Moral Obligation Research Articles

“Our People, Our Rules, and Our Border!”: Village Networks, People’s Economies, and the Functioning of the State at the Western Edge of Ukraine

This paper aims to present local state and border administrations in terms of people’s everyday economies (their function and purpose). Instead of seeing local state institutions and border administration from a top-down perspective, I present them as socially negotiated, since the days of socialism to the present, by locals who have lived by (and made a living from) the international border with Slovakia for almost eighty years. I particularly reflect on the social relations and informal practices carried out through the border and performed from within local state institutions, and the unwritten rules of people’s economies in a particular Transcarpathian village community in Ukraine. I argue these economies, carried out within family networks that form a village community (built on sense of common belonging, trust, and moral obligations to peers), have served to establish local networks as effective means for gaining control of public offices and institutions (including the administration of the border) during socialism and in post-socialism. Hence, the local economy is presented as a model of transacting within and between local family networks in the environment of the local state and border administrations, whose functioning is strongly influenced by sociality and practices of the village community. The community, I posit, had adapted to socialism as a state regime by developing a performative competence to act according to communally-shared rules, albeit sometimes beyond formal rules. Adding to the key influence of interactions and transactions within local networks’ economies on the functioning of the border, I argue that the economies here served also moral and solidary purposes in times of more recent crises, that is, during the ongoing war in Ukraine that has brought extensive traffic to the external Schengen border. Favouring as a key resource in managing, negotiating and ultimately subverting official structures and institutions should thus be considered a core strategy of long-term resilience of local collectives against past and present adversities.

The Moral Duty Not to Confirm Negative Stereotypes

Abstract Social interaction is laden with stereotypes. Throughout history negative stereotypes have been immensely harmful, leading to hatred, vilification, and direct harm such as discrimination, and they continue to be so in almost all societies. It is widely accepted that we ought not to view members of other groups negatively in stereotypical ways, and also ought not to apply negative stereotypes to members of our own group (or even to ourselves). However, is there any special moral obligation on the targets of such negative stereotypes to take care not to confirm them? May one even be blameworthy for not doing so? The very thought seems outrageous. Yet I will argue that it is plausible to think that, in fact, the victims, too, have pro tanto obligations to prevent stereotype confirmation (henceforth sc), in many central contexts. I am not aware of any sustained philosophical discussion making this claim.

The eco-ethical contribution of Menico Torchio – a forgotten pioneer of European Bioethics

BackgroundIn 1926, Fritz Jahr described bio-ethics (German: bio-ethik) as “the assumption of moral obligations not only towards humans, but towards all forms of life.” Jahr summarized his philosophy by declaring, “Respect every living being on principle as an end in itself and treat it, if possible, as such!.” Bioethics was thus originally an ethical system concerned with the “problems of interference with other living beings… and generally everything related to the balance of the ecosystem” according to the 1978 Encyclopedia of Bioethics. This definition was predicated on the work of Fritz Jahr, Menico Torchio, and Van Rensselaer Potter.MethodsIn order to proceed with depthful analysis of the origin and major bioethical flare up, we will use critical analysis of existing literature, followed by a study trip to relevant bioethical localities (collecting photo and other documentations regarding Menico Torchio).ResultsWhile Jahr and Potter are typically given intellectual credit for developing the field of bioethics, the eco-ethical contributions of Menico Torchio have been forgotten.This article will first trace the origins of “bioethics” – now commonly bifurcated into “biomedical ethics” and “environmental bioethics.” The former was developed by Tom Beauchamp from the Philosophy Department and James Childress of the Religious Studies department at Georgetown University and is based on principlism, with a narrow focus on medical settings. The latter addresses the environmental impact of the medical industry and climate change health hazards. Second, we will present a panorama of Torchio’s significant intellectual contribution to bioethics. Menico Torchio’s concept of bioethics synthesized work of both Jahr and Potter, advocating “the need to expand our ethical obligations and embrace the most developed groups of animals, not only physically but also psychologically.” Third, we will reflect on the lasting legacy of “bioethics” on biomedical and environmental bioethics today. Thematic elements such as interconnectedness of planetary health and human health, dedication to living in harmony with nature, and emphasis on systems and symbiosis remain unchanged from the legacy of Tochio onward.ConclusionOur conclusion will underscore the necessity of understanding the connections between planetary, environmental, and human health.

Training of third-party employees and its outcomes: a systematic literature review

PurposeTraining has been an important tool for enhancing the skills and productivity of employees. Having productive employees helps organizations sustain themselves. Today, the authors organisations have an increasing number of employees on third-party payroll performing core as well as noncore business functions. However, due to the lack of ownership and moral obligation of employers, these employees are often not provided training, resulting in skills obsolesce and less productivity. The present study is a systematic literature review (SLR) on client organizations’ roles in training third-party employees (TPEs) and its related outcomes.Design/methodology/approachThe present study is a SLR on client organizations' roles in training TPEs and their related outcomes. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) approach, this study presents a review of 217 research papers on training of TPEs and its related outcomes.FindingsThe study identifies the outcomes of providing training to TPEs and presents the findings and suggestions made by researchers. The study concludes that TPEs are an important investment for the client organization. Training them would benefit the client organization, TPEs and the economy as a whole. The paper also suggests some avenues for future research.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper tries to answer an important question: What could drive productive behavior among TPEs? Based on the literature reviewed, the answer is that TPEs could be offered training opportunities with a view to enhancing their employability. This could induce, among them, a sense of being valued and supported while contributing to organizational performance and creating a feeling of reciprocal obligation. This is an important contribution to literature. Low investment in these employees affects their employability, i.e. be it in the same organization for another term or another organization and thus the need for training and development, for sustained productivity among TPEs, in organizations.Practical implicationsTraining and development, for them, would result in enhanced employability within as well as outside the organization. These employees could also be a good source for regular positions within the organization, if required, benefiting both the organization and the employee. Additionally, the economy would also benefit from a pool of skilled workforce. Therefore, it is suggested that governments initiate some policy framework regarding mandatory training of TPEs to increase their competencies, resulting in increased organizational productivity, especially for TPEs at lower and middle levels of management.Originality/valueThe paper is an original contribution by the researcher. An attempt has been made to highlight the training needs of TPEs and their related outcomes.

Etika Deontologi sebagai Model dalam Penerapannya pada Profesi Keperawatan

The ethics of the nursing profession is the main point that must be pursued by a nurse. The ethics of the nursing profession is important because it is something that nurses encounter all the time when they work in a health environment. From this simple fact, ethics also needs to be strictly understood because of the breadth of ethical theories that exist. Ethics is a science that seeks orientation, in the context of the nursing profession, ethics becomes a critical evaluation of every action of a nurse. Likewise, a nurse must have a professional attitude. In the context of writing this article, deontological ethics will be a model for applying ethics to the nursing profession. Deontological ethics emphasizes moral obligations, which cannot but be the primary choice, which must be carried out for the purpose of that obligation. Action based on obligation is not merely for the purpose of happiness. A morality must be truly autonomous / independent and centered on the human subject. In that framework, every nurse needs to understand that her actions cannot be since the patient needs this kind of treatment, then she carries out or executes it, but beyond that, the nurse must carry out treatment based on the understanding that the actions she takes are her moral obligations towards others (patients).

Equal Distribution of National Income through the Concept of Green Economy: an Exploratory Studies

The initiation of national economic growth gives the government a focus on handling economy equally in both rural and urban areas. The considerations that make the economy must be sustainable among others which the current generation who enjoys goods and services produced from natural resources and the environment has a moral obligation to leave the services of these natural resources for future generations. The aim of this research is initiated to promote equitable economic growth through the conservation of natural resources that can be used sustainably from each generation. The approach used in this research is qualitative with exploratory study method. The analysis technique used is literature search and case analysis related to the entity of equal distribution of national income and the green economy concept. The results of this study indicate that there are seven strategic steps and green economy using macro-regional economic indicators namely genuine saving to monitoring the distribution of national income. This result is to describe concepts of green economy, green growth and green development are basically intended to operationalize the linkages of economic, social and environmental pillars in the context of sustainable development.

Gender differences among university students towards sustainable entrepreneurship

ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to understand gender differences in sustainable entrepreneurial intentions among university students through the attitude, education, and moral obligations of an individual. The data was collected from 372 students from the universities of the northern part of India. Results of the study revealed that moral obligation plays a strong predicting role in sustainable entrepreneurship intentions (SEI) in both subsamples. Even females have a stronger influence of moral obligation on the intentions than males. Also, education about sustainability has a trivial influence on the SEI in the whole sample. Surprisingly, attitude and education about sustainability do not influence the intentions about sustainable entrepreneurship among university students. The study will help the universities to amplify the role of gender in entrepreneurship intentions particularly the one supporting sustainability. The present study is among the first very few to focus on the gender differences among students toward SEI.

Problematic issues of the public integrity council under martial law

Purpose. formulate the author's own approaches to understanding the legal basis for the functioning and mechanism of the Public Integrity Council in the context of judicial reform with a view to the effective administration of justice. Methodology. The methodology includes a comprehensive analysis and a synthesis of available scientific and theoretical information. It is includes the formulation of relevant conclusions and recommendations. Such methods of scientific knowledge were used: terminological, logical-semantic, functional, systemic-structural, logical-normative. Results. The study recognized that the prestige of the judicial profession is crucial for the functioning of this professional group value, as it contributes to a universal sense of social justice and affirms the sense of the legal institutions as a whole. At the same time, a judge who enjoys prestige is better able to do good, so caring about building his or her prestige is one of the ways in which the profession is ethically good, and thus a moral obligation of every judge. The prestige of the profession is a public good, the entire judiciary is working on its content, a judge can use the authority developed by colleagues, but also miss it, destroying the work of entire generations. Originality. The study found that the judge's professional activity is focused on justice, the judge implements the law, which is related to justice and it must be fair, it is difficult to disagree with the thesis that it works for the greater good. Justice, however, is a good thing that a judge's full concern does not require twofold actions: first, careful and responsible performance of all tasks, which aim to establish and maintain justice, and second, constant building and maintaining the prestige of the profession itself. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used to develop provisions, conclusions and recommendations on the state judicial policy in the field of administration of justice, to improve the level of relevant state decision-making in this area, and also to further improve legislation in the field of the judiciary.

The Mediating Role of Religiosity, Self-Efficacy, Moral Obligation in Prior Experience on Social Entrepreneurial Intention: Undergraduate Student Managing Country Indonesia

The Mediating Role of Religiosity, Self-Efficacy, Moral Obligation in Prior Experience on Social Entrepreneurial Intention: Undergraduate Student Managing Country Indonesia

Intimate networks of care: Perceptions of intergenerational family care and experiences of ageing among Chinese midlife and older lesbians and gay men.

This article examines how lesbians and gay men imagine and build their 'intimate networks of care' and negotiate moral expectations towards intergenerational family care as they age. To date, little is known about the strength and complexities of different intimate ties or the role of intergenerational dynamics in shaping ageing sexual minority people's care needs and choices. Based on narrative interviews with ageing Chinese lesbians and gay men, the findings reveal their experiences of constantly juggling their ties with families of origin, moral values around intergenerational care and the urge to receive support from and offer support to chosen networks of people. Participants exercised agency in expanding their networks of care by building friendship and (online and offline) community networks for mutual care and support in later life. Nevertheless, as evidenced by the centrality of ageing with(out) children, and the moral obligation of caring for parents in participants' narratives, participants experienced tensions between enacting what was considered morally right/wrong and developing networks of care that were perceived as emotionally intimate. Linking relational sociology with the sociology of morality, we discuss the conceptual utility of 'intimate networks of care' for sociological theorising of the linkages between sexuality, care and relational lives.

RESEARCH WORK OF LAW STUDENTS IN CONDITIONS OF BLENDED LEARNING

The article characterizes the stages of organization and implementation of search and research work of law students, which ensure their movement from one level to another: propaedeutic, initial-methodological, research-practical stage. The didactic conditions for the organization of search and research work of law students in professional colleges during mixed education are defined: creation of student scientific societies or scientific circles (problem groups) in the college; activation of independent search and research work with the help of the series of interactive lectures "Lawyer-scientist"; introduction of elements of creativity during practical classes in legal disciplines; involvement of students in webinars League: Law. It was found that the implementation of didactic conditions includes three key aspects: introduction of systemic changes in the process of mixed education of law students at the college; development of the professionalism of the teaching staff, which involves increasing the responsibility and awareness of the moral obligation for the results of the training of future lawyers, as well as for the quality of independent, search and research work; improvement of collective work, in particular, in the online format, which is the main goal in the context of organizational, motivational, educational, stimulating and control activities of both students and teachers during blended learning.

Justifying a morally permissible breach of contract: kantian ethics, nozickian justice, and vaccine patents.

Although some have argued that COVID-19 vaccine patents are morally justified, a broader argument on the morality of breaching contracts is necessary. This article explores the ethics of breaching unfair contracts and argues that it is morally justified to breach contracts with pharmaceutical companies concerning vaccine patents. I offer two arguments to support this view. Firstly, contracts may be breachable in some situations. The ones I point out are that contracts can be broken when the costs of not violating vaccine patents are too high or when the process for agreement is not fair, or when an urgent ethical issue needs to be addressed and it is possible to compensate the other party for their loss. Secondly, I argue that because the contracts with the pharmaceutical companies do not treat people as ends in themselves, there is no moral obligation to respect them.

Ethics and Food Scientists: Duties, Issues and Dilemmas

Abstract Food scientists, as food industry professionals employed by the diversity of food businesses that collectively define food systems, possess moral agency. They have the potential to act for the moral good or the moral evil and should always advocate for the moral good. Codes of professional conduct for the profession of food scientist published by professional bodies representing food scientists and food technologists (henceforth referred to exclusively as food scientists) express standards of behaviour and aspects of ethical conduct required of those who follow such careers. By their advisory nature, the codes are understandably restricted in scope. Moral issues may originate within food businesses or arise externally due to other factors (e.g. government policy making). Codes of professional conduct cannot be expected to encompass concepts in moral philosophy or explain methods of assessing and dealing with moral issues. The purpose of this case study is to invite students to explore concepts in moral philosophy and discuss ways in which they relate to the moral obligations of food scientists. It outlines methods in applied ethics of value to analysing and resolving moral issues encountered within food systems and the food industry. Information © The Author 2023

Predicting consumers’ intention towards seafood products: An extended theory of planned behavior

The average per capita consumption of seafood in developing countries such as Iran is low and remains below the minimum recommended consumption levels. This study aimed to investigate the determinants influencing the intention to consume seafood, using an extended Theory of Planned Behavior model. This research examined the relationship among an individual’s attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, COVID-19, health involvement, psychological risk, moral obligation, and intention to consume seafood. The Structural Equation Modeling method was used to estimate the proposed model and test the hypotheses, using a survey that was conducted on a heterogeneous sample of 1121 Iranian seafood consumers. The findings demonstrated that an individual’s attitude towards seafood consumption is the strongest positive determinant of consumers’ seafood behavioral intention. Subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, health involvement, moral obligation, and psychological risk were other significant determinants of consumers’ intention. These findings provide helpful information for public health decision-makers and seafood marketing leaders and experts.

The ethical perspectives of using animals in pediatric health

While there are ethical standards for human biomedical research, animals have historically not benefitted from the same levels of protection. Cultural shifts in response to studies demonstrating animal capacity to suffer have resulted in laws defining minimum ethical standards for the treatment of various animal populations. However, none of these pertain to service or therapy animals nor do they define ethical considerations regarding training, placement, environment, and duty limitations specific to this population. The potential for harm and inability to provide consent should raise ethical questions of animal assisted interventions (AAI), including how to best balance the risk: benefit ratio for both animal and human participants.While service animals have specific definitions, therapy and emotional support animals are much less clearly defined and therefore have far less standardized practices regarding their training, certification, and process for matching to handlers. This can lead to animals being inadequately trained to cope with the stresses of their jobs or being placed in incompatible environments. Meanwhile, service animals’ duties are constant, and the animal has little ability to consent to or withdraw from participation, leading to overwork, without the opportunity to engage in activities that align with the animals’ natural preferences. Emotional support animals are the least defined of these populations, receive no formal training, and are at increased risk of inadequate care, unstable housing, and abuse from handlers who may also be poorly prepared to properly handle their needs.To uphold our moral obligations to the animals that serve to improve our own mental wellness and physical independence, urgent actions are needed to improve the protections in place for these populations.

MINDFUL UX DESIGN IN INDUSTRY 4.0: MITIGATING ADDICTION AND ENHANCING USER WELL-BEING INSOCIAL MEDIA AND AI ENVIRONMENTS

The rapid advancements in technology under Industry 4.0 bring forth both opportunities and challenges, particularly in User Experience (UX) design in social media and Artificial Intelligence (AI) environments. This research paper explores these dichotomies, focusing primarily on the role of UX design in mitigating addiction and enhancing user well-being. In this paper, authors begin by exploring the historical evolution of UX design and its increasing importance in the context of technological progression. We then discuss the psychological impacts of UX design on users, drawing a parallel between addictive characteristics of social media platforms and AI-based systems, and the deterioration of user well-being. Recognizing the gravity of the situation, we delve into the concept of 'Responsible UX Design,' a design philosophy that focuses on developing interfaces and systems that foster positive user behaviour while minimizing the risk of digital addiction. Authors present a comprehensive analysis of current strategies, practices, and policies related to responsible UX design in Industry 4.0 and discuss how these could be evolved for future. Drawing on a wide range of case studies, user interviews, and psychological research, the paper provides actionable recommendations for businesses, policymakers, and UX designers. These recommendations promote responsible design practices, discourage addictive design patterns, and encourage user-centric design approaches that improve digital well-being. Additionally, this paper provides a critical review of the challenges and potential ethical considerations in implementing responsible UX design. It introduces the concept of 'Digital Ethics,' which requires organizations and designers to uphold user well-being as a primary consideration during the design process. In conclusion, this research emphasizes the need for a paradigm shift towards responsible UX design, both as a moral obligation and as a competitive advantage in Industries 4.0. It advocates for an approach that balances user engagement with user well-being, and ensures that technological innovations enhance, rather than compromise, human lives. Unprecedented technical developments, including the fusion of social media platforms and artificial intelligence (AI), have been made possible by industry 4.0. User experience (UX) design now faces ethical and societal repercussions as a result of these developments. This paper provides a thorough examination of responsible UX design in Industry 4.0, with a particular emphasis on the growing usage of social media and AI tools. The research emphasizes the significance of ethical issues while examining recent information, trends, and best practices in UX design. Unprecedented technical developments, including the fusion of social media platforms and artificial intelligence (AI), have been made possible by industry 4.0. User experience (UX) design now faces ethical and societal repercussions as a result of these developments. This article provides a thorough examination of responsible UX design in Industry 4.0, with a particular emphasis on the growing usage of social media and AI tools. The research emphasizes the significance of ethical issues while examining recent information, trends, and best practices in UX design.

Undermining the Moral Obligations of Manhood Acts

Hybrid masculinities—men's integration of previously marginalized characteristics into acceptable performances of manhood—are emergent in contemporary gender studies. While some scholars see egalitarian promise in these configurations of manhood, their utility in improving gender equality is contested. Drawing from an ethnography of a profeminist Batterer Intervention Program (BIP), I utilize prominent symbolic interactionist theories to explore how men in the program were resocialized to a hybrid hegemonic masculinity. I position defining the situation as fundamental to manhood acts and show how rules in the BIP alter establishment of the working consensus, prompting resocialization even when participants reject ideological or educational program content. The process of resocialization is bolstered by masculinity affirmations deployed when men exhibit desired traits, but undermined by false indicators of change and protective practices deployed by other men. At their most severe, these patterns resulted in symbolic egalitarians—men who promptly adopt the progressive sign‐equipment of the hybrid masculinity, but actively shore up their gendered power. I conclude that awareness of these processes can improve men's interventions, and demonstrate the effectiveness of symbolic interactionism for explaining how hybrid masculinities result in various fields of egalitarian outcomes informed by other theories of masculinity.

Policy education in a research-focused doctoral nursing program: Power as knowing participation in change.

Nurses have moral obligations incurred by membership in the profession to participate knowingly in health policy advocacy. Many barriers have historically hindered nurses from realizing their potential to advance health policy. The contemporary political context sets additional challenges to policy work due to polarization and conflict. Nursing education can help nurses recognize their role in advancing health through political advocacy in a manner that is consistent with disciplinary knowledge and ethical responsibilities. In this paper, the authors describe an exemplar of Elizabeth Barrett's "Power as Knowing Participation in Change" theory as a disciplinary lens within a doctoral nursing health policy course. Barrett (radically) emphasizes "power as freedom" instead of "power as control." This approach is congruent with nursing disciplinary values and enhances awareness of personal freedom and building collaborative relationships in the policy process. The theory was used in concert with other traditional policy content and frameworks from nursing and other disciplines. We discuss the role of nursing ethics viewed as professional responsibility for policy action, an overview of Barrett's theory, and the design of the course. Four student reflections on how the course influenced their thinking about policy advocacy are included. While not specific to policymaking, Barrett's theory provides a disciplinary grounding to increase students' awareness of freedom and choices in political advocacy participation. Our experience suggests that Barrett's work can be fruitful for enhancing nurses' awareness of choices to participate in change across settings.

Strengthening Reintegration through Social Capital: Learning from Aceh, Indonesia

Following the conflict that prevailed from 1976 to 2005, a state of social disintegration persisted between former combatants of the Gerakan Aceh Merdeka - GAM (Free Aceh Movement) and the civil society in Aceh. This disintegration was typically fueled by the former GAM combatants’ militaristic and pragmatic mindsets, instability, and low economic well-being. Interestingly, former GAM combatants in Nisam Antara Subdistrict, North Aceh Regency, have managed to collaborate and coexist with local communities, exemplifying successful social reintegration that distinguishes them from their counterparts in other regions of Aceh. This article delves into the reality of social reintegration between former GAM combatants and the local populace, with a specific focus on the oil palm plantations managed by former GAM combatants. The study adopts a descriptive qualitative approach, and data was gathered through a combination of observations, in-depth interviews, document analyses, and focus group discussions. Key informants for this study included former GAM combatants, community and traditional leaders, plantation workers, and members of civil society. The study reveals that moral obligations within communities are guided by local wisdom, which acts as a form of social capital that fosters economic and social collaborations. Local wisdom serves as a social capital that nurtures the development of fraternity, mutual trust, cooperation, and solidarity. Moreover, it has the capacity to minimize differences and resentments, thereby promoting unity between former GAM combatants and local communities. This unity significantly contributes to the sustainability of peace in Aceh, Indonesia.

Legal Philosophy's View of the Role of Advocate Professional Ethics as an Honorable Profession in Carrying Out Good Law Enforcement

The lawyer profession plays a crucial role in maintaining integrity and justice in the legal system. From the perspective of legal philosophy, the professional ethics of advocates is a deep and complex foundation. Several philosophical views, such as utilitarianism, deontology, and contractualism, provide a framework for understanding advocate ethics. The utilitarian view emphasizes the importance of achieving the best outcome for society as a whole, which can create ethical dilemmas when advocates are faced with controversial cases. In contrast, deontology emphasizes the moral obligations that advocates must follow, which can give rise to conflicts between obligations to clients and society. Contractualism links the ethics of advocates to the moral agreements that underlie the legal system, emphasizing their responsibility for better social change. Advocate ethics is also closely related to the concept of social justice, where advocates must ensure that the law is applied fairly, regardless of individual background. In addition, in dealing with ethical conflicts in practice, advocates must refer to the ethical principles of their profession as a guide. Advocates' ethics not only underlie their duties as legal representatives, but also involve moral considerations about how their actions may affect society as a whole. This is a very important foundation in maintaining professionalism and carrying out their role as law enforcers