, egoistic value, and attitude are necessary to stimulate purchase behaviour, while perceived severity, rewards, perceived cost, and altruistic value, although sufficient, are not in themselves necessary. This study offers useful implications for retailers, and re-manufacturers, which may help to enhance their marketing strategies and policies.

Fear generation in the multimodal communication of sexual and reproductive health to Malaysian adolescents

There has been much debate about the state of sexuality education in Malaysia which is heavily influenced by conservative cultural and religious attitudes. To better understand the scenario, this study examines how sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) education is communicated multimodally to adolescents via printed and digital promotional materials. These materials were produced by the three main responsible agencies: the National Population and Family Development Board, the Ministry of Health Malaysia and the Federation of Reproductive Health Association Malaysia. Adopting Kress and Van Leeuwen’s visual grammar framework in Reading Images (1996) with a focus on visual composition, social actor analysis and viewer positioning, the materials were found to predominantly address Malay teenagers and carry fear-based messages about abstinence and the consequences of committing zina (a Malay word for illicit sexual relations). Custom and conformity rather than expert legitimation and trust in the social and health authorities dominate local sexual health education. The authors argue that contraception should be advocated through a discourse of health and social risk mitigation and responsible gender roles while respecting cultural and moral obligations. Adolescents also have a right to be informed about options appropriate to their own circumstances in line with Target 3.7 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Locally, such recommendations would contribute to Malaysia’s Shared Prosperity Vision 2030 and Twelfth Malaysia Plan which seek to improve the well-being of young citizens through targeted education and public services.

What matter matters as a matter of justice?

ABSTRACT With planet-wide environmental unravelling ideas of multispecies and planetary justice are gaining multidisciplinary attention. They frame a set of ethical, moral and political obligations to life-on-Earth. While it is clear it is humans who bear the duties and obligations of justice, who or what is the subject of justice-beyond-human varies widely: Some limit the subject to sentient animals, others include all living things. We argue for a more expansive subject that includes both living and non-living matter. We claim that privileging living/life is an anthropocentric categorisation embedded in the foundational epistemologies and ontologies driving environmental damages, resource conflicts and mass extinction. An exclusion of matter from concerns of justice ignores multiple fundamental more-than-human relationships in humans’ every-day material lives. We argue that the subject of planetary justice must be expansive – addressing sentient or not, living or not, animal, vegetable, mineral, and elemental – to be inclusive, applied, plural, and sustainable.

Pandangan Islam Tentang Kesehatan Dan Higenitas

The environment is a place for humans to live on earth, and the environment is something that cannot be separated from humans so that humans can naturally interact through their environment. A clean environment reflects the quality of life of a healthy community. Humans as caliphs on earth have an important role and obligation to protect and manage their environment properly, so as to create an environment that is clean, healthy, free from disease and free from natural disasters. In the teachings of Islam itself, cleanliness is mandatory and absolute. As the Prophet Muhammad always taught his people to always maintain cleanliness. However, keeping the environment clean is not as easy as imagined, there are still hands who are not responsible for the environment such as littering, even though keeping the environment clean only requires the awareness of all parties and layers of society to create a clean and comfortable environment. And in Islamic teachings about water, sanitation, cleanliness and environmental health, it turns out that all levels of society do not really know and understand it, so that infectious diseases often occur due to unclean water and poor sanitation. The Al-Qur'an and hadith are sources of Islamic teachings which clearly explain in them how humans should maintain health and environmental cleanliness. The hadiths studied are the hadiths contained in al-polar sittah. The method used in this research is normative empirical method. And to obtain data and information related to environmental hygiene and health, researchers used the library research method. In this case, it can be concluded that the concept of environmental hygiene and health in the hadith is the same as the concept of biocentrism environmental ethics, namely the theory that views every life and living creature as having value and worth so that humans have a moral obligation to the environment. Therefore, humans must always maintain the cleanliness of water sources, cleanliness of homes, cleanliness of public areas and not cut down trees and plants in public places without an unclear purpose.

Brave spaces in nursing ethics education: Courage through pedagogy.

Nursing students must graduate prepared to bravely enact the art and science of nursing in environments infiltrated with ethical challenges. Given the necessity and moral obligation of nurses to engage in discourse within nursing ethics, nursing students must be provided a moral supportive learning space for these opportunities. Situating conversations and pedagogy within a brave space may offer a framework to engage in civil discourse while fostering moral courage for learners. The aim of this research is to explore the influence of a structured self-assessment tool called the ESA "Engagement Self-Assessment" on the alignment and creation of a brave space in a nursing ethics course. This study used an exploratory, cross-sectional survey design. Data from 39 undergraduate nursing students enrolled in a nursing healthcare ethics & law course using the ESA were recruited. Participation was voluntary and informed without coercion. Written consent was obtained prior to participation. Research ethics approval was obtained by the Institutional Research Ethics Board of the recruited participants (Ethics # 2022-23-03). The ESA provided structured self-reflection on the impact of shared vulnerability within a brave space. However, commitment to a brave space was not strongly influenced by the ESA, but rather by a mutual "commitment to others." A teaching tool such as an ESA can be used to facilitate instructor expectations of civil discourse and discussion of difficult topics. Rules of engagement such as those found in brave spaces can help transform fear of vulnerability into authentic growth for learners. A morally supportive learning space can support critical opportunities for ethical development. This study provides insight into how self-assessment and the use of a brave space in nursing ethics education can facilitate a morally supportive learning space.

The Effect Of Understanding Tax Regulations, Moral Obligations And Financial Conditions On Hotel And Restaurant Taxpayer Compliance In Banyuwangi Regency

This study aims to determine the effect of understanding tax regulations, moral obligations and financial conditions on hotel and restaurant taxpayer compliance in Banyuwangi Regency. The sampling technique in this study used the simple random sampling method. The sample used in this study is hotel and restaurant taxpayers registered with the Banyuwangi Regency Revenue Agency. Collecting data in this study using a questionnaire method involving a sample of 89 hotel and restaurant taxpayers. Data analysis used quality test, classical assumption test, multiple linear regression test, hypothesis test and coefficient of determination test. Processing data in this study using SPSS 25. Based on the results of calculations obtained t test results indicate that the effect of understanding tax regulations, moral obligations and financial conditions affect taxpayer compliance. And the results of the study using the F test stated that the understanding of tax regulations, moral obligations and financial conditions had a simultaneous effect on taxpayer compliance.

“If you sow goodness, you will reap goodness”: activating social entrepreneurial intentions with karmic beliefs

PurposeAlthough karmic beliefs have been found to be positively correlated with pro-social behaviors, the role of karmic beliefs in social entrepreneurship remains relatively unknown. Drawing on the morally extended theory of planned behavior, this paper aims to explore the karmic aspect of social venturing, wherein individuals’ social entrepreneurial intentions and their moral antecedents are activated by karmic beliefs.Design/methodology/approachThe study was performed on a sample of 401 university students in Vietnam. Cronbach’s alpha, confirmatory factor analysis and hierarchical regression analyses were then used to test the reliability, validity of scales and developed hypotheses.FindingsThe findings illustrate that karmic beliefs are strongly and positively correlated with empathy, moral obligation, social entrepreneurial self-efficacy and perceived social support. Moreover, individuals’ social entrepreneurial intentions are not only significantly and directly stimulated by karmic beliefs but also receive the indirect effects of karmic beliefs through three mediators: empathy, moral obligation and social entrepreneurial self-efficacy.Originality/valueThe study added fresh perspectives on the role of karmic beliefs in social entrepreneurship literature. Additionally, this study shed a new light on entrepreneurial literature by morally extending theory of planned behavior to explore underlying mechanisms of moral and empathetic components on transferring the effects of karmic beliefs on social entrepreneurial intentions.

Who wants to be a social entrepreneur? Exploring the antecedents interrelationship via modified Mair Noboa model

PurposeThis paper aims to contribute to the field of social entrepreneurship by exploring the interrelationships among the antecedents of social entrepreneurial intention (SEI) through the lens of Mair Noboa model (MNM). In recent years, many researchers have applied the antecedents of MNM to determine SEI. However, interrelationship among these antecedents has not been a focus of enquiry despite the repeated scholarly calls.Design/methodology/approachApplying quantitative methodology, the data was collected from a Web-based survey distributed across Bangladesh (N = 412). Data analysis was carried out based on the covariance-based structural equation modelling technique to confirm the hypotheses. The final measurement and structural models met all the requirements for reliability, model fit, convergent validity and discriminant validity. The proposed hypotheses were tested based on direct relationships and mediating effects.FindingsThe findings suggested that interrelationships among these antecedents do increase individuals’ intentions to become social entrepreneurs.Originality/valueThis paper fills an important knowledge gap by exploring the interrelationships among moral obligation, empathy, perceived social support and social entrepreneurial self-efficacy. This paper stressed identifying whether the SEI enhances through the interrelationships among these antecedents or not. The study findings bring new theoretical and practical implications on the role of empathy, moral obligation, perceived social support and social entrepreneurial self-efficacy.

Analisis Perbedaan Konsep Pinjaman Dari Imam As Syafi’i, Imam Hambali & Imam Al Ghazali

This study aims to analyze the differences in the concept of borrowing from Imam Shafi'i, Imam Hambali and Imam al-Ghazali. This research is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The data collection method is in the form of literature study. The results of the study show that in Islam there is a concept of loan where in the Islamic world the concept of loan is also known as Qardh which is basically a loan from someone to another party with the aim of helping him. Based on the opinions of 4 mazhab, including the Shafi'i and Hambali mazhab, the concept of borrowing, also known as qardh, is permissible for a Muslim to do and forbids a Muslim from taking advantage of practices that are considered usury. Meanwhile, from Imam Al Ghazali's point of view, the concept of loan can be seen from the idea of qardh al-hasan, namely a loan transaction which in practice is the fulfillment of a moral obligation, especially as a Muslim, and no financial reward is claimed for it.

The Good Name Of The Corporate Taxpayer In Moderating The Influence Of Technical Knowledge, Moral Obligations, Quality Of Service And Taxpayer Compliance

The purpose of this study is to determine the level of mandatory compliance of the entity in carrying out tax obligations when it already has technical knowledge, moral obligations and quality of service as well as whether the Good Name of Taxpayers can improve taxpayer compliance. The research method was carried out quantitatively and analyzed using SMARTPLS 3.0 software. The results showed that all independent variables had a positive effect on taxpayer compliance, then the good name of taxpayers could only moderate the quality of service to taxpayer compliance.

The Significance of Conscience in Community: Rethinking the ‘Hands Off Religion’ Doctrine

AbstractWhen evaluating religious accommodation claims, courts refrain from examining the relationship between the specific claim and the common religious practice of the relevant religion. This paper rethinks this doctrine. I argue that it stems from understanding religious accommodation as a protection of conscience. This idea itself suffers from conceptual and practical challenges, which can be mitigated if we understand religion as a communal function of conscientious actions. The communal aspect bears practical and moral significance, and I explore three dimensions of it: the epistemic implications; its effect on constituting moral obligations toward others; and its importance as part of one’s culture. A communal-conscientious approach to religion can mitigate many challenges that confront conscience accommodation. This suggests that the relationship between the individual’s claim and their communal practice is crucial and should be evaluated by courts. I conclude by outlining the main considerations for creating a new, nuanced doctrine.

How (Not) To Wrong Others with Our Thoughts: A Liberal Challenge Against the Possibility of Doxastic Wronging

In recent years, a number of authors have claimed that we can wrong each other simply by having certain beliefs—in particular sexist, racist, ableist etc. beliefs—about each other. So far, those who argue for the possibility of so-called doxastic wronging have tried to defend this idea by focusing on issues of doxastic control and coordination. In this paper, I raise a distinctly moral challenge against the possibility of doxastic wronging. I show that the idea of doxastic wronging runs afoul of the liberal principle according to which all moral obligations have to be justifiable vis-à-vis those they presume to bind. In addition, I argue that there is a better way to account for the fundamental intuition driving the debate: instead of assuming the possibility of doxastic wronging and the morally grounded epistemic duty it implies, we should conceptualize what is morally problematic about bigoted beliefs in terms of the harm they constitute for their targets.

Socialization of Taxation As A Moderating Variable In The Application of The Theory Of Planned Behavior To Taxpayer Compliance

The tax system serves as a means for the government to generate additional revenue necessary to fulfill its obligations. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) on taxpayer compliance in Yogyakarta, with tax socialization serving as a moderating variable. The research was conducted within the city of Yogyakarta and involved 110 taxpayer respondents. The consecutive sampling method was employed as the sampling technique, and data analysis was performed using partial least squares (PLS) analysis with SmartPLS 3.3.3 software. The findings of the study indicate that moral obligation and trust in the government do not have a significant influence on taxpayer compliance, while tax awareness demonstrates a significant effect on taxpayer compliance. However, tax socialization was unable to moderate or strengthen the impact of moral obligation, trust in the government, and tax awareness on taxpayer compliance in Yogyakarta.
 

The correlative influence of consumer ethical beliefs, environmental ethics, and moral obligation on green consumption behavior

The commitment to preserve the environment has altered consumption mode. Therefore, ethical consumption has become a legal obligation to contribute to reducing environmental risk in modern society as green consumption is required to promote sustainable practices and develop green products to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs). Therefore, the study aims to investigate the correlative influence of consumer ethical beliefs (e.g. idealism and relativism), environmental ethics, moral obligation, and willingness to use green products on green consumption. We draw on self-identity theory and the theory of planned behavior. A convenience sampling technique and analyzes from 262 responses were applied through structural equation modeling. The results disclose that idealism, relativism, environmental ethics, moral obligation and willingness to use green products have a positive influence on green consumption. In addition, environmental ethics and moral obligation relatively influence the willingness to use green products. This study contributes to existing research and provides new insights for policymakers and green businesses on how to promote green consumption by leveraging appropriate strategies that align with SDG*12, ensuring responsible consumption.

Should I stay or should I go? Three-year-olds' reactions to appropriate motives to interrupt a joint activity.

Understanding when it is acceptable to interrupt a joint activity is an important part of understanding what cooperation entails. Philosophical analyses have suggested that we should release our partner from a joint activity anytime the activity conflicts with fulfilling a moral obligation. To probe young children's understanding of this aspect, we investigated whether 3-year-old children (N = 60) are sensitive to the legitimacy of motives (selfish condition vs. moral condition) leading agents to intentionally interrupt their joint activity. We measured whether children protested or released their partner by scoring their reactions. Our results indicate that children did not manifest different reactions when the motive behind their partner leaving was moral than when the motive was selfish. However, our data showed a stable pattern: regardless of the partner's motives, some 3-year-olds take initiatives to release their partners from joint activity, suggesting that measuring release is a valuable tool for investigating joint action.

Hubungan Psikologi Sosial Dalam Perilaku Manusia

Several threats continue to cause species declines and even extinctions, despite increased efforts from non-governmental organizations, academics, and governments over the past few decades. Conservation scientists must be interested in the factors that motivate human behavior because resource use by a growing human population is a significant driver of biodiversity loss. Monetary models have been applied to human decision making for a long time; in any case, people are not ?nancially sane creatures and different qualities of the chief (counting demeanor) and the tension that individuals see to act with a particular goal in mind (emotional standards) may in?uence navigation; Social psychologists who are interested in human decision-making take these characteristics into consideration. We look at how behavioral theories from social psychology have been applied to conservation and resource management. Since many studies focus on general attitudes toward conservation rather than specific conservation-relevant behaviors, they are of limited use when developing interventions to change specific behaviors (such as reducing hunting of endangered species). Behaviors that have an impact on conservation goals will be better understood, allowing for improved intervention design by more specifically defining the behavior of interest and investigating attitude in the context of other social-psychological predictors of behavior (such as subjective norms, the presence of facilitating factors, and moral obligation).

Teenagers' but not young adults' beliefs about intrinsic interpersonal obligations for group members.

Previous research has indicated that children perceive social category members as having intrinsic obligations toward each other, which shape their expectations for social interactions. However, it is unclear whether teenagers (aged 13 to 15) and young adults (aged 19 to 21) continue to hold such beliefs, given their increased experience with group dynamics and external social rules. To explore this question, three experiments were conducted with a total of 360 participants (N = 180 for each age group). Experiment 1 examined negative social interactions using different methods in two sub-experiments, while Experiment 2 focused on positive social interactions to examine whether participants viewed social category members as intrinsically obligated to avoid harming each other and to offer assistance. Results revealed that teenagers evaluated within-group harm and non-help as unacceptable, regardless of external rules, whereas they viewed between-group harm and non-help as both acceptable and unacceptable, depending on the presence of external rules. Conversely, young adults considered both within-group and between-group harm/non-help as more acceptable if an external rule permitted such behavior. These findings suggest that teenagers believe that members of a social category are intrinsically obligated to help and not harm each other, whereas young adults believe that individual social interactions are constrained mainly by external rules. That is, teenagers hold stronger beliefs than young adults about intrinsic interpersonal obligations to group members. Thus, in-group moral obligations and external rules contribute differently to the evaluation and interpretation of social interactions at different developmental stages.

Promises, Commitments, and the Nature of Obligation

Under a widespread understanding of the nature of moral obligation, one cannot be under an obligation to perform or omit an act and have a moral power to release oneself from one’s obligation. According to this view, being under an obligation necessarily entails relinquishing one’s sovereignty over the obligatory matter, that is, one’s capacity to control one’s own obligational world. This essay argues against such a view. I shall argue that by making what I will call a commitment, a person assumes an obligation towards another on a given matter whilst preserving the power to release herself from her obligation. Commitments constitute morally obligatory acts over which’s obligatoriness those obliged always retain control. They constitute obligations over which obligors preserve moral sovereignty. I show that the notion of commitment sheds light on the structure of important moral phenomena such as some of our loyalty obligations, and, furthermore, that it reveals something central about the justification and scope of the law of contracts.