ABSTRACT Numerous social media influencers (SMIs) are involved in personal controversies that may lead to their followers’ negative word of mouth (NWOM) and public relations crises. NWOM spreads more rapidly than positive recommendations, necessitating effective communication strategies to prevent it. This study examined the antecedents of NWOM from the perspectives of the followers’ moral intensity, two aspects of moral ideologies (idealism and relativism), and three aspects of moral reasoning strategies (moral coupling, moral decoupling, and moral rationalization). An online questionnaire survey was conducted, yielding 476 valid responses that were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Both moral intensity and idealism were positively associated with moral coupling but negatively associated with moral decoupling and rationalization. Moral coupling and decoupling were also positively associated with NWOM, whereas moral rationalization was negatively associated with NWOM. These findings enhance the theoretical understanding of NWOM’s antecedents and provide essential insights for SMI marketers to develop strategies to mitigate NWOM by focusing on the followers’ moral intensity and ideologies.

This study investigates the moral and aesthetic ideals in Charles Dickens’s novels, emphasizing the tension between human virtues and social constraints. Using critical realism, Dickens portrays characters whose simplicity, compassion, and ethical integrity are both affirmed and challenged by societal injustice, class divisions, and human weakness. Through the typology of “eccentric characters” and “honest gentlemen,” he constructs a complex moral universe: the former embody heartfelt devotion and humanity, while the latter combine intellect, social awareness, and ethical deliberation. Figures such as Joe (Great Expectations), Mr. Boffin (Our Mutual Friend), and John Harmon exemplify the interplay between personal virtue, social experience, and collective action. Dickens employs irony and narrative nuance to show both the strengths and limitations of human morality. Ultimately, his novels suggest that the realization of moral and aesthetic ideals requires not only individual virtue but also knowledge, social engagement, and communal solidarity, reflecting the ethical and social challenges of nineteenth-century England.

This study examines how contemporary maternal identity is constructed through the Instagram account of Indonesian celebrity mother Jennifer Bachdim (@jenniferbachdim). Drawing on Jean Baudrillard’s concept of hyperreality, it argues that Instagram produces motherhood as a maternal hyperreality, in which curated representations become more authoritative than lived experience. Using critical discourse analysis, the study identifies four dominant discourses: effortless motherhood as moral achievement, picture-perfect mother–child intimacy, performative wellness as moral competence, and consumerist motherhood. Together, these discourses construct an aspirational maternal ideal grounded in aesthetic coherence, emotional harmony, bodily discipline, and consumer choice. The findings show how Instagram collapses the boundary between authenticity and simulation by transforming care and intimacy into visible moral performances. Maternal success is framed as an individualized project achieved through self-management and market participation, while structural and relational dimensions of care remain obscured. Situated within the Indonesian context, the study demonstrates how global influencer aesthetics intersect with local moral ideals of motherhood, generating new normative pressures on maternal subjectivity.

Research into the lifestyle and value priorities of contemporary students suggests that students majoring in the bachelor’s degree program «Public and Municipal Administration» represent this social group. The analysis revealed a predominance of individualism and the desire for self-realization, as well as personal freedoms and financial independence, over collective and socially oriented values, which contradicts the notion of public service as service to citizens. A historical analysis of the phenomenon of service in Russia demonstrates its importance for future public and municipal managers, highlighting such values as patriotism, humanistic aspirations, high moral ideals, professionalism, and the priority of the spiritual over the material. However, public and municipal administration managers, as specialists, must integrate two professions: manager and civil servant, whose professional activity is aimed at serving citizens by fulfilling their official duties and solving professional problems. Therefore, future public and municipal managers must be prepared to apply management approaches proven effective in the transition to «new public management» in their professional activities and recognize patriotism and public duty as fundamental values. The transfer and assimilation of professional and socially significant value orientations for public and municipal managers will be facilitated by the application of a cultural studies approach as one of the priority methodological approaches to developing their professional culture.

The article examines the problem of the influence of mass media on the formation of spiritual and aesthetic values in modern youth, which are essential resources for developing and maintaining resilience, overcoming stress, and maintaining emotional and cognitive stability in challenging circumstances. The purpose of the theoretical analysis is to substantiate the importance of the spiritual and aesthetic culture of youth in a dynamic society and the role of the mass media in the formation of spiritual values in today's conditions. To achieve this purpose, classical sociological, social-psychological works, the results of sociological research that reflect the stated issues, as well as analysis and logical generalisation, were used. It has been found that in society, spiritual and aesthetic culture is often perceived as impractical and secondary, although it determines the nature of society's life and is necessarily present in any material sphere of life, being its qualitative characteristic. It is clarified that modern mass media, the centre of which is Internet technologies/social media, is a powerful translator of a large volume of various information, which creates conditions for self-development, self-education, it is in great demand in the youth environment, but, on the other hand, it is a specific social actor that spreads the values of mass culture, destroys traditional spiritual and aesthetic sensibility, replicates, reproduces simple thoughts, feelings, images that are surrogates of spiritual culture, where ideals turn into clichés, which creates spiritual and moral deafness. It is determined that human spirituality is a resource for the vitality of society; however, the moral and aesthetic culture of modern youth is formed against the backdrop of the absence of unified basic values, the struggle of the media with traditional socialisation institutions, and the loss of spiritual connection with previous generations. Young people are in an aggressive information environment, where the strategy of hedonism and consumption is often demeaned as a form of spiritual search. As a result, mutations and changes occur in the youth hierarchy of values, and the sense of adequate assessment of the social situation is dulled, leading to a decrease in vitality. It is proposed to form a new educational dialogic media strategy and implement promising projects that will ensure effective socialisation, promote the development of moral ideals, and help understand difficulties as opportunities for self-development and self-improvement. It is proposed to consolidate efforts to neutralize the destructive influence of the mass media on the youth audience, to ensure constructive public control over the information flow, to mobilize sociologists, teachers, psychologists, and media industry workers to develop new principles of media education policy, to create media products of educational orientation that would contribute to psychological support, the development of aesthetic ideals, which teach a person to understand difficulties as an opportunity for self-development and self-improvement.

Introduction. The research addresses the fact that Russian and international scholarly literature lacks a systematic study of the strategic state and party documents of the USSR (1918–1986) as sources for reconstructing the normative model of moral education and for analyzing the mechanisms of establishing moral educational guidelines, the target image of the individual, and the logic of their historical development. The purpose of this study is to identify and analytically reconstruct the content of moral educational guidelines, objectives, and ideals, as well as to determine the stages and invariants of their development in high-level strategic documents of the Soviet period. Materials and Methods. The methodological framework of the study is based on systemic, historical-genetic, comparative-historical, and civilizational approaches. The research employs methods of content analysis, historical contextualization, and historical reconstruction of the corpus of strategic state and party documents of the USSR (1918–1986), as well as structural-functional analysis and the periodization method. These methods made it possible to identify the substantive invariants of moral educational guidelines and to trace the stages of their development. Results. The authors identified the stages of developing moral educational guidelines in the strategic documents of the USSR (1918–1986): from the revolutionary project of creating a ‘new person’ to the institutionalization of the moral educational vertical in the 1970s–1980s. The ideological principles, anthropological models, and cultural meanings enshrined in normative acts and programmatic.

This article explores the growing phenomenon of value-based conflicts in modern marriages by examining the foundational ethical and legal principles of marriage articulated in the Qur’ān. Against the backdrop of rapidly changing social dynamics-industrialization, urbanization, the rise of individualism, and shifting gender roles-the study investigates how Qur’ānic guidance continues to provide timeless yet adaptable solutions to contemporary family challenges. The analysis centers on key Qur’ānic verses, notably ar-Rūm 21, an-Nisā 19 and 35, at-Tahrīm 10, and al-Baqara 228, which collectively emphasize virtues such as love (mawaddah), mercy (rahmah), justice (ʿadl), kind and fair treatment (ḥusn al-muʿāsharah), empathy, and the equitable sharing of responsibilities within the marital bond. Far from being mere moral ideals, these principles serve as practical tools for preventing and resolving marital conflicts. Employing both descriptive and analytical methods, the study integrates classical exegetical sources (tafsīr) with contemporary sociological perspectives. It demonstrates how Qur’ānic teachings transcend their historical context while remaining relevant for navigating complex interpersonal dynamics in modern family structures. The findings show that these principles strengthen marital communication and emotional stability and support the development of holistic models that can help reduce divorce rates. The article proposes a multidimensional approach to resolving value-based marital conflicts through Qur’ān-centered moral education, faith-sensitive counseling, structured mediation, and religiously informed family-policy reforms. Ultimately, it offers a holistic framework that harmonizes traditional Qur’ānic values with contemporary needs, thereby strengthening and preserving the modern family through ethically grounded and practically effective strategies.

The moral ideals of the young generation are a topic of particular domestic and global relevance. The study was conducted using the "Oprosnikum" service. The study involved 1,065 teenagers from 21 schools in Kaluga, Obninsk, Korenevo, Romanovo, and Myatlevo, Kaluga Region. The diagnostic tools included E. N. Proshitskaya & S. S. Grinshpun’s Test on Attitudes to Moral Behavior Norms; M. I. Rozhkov & I. V. Ivanova’s Questionnaire of Role Models; I. V. Ivanova’s Diagnostics for Readiness for Self-Development in Adolescents; A. I. Shemshurina’s Diagnostics for Moral Motivation. Moral ideals depended on the personal traits, i.e., personal development, moral motivation, and attitude to moral norms. The results were similar to those obtained in 2019–2020, as well as to other Russian and foreign studies. The trends in moral development were provided with possible causes. The risks were associated with choosing a role model that lacks moral values: teenagers had not enough information about their role models, trusted the internet too much, did not want to engage in moral reflection, had no critical thinking skills, etc. Other risks involved choosing role models with deliberately faulty character traits that possess a certain appeal to the young. In this case, teenagers tend to misevaluate their personal resources for self-development. These risks may lead to a distorted worldview and a false projection of one’s future self. The results can be used to improve pedagogical support of existential choices in existential pedagogy.

This article analyzes the image of Abay Kunanbayuly in the works of Alash intellectuals, emphasizing the spiritual continuity and ideological unity between his heritage and the national idea of the Alash movement. The study shows how key figures of this movement―such as Alikhan Bokeikhan, Akhmet Baitursynuly, Mirzhakyp Dulatuly, Magzhan Zhumabay and others―rethought and adopted Abai’s philosophical, moral and pedagogical view in connection with their desire to rejuvenate and revitalize Kazakh society. Abai is considered not only an outstanding poet, but also a profound thinker, whose teachings on justice, freedom, moral responsibility, science and education formed the ideological basis of the Alash movement. Particular attention is paid to the concept of the «complete man» (tolyq adam), which shaped the intellectual landscape of Kazakh political and cultural thought at the beginning of the 20th century. The idea of individual self improvement through knowledge, reason, virtue and enlightenment found great resonance with the goals of the Alash activists: national awakening, social modernization and resistance to colonial oppression. Through his works, Abai laid the foundation for a new cultural and moral model, which Alash leaders developed in the context of the political and historical challenges of the early 20th century. The interaction between Abai’s philosophical thought and the civic engagement of the Alashorda is examined as a key element in understanding the evolution of modern Kazakh identity. Based on a textual and comparative analysis, the article highlights direct and indirect references to Abayev’s legacy in prose, poetry, journalism, and the political works of the Alash authors. It also shows how the image of Abai passed into the cultural memory of the people and acquired a new meaning in the era of independent Kazakhstan. His moral and bourgeois ideals are perceived today as a bridge between historical identity and the desire for modernity and global integration. In this way, Abai’s influence on the Alash intelligentsia was not accidental, but consciously and deeply ideologically shaped. His spiritual heritage continues to be an intellectual and ethical guide for modern Kazakh society.

This literature review explores the influence of classical educational philosophy on the evolution of nursing education globally and in Indonesia. Drawing from the works of Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates, the study identifies how the moral, rational, and humanistic ideals of classical thought have shaped the foundations of professional and ethical nursing education. Using a qualitative literature review approach, this paper synthesizes scholarly sources related to philosophical foundations, historical development, and curriculum transformation in nursing education. The findings reveal that classical philosophy, emphasizing the harmony of intellectual, moral, and practical dimensions, continues to inform modern nursing education through values of compassion, moral responsibility, and professional integrity. In Indonesia, these philosophical roots are adapted within a contextual framework of local wisdom, spirituality, and national education policy. The study concludes that revisiting classical philosophical principles provides a robust conceptual framework for strengthening the character and humanistic orientation of nursing education worldwide.

This study critically examines the implementation of the electronic court (e-Court) system in resolving Sharia economic disputes within Indonesia’s Religious Courts, focusing on selected jurisdictions in Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Central Java, and East Java. Introduced through Supreme Court Regulations No. 1 of 2019 and No. 7 of 2022, the e-Court system aims to modernize judicial processes and realize justice that is simple, fast, and affordable. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, the research draws on data from eight Religious Courts: East Jakarta, South Jakarta, Sleman, Wonosari, Sidoarjo, Surabaya, Pemalang, and Slawi, through interviews, observation, and document analysis. Findings show that while the e-Court system enhances administrative efficiency and transparency, its implementation remains uneven. Urban courts such as Jakarta and Surabaya demonstrate successful digital integration, whereas Wonosari, Pemalang, and Slawi face obstacles in infrastructure, internet access, and digital literacy. These disparities create hybrid practices and raise concerns about procedural validity and data security. From a prophetic law perspective, the e-Court reform embodies the moral ideals of humanization (amar ma’ruf), liberation (nahi munkar), and transcendence (tu’minuna billah). However, unequal access to digital justice contradicts these prophetic values. The study concludes that achieving ethical and inclusive digital transformation requires embedding prophetic legal principles into judicial policy to ensure that modernization serves humanity and justice, not merely administrative efficiency.

This paper examines the utopian character of John Rawls’ political philosophy and its enduring influence on Anglo-American political thought. It argues that Rawls’ conception of justice as “the first virtue of social institutions” and his detachment from the concrete realities of political life place his work within the tradition of utopian thinking. Despite this detachment, Rawls’ systematic approach and focus on justice resonated deeply with political philosophers seeking a normative framework to defend liberal democracy in the post-war era. The paper explores the philosophical and historical reasons behind Rawls’ appeal, critically assesses the conceptual foundations of his theory—particularly the role of “basic intuitive ideas”—and reflects on the broader implications of grounding political philosophy in abstract moral ideals. Ultimately, it proposes that Rawls’ enduring significance lies in how his utopian vision redefined the aims and methods of political philosophy in the twentieth century.

Abstract In recent decades, philosophers have turned to Freud’s last metapsychology of id, ego, and super-ego in order to reconstruct a naturalistic, developmental account of a Kantian moral psychology. In this paper I try to show that Freud’s conception of the super-ego as the intra-psychic source of authority presents a challenge to Kantian conceptions of conscience. I argue that the recent philosophical reconstruction of Freud omits a crucial and unusual detail: according to Freud, the super-ego has a ‘double aspect’ (Doppelangesicht), at once commanding and prohibiting that the ego become like the ego-ideal. After defending this more unusual interpretation of the super-ego, I argue that, on the one hand, Freud’s ‘contradictory’ moral psychology is quite different than Kant’s ‘conflicted’ moral psychology, and yet on the other hand, I argue that Kant’s discussion of self-conceit brings his moral psychology unexpectedly closer to Freud’s. I then suggest how Freud’s picture contributes to our own practical self-understanding, and close by clarifying the nature of Freud’s challenge to our ordinary and/or Kantian conception of moral psychology and moral authority. After Freud, it is not clear that our moral and psychic ideals come out unscathed.

This paper aims to explore and analyze the evolution of legal systems across several major civilizations—namely Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome, India, China, pre-Islamic Arabia, and Medieval Europe—through historical, philosophical, and comparative approaches. By examining classical legal texts, legal philosophies, and contemporary academic studies, this research identifies the fundamental characteristics, principles, and values underlying each civilization’s legal framework. Using a qualitative methodology combined with historical-comparative analysis, data were collected from a wide range of scholarly literature, including ancient legal codes, philosophical treatises, and modern research findings. The results reveal that pre-colonial civilizations shared essential similarities in viewing law as both an instrument of legitimacy and a mechanism of social order. Nevertheless, they differed in the sources of legal legitimacy—ranging from divine revelation, customary norms, to human rationality. The findings affirm that modern legal systems, whether belonging to the civil law or common law traditions, are deeply rooted in pre-colonial legal thought. The universal ideals of justice, morality, and legal certainty found in contemporary law are products of a long historical evolution stemming from the values embedded in ancient societies. Hence, the study of world legal history before colonization serves not only as a historical exploration but also as a philosophical reflection on how law has continuously shaped—and been shaped by—human civilization throughout history

Background: Sita Ram Adhikari's poem "Night Queen" is essentially a lyric poem, which, though superficially a light ode to a night-blooming flower, works upon a very complex plane of spiritual and moral inquiry. The poem exists at an interesting juncture between nature poetry and devotional literature, inviting critical scrutiny of its stylistic craftsmanship to reveal its deeper thematic engagement. Objective: This analysis tries to deconstruct the stylistic and structural elements of the poem and show how Adhikari transforms a floral subject into a profound symbol of moral idealism. An attempt is made to articulate how the poem's form-diction, tone, and imagery-functions in steering the reader from aesthetic admiration to a yearning for ethical self-improvement. Methods: This study adopts a close reading methodology, drawing from practical criticism and stylistic analysis. The poem is read as an autonomous aesthetic unit, strictly in light of its inner-literary elements such as apostrophe, personification, symbolism, and rhetorical structure; this is supplemented by interpretive lenses from devotional and lyric poetry traditions. Analysis: The power of the poem results from its unremitting apostrophe, which makes it intimate and prayer-like. The Night Queen, as a figure of discipline and justice, becomes an icon through the mixture of romantic and devotional language. Crucial stylistic decisions-in particular, the juxtaposition of "bright" presence with "never cloudy" vision, and rhetorical questions deployed iteratively-are pointed to as pivotal in tracking the progress of the speaker from lover to supplicant, in search of moral guidance. Conclusion: The study concludes that “Night Queen” is essentially a poem of emulation, not merely appreciation. Its stylistic architecture is carefully designed to move from external observation to an internal plea for virtue, framing the act of worship as a pursuit of moral betterment. Implication: Such a poem suggests that a proper engagement with beauty is an ethical act, one that compels introspection and aspiration. It suggests that literature, even in its most condensed forms, can form a crucial medium for philosophical reflection and a guide for personal conduct.

The purpose of this study is to better understand how the ethical ideologies of consumers influence their responses to perceived corporate social irresponsibility (CSI), focusing on trust and word-of-mouth (WOM) recommendations. Data were collected through a survey involving 627 car owners in Poland, using a real-life case of CSI concerning a major car manufacturer fined for misleading consumers about diesel emissions. The analysis employed partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The results indicate that moral idealism amplifies the negative effects of CSI on WOM, while moral relativism produces neutrality towards CSI. Specifically, it appears that highly idealistic individuals are more reluctant to make positive comments about a firm accused of irresponsible behaviour. However, individuals who are more relativistic do not appear to be more sympathetic towards or tolerant of firms that act irresponsibly. The study contributes to the literature by highlighting the role of individual ethical ideologies in shaping consumer reactions to corporate misconduct and offers insights for firms and organizations addressing CSI-related challenges.

The article addresses the most important landmark of education development at the present stage, associated with the formation of moral ideals in the younger generation that embody traditional Russian spiritual and moral values. The tendencies and risks of forming a moral ideal at the present stage of society development are noted. The relevance and demanded need to study the educational potential of the additional education system in the development and formation of moral values of a modern child are substantiated. A set of leading factors aimed at the formation of the existential sphere of the individual, which the additional education system has, is presented, among them: the child's free choice of subject areas taking into account interests and needs and the importance of receiving additional education ensured by his own choice, and, consequently, the possibility of internalization of the values broadcast in this environment; the teacher's reference and self-expression of children in a circle of like-minded people, which contributes to the achievement of eventful interaction, and, as a consequence, the acceptance and internalization of moral values broadcast in this educational environment. The value-oriented focus of the educational environment is enhanced by its saturation with traditions and methods of work that take into account the characteristics of society and the region, as well as the mastery by students of educational modules included in additional general development programs of various directions.

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) remains a deeply entrenched practice in Northern Nigeria, shaped by complex intersections of culture, religion, and gendered expectations. Despite legal prohibitions and advocacy campaigns, the practice persists, often justified through communal ideals of purity, marriageability, and morality. This study investigates how women in Northern Nigeria negotiate autonomy in contexts where FGM remains a cultural and religious norm. Drawing on qualitative interviews with women across diverse communities, the research highlights how women resist, reinterpret, and sometimes accommodate cultural pressures. Findings reveal that women strategically navigate communal belonging, religious discourses, and bodily rights, illustrating agency within constraints. The study contributes to feminist and postcolonial debates by reframing women not only as victims of patriarchal systems but also as active agents in negotiating their embodied lives.

The aim of this research is to review its influence on Islamic thought that developed in Malaysia as demonstrated by the moral and spiritual idealism it brings in influencing metaphysical awareness and intellectual traditions as well as the system and basis of education in Malaysia. This study is structured based on qualitative methods, in the form of a literature review and documentary. The data obtained was analyzed descriptively, analytically, historically and synthetically to obtain accurate and scientific conclusions. The findings of the study found Prof. Kamal has made important and influential contributions in the context of awareness and strengthening the ideology of monotheism and its natural view. This study contributes to presenting the ideas he developed in the tradition of modern Islamic thought in terms of designing and implementing the effective foundations of the Islamization of science in Malaysia which include his holistic planning and approach in upholding a monotheistic view of life and bringing forth genuine aspirations and values ​​and cultural manifestations based on the theory of Islamization (Islamiyyatul ma'rifat), the unification of knowledge and values ​​(takamul al-ma'rifi) and the Islamization he introduced in the realm of thought and development. intellectuals in Malaysia

This article explores the role of cultural and moral phenomena in the spiritual renewal of contemporary Russian society and argues that genuine spiritual renewal of society is possible only through the constant perception, rethinking, and development of moral foundations within the cultural environment, where morality becomes an integral part of the cultural process, and culture becomes a space for expressing moral ideals and implementing them in social practice. It substantiates the importance of the culture of moral development of the individual for the spiritual renewal of society and addresses the issue of the culture of moral development of students and teachers in higher education within the context of contemporary scientific pedagogical discourse. It proposes an interpretation of the culture of moral development of students and teachers in higher education as a complex, multifaceted process of developing an individual's moral experience, expressed in the purposeful, systematic, and consistent improvement of the individual as a subject of public morality and individual morality. It is argued that the culture of moral development is integrated into the educational process at the university, defining the content of moral education. It is argued that, despite the distinctive characteristics of the culture of moral development of students and teachers, such culture appears as a holistic pedagogical phenomenon. The features of the culture of moral development are revealed in the context of student and teacher activities. It is demonstrated that the concepts of «culture of moral development of the individual» and «moral culture of the individual» are interrelated but not identical. The article substantiates the need to coordinate scientific research and integrate the efforts of the scientific community in developing common methodological and practical solutions to the problem of the culture of moral development of students and university teachers by creating a Scientific Council for the Culture of Moral Development of Students and Teachers of Higher Education at the Department of Education and Culture of the Russian Academy of Education. The functions of the Scientific Council are identified: scientific and methodological, coordinating, diagnostic and evaluative, advisory and expert, and educational and organizational functions. Areas of activity for the Scientific Council are proposed.