Moral Characteristics Research Articles

Position of the Jordanian Legislation and Jordanian Judiciary from the Moral Offender Compared To the Egyptian Legislation

This study aimed to know the position of the Jordanian legislation and the Jordanian judiciary, and he Egyptian legislation from the moral offender and the resulting consequences on that. This study is important since it is in accordance with the legal logic which assign the crime to its real doer, and to identify the responsibility of the moral actor as a whole, since we cannot consider him as a physical doer, since the legal logic and justice reject to use this mind for non penal responsibility person. The descriptive, analytical and comparative methods have been used. The study included a number of topic related to the moral offender. The study reached a set of results. The most important is that for the moral offender feature to be available in the criminal he should make positive activity and precise role in executing the crime, and the moral offender bears result of the crime as if he is the original offender. The study recommended a number of recommendations. The most prominent that the Jordanian legislator to set special text regarding the moral offender of the crime on solve he issue and to avoid the conflict.

Феномен академічного плагіату в сучасній Україні: причини існування та перспективи подолання

The article analyzes the reasons for the significant spread of academic plagiarism in modem Ukrainian science. The emphasis is on the dissemination of this phenomenon in world science. The author carries out historical parallels in studying the phenomenon of plagiarism. The attention is focused on the specifics of the Ukrainian plagiarism situation and two radically opposite approaches are being considered in the fight against plagiarism. The article shows that the problem of academic plagiarism, as well as plagiarism in other spheres of activity, is not limited to the ethical and moral characteristics of the subjects of scientific institutions, but has a social character and direction depends on the general situation in the country, as well as on the value-ideological, philosophical, even mental features of the community as a whole and the scientific community as a part of it.

Why research ethics should add retrospective review

Research ethics is an integral part of research, especially that involving human subjects. However, concerns have been expressed that research ethics has come to be seen as a procedural concern focused on a few well-established ethical issues that researchers need to address to obtain ethical approval to begin their research. While such prospective review of research is important, we argue that it is not sufficient to address all aspects of research ethics. We propose retrospective review as an important complement to prospective review. We offer two arguments to support our claim that prospective review is insufficient. First, as currently practiced, research ethics has become for some a ‘tick box’ exercise to get over the ‘hurdle’ of ethics approval. This fails to capture much of what is important in ethics and does not promote careful reflection on the ethical issues involved. Second, the current approach tends to be rules-based and we argue that research ethics should go beyond this to develop people’s capacity to be sensitive to the relevant moral features of their research, their ethical decision-making skills and their integrity. Retrospective review of a project’s ethical issues, and how they were addressed, could help to achieve those aims better. We believe that a broad range of stakeholders should be involved in such retrospective review, including representatives of ethics committees, participating communities and those involved in the research. All stakeholders could then learn from others’ perspectives and experiences. An open and transparent assessment of research could help to promote trust and understanding between stakeholders, as well as identifying areas of agreement and disagreement and how these can be built upon or addressed. Retrospective review also has the potential to promote critical reflection on ethics and help to develop ethical sensitivity and integrity within the research team. Demonstrating this would take empirical evidence and we suggest that any such initiatives should be accompanied by research into their effectiveness. Our article concludes with a discussion of some possible objections to our proposal, and an invitation to further debate and discussion.

From Social to Anthropological Discourse in Gorky: Hypotheses and Rebuttals

The authors of this article propose and defend the hypothesis that the provincial-born Maxim Gorky, when illustrating his worldview in his polemical and artistic works, served as the bearer of mental characteristics and complexes inherent only and exclusively to the Russian people. The hypothesis in question serves as the basis for a rebuttal to the traditional understanding of Gorky’s social engagement as a writer, including his work as a playwright. Gorky’s anthropology, as a set of sociopsychological and moral personality traits, gender and mental characteristics, as well as a corpus of many dozens of human characters, represents a powerful stratum of national traditions and cultural experience. However, in their cultural–anthropological detailing, these properties are familiar and understood around the world: fear of the lack of love, the need for understanding, acute female–male conflicts. The writer’s lively voice rectifies otherwise banal and oversimplified concepts about man.

How does culture shape our moral identity? Moral foundations in Saudi Arabia and Britain

AbstractNorth American measures of moral identity (MI) assume that caring and fairness are the most prototypical features of morality. Moral foundations theory describes such individualising foundations of morality as dominant in individualist cultures and binding foundations of morality as more particular to collectivist cultures. We weighed the criticism that moral identity scales are guilty of “liberal ethnocentrism” in two studies drawing on participants in the UK and Saudi Arabia. Only individualising traits were prototypical of concepts of moral people in Britain, while individualising and binding traits were both prototypical of such concepts in Saudi Arabia (Study 1, N = 160). In Study 2 (N = 539), participants completed the moral identity scale following typical instructions that referred to the prototypical traits of one of five moral foundations. Overall MI scores were lower in Britain than in Saudi Arabia, particularly when instructions described binding traits as characteristics of a moral person. Cross‐cultural differences were mediated by the perceived cultural importance attributed to these traits, particularly binding traits. These results justify concerns that existing moral identity scales underestimate important cultural variation in conceptualising moral identity, but justice and caring concerns remain the best single candidates for a universal foundation of human morality.

FORMATION OF STUDENTS’ TOLERANT ATTITUDE TO PEOPLE WITH SPECIAL NEEDS

The article substantiates the relevance of the problem of raising tolerance of younger schoolchildren to people with special educational needs. The analysis of the level of readiness of all members of the educational process for communication, co-stay, education with students with violations in development; specifics of educational influence on younger students on the formation of stable moral beliefs, cultivation of moral features and qualities, development of spirituality, appropriation of values which are essential and necessary in the context of the arrangement of the inclusive, and educational environment of the New Ukrainian School. The emphasis is placed on the need to include students without exception in various activities, organizing and conducting joint creative work, educational events and games for the purpose of disclosing the inner world of children, studying their peculiarities, and strengthening the children's friendship. It is emphasized that observance of a number of requirements can increase the efficiency of the process of raising tolerance towards children with special needs.

Do wine tourists care about the labourer?

Background: Consumers worldwide have recently become more aware that their consumption preferences and habits influence not only the environment, but also other people’s lives. These ‘ethical’ consumers are therefore said to consider the moral features of the product or service in their consumption decision. The most prominent ethical consumption label is the Fair Trade label, which was established to enhance the living and working conditions of those working on small-scale farm cooperatives in developing countries.Aim: This paper aims to determine wine tourists’ willingness to pay (WTP) for improved working and living conditions for wine farm workers.Setting: The research was conducted at the largest wine festival in South Africa, the Wacky Wine Festival in Robertson in the Western Cape, an area renowned for its wine and fruit products.Method: The concept of a socially acceptable logo on the wine bottle – signalling fair wages to the farm workers – was assessed by using a double-bounded contingent valuation approach. Wine tourists completed 397 questionnaires during the festival in June 2017.Results: The results indicate that 80% of wine tourists are willing to pay more for socially responsible wines. The responsible wine consumer is typically younger and a premium of R11 per bottle of wine would be accepted if it signals fair treatment of workers.Conclusion: The socially responsible wine tourist in South Africa is more concerned about quality and the moral implications of the wine than the price. There is support for the implementation of a socially responsible label for wine products.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CURRICULA OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION FOR LOWER GRADES OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA AND GERMANY

This paper is intended to confirm the theoretical viewpoints, but also open new chapters in the field of advances in theory and practice of planning and designing physical education classes. The physical education curriculum ought to encapsulate the fundamental postulates of this field which comprises the educational and anthropological components. It is founded on practical application. The educational content is focused on developing functional knowledge, which together with the abilities and achievements attained should nurture a well-rounded personality in a child in terms of physical and mental health and interpersonal skills. The steps in designing a physical education curriculum are specific and consist of a number of stages which are dependent on a multitude of internal and external factors. One of the key prerequisites of a successful design is abiding by certain principles. It is worth mentioning that several approaches are common in tackling the issues and questions encountered while designing the physical education curriculum. This is the reason why the core premise in defining the issues in this paper is the difference or similarity of curriculum design in the two countries. I have therefore analyzed and compared the content of the global, operative and executive curricula in a number of schools in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Germany. Whether these curricula accomplish the objectives set, which curriculum is more acceptable, whether they are aligned with the real needs of today's children and whether they can be adapted are just some of the questions to which I endeavour to provide answers in this paper. It is especially important to mention the function of upbringing in a curriculum. The planned content should be such that it contributes to forming and strenghtening the moral characteristics and traits in students. To achieve this it is necessary to accomplish several tasks with the function of upbringing in addition to those which target the physical and intellectual development. This includes affecting the willpower and in practical terms substituting "I will, I can, I dare" for "I will not, I cannot, I don't dare", molding the character and conscious discipline, imparting a positive attitude towards work, teammates and material resources. To ensure the best possible class quality and that the aims and objectives have been met, the currently used curriculum should be analyzed and compared to determine whether: 1. It meets the aims and objectives of physical education 2. It takes the current constitution and abilities of students into consideration, but also the level of their motor skills and achievements and all other pertinent factors which affect or may affect the success of physical exercise 3. It is aligned with the individual needs of students and the existing working conditions which enable us to envisage which approaches, methods, tools and equipment would be most suitable.

Victimological Aspects of Domestic Violence Prevention

The article substantiates the victimological approach to the problem of domestic violence prevention. I. The system of concepts to describe the phenomenon of victimity (also referred to as “victimhood”) has been specified. The central concept of the system: victim-like behavior of the person who has suffered from domestic violence is an integral feature of personality, characterized by low self-esteem, disproportionately critical self-attitude; increased level of anxiety; low ability to overcome external pressure; a noticeable helplessness-focused mindset; behavioral dispositions in family relationships, guided by victim-like stereotypes. Other definitions: 1. Victimity - physical, psychological, moral and social features and characteristics of a person that have transformed or potentially lead to transformation of such person into a victim; 1.1. Personality victimity is a specific personal construct, realized in the guidelines and attributes of victim’s personality; 1.2. General victimity depends on the social and role characteristics that transform a person into a victim; 2. Victim propensity is a set of features stipulated by social, psychological and other reasons that contribute to non-adaptive reaction style of the subject and lead to negative consequences for him/her, which consists in transforming a person into a victim. 3. Victimization - the process of victimity realization in dynamics; 4. Victim-like behavior - deviation from the rules of dangerous behavior, implemented in the aggregate of social, psychological and moral manifestations of a personality, leading to the victim‘s role; 5. Victimogenic factors (causes) - objective circumstances formed directly before or during commission of an offense and not connected with victimity of a sufferer or his/her behavior. A conclusion has been made about the expansion of the meaning of victim-like behavior in domestic violence situations, set in the Law On domestic violence prevention and combating compared with the definition given in the corresponding Law that had been in force earlier. II. The assumption that the effectiveness of victimology is in direct correlation with the effective application of primarily psychological methods has been substantiated. ІІІ. The comparison of scientific approaches to the study of the rates and causes of victimization among women affected by domestic violence (namely: socio-cultural approach, systemic family approach and individual-psychological approach) has been presented. IV. The content of the main types of victimity - person-based and role-based (general) ones - has been specified. The opinion on the effectiveness of the person-based type of victimity correction has been expressed. V. The issue of choosing the ways and methods of de-vitmization is put into dependence on the type of person who had suffered from domestic violence. VІ. The conclusion has been made of the applicability of the new direction of research – so called “riskology” (risk analysis) - in victimological researches to identify the risk groups. VIІ. A suggestion has been made to investigate victimogenic factors as an element of the domestic violence determination system. VIIІ. It has been proposed to carry out the victimological countermeasures through the most accessible channels: social network groups, a purposeful influence on young women made by the members of their reference groups. It has been emphasized that victimity is subject to correction, resulting in de-victimization of (potential) victims of domestic violence.

Relativism or tolerance? Defining, assessing, connecting, and distinguishing two moral personality features with prominent roles in modern societies.

This work disentangles moral tolerance from moral relativism and reveals their distinct personological meanings. Both constructs have long been of interest to moral philosophers, moral psychologists, and everyday people, and they may play prominent roles in the feasibility of modern diverse societies. However, they have been criticized as devaluing morality and as producing overly permissive societies. Moreover, although they lack necessary conceptual implications for each other, they are easily (and often) conflated. Three studies included nine samples (total N>3,200, 40%-50% female, Mage =38-40, 83% white). Participants completed (online) new measures of moral tolerance and moral relativism, along with measures of 40 additional constructs. Results reveal robust psychometric quality of the new measures (the Moral Relativism Scale and the Moral Tolerance Scale), demonstrate that the constructs are empirically overlapping but separable, and highlight their distinct personological networks. Moral relativism was associated with liberal political views and a lowered valuing/enacting of moral values. Moral tolerance was weakly associated with liberal political views but was strongly related to a broad range of both liberal and conservative moral values. This work yields new tools for investigating moral character, and it reveals the differential meaning of two important moral constructs.

Quality of Reasons and Degrees of Responsibility

Traditionally, theories of moral responsibility feature only the minimally sufficient conditions for moral responsibility. While these theories are well-suited to account for the threshold of responsibility, it’s less clear how they can address questions about the degree to which agents are responsible. One feature that intuitively affects the degree to which agents are morally responsible is how difficult performing a given action is for them. Recently, philosophers have begun to develop accounts of scalar moral responsibility that make use of this notion of difficulty [Coates and Swenson 2013; Nelkin 2016]. In this paper, I argue that these accounts, although innovative, are incomplete. The degree to which agents are morally responsible is determined not only by the difficulties that agents face but also by the quality of the reasons for which they act.

Memoirs of P. Bilon on the revolutionary events of 1918-1919. In Ukraine

The article, based on the memoirs of P. Bilon, highlights the process of formation and development of the armed forces of the UPR (Ukrainian People's Republic) Directory (1918-1919). Such phenomena as “atamanism”, the unification of the Galician army and the UPR army, and the creation of Ukrainian military aviation are considered. The importance of studying memoirs as a unique source on the history of the Ukrainian revolution is noted. Military memoirs in fact often is the only source for the history of certain military units, conducting combat operations and their direct participants. Considered is the degree of understanding in the memoirs transformational processes of the Ukrainian revolution under the influence of domestic- and foreign-policy situation during of 1918-1919. Lighting of the period of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917-1921 through the prism of memoir literature, comparing it with data from other information sources, and most importantly with official historical doctrine of both the Soviet and modern periods, not only provide a qualitative highlight the main aspects of the research, but also to reveal the "moral feature" of the era. Namely, the mood of specific individuals who have left us memoirs. Thanks to them you can see the many facets of the mentality of that society, which fell into the whirlpool of tumultuous political events. It is noted that the active involvement of the memoir heritage will contribute to a maximum of an objective picture of historical events, to intensify the study of processes in early XX century by representatives of academic historical scholarship.

On the Theoretical Reconstruction of Durkheim’s Interpretation of Morality

This article offers the theoretical reconstruction of the treatment of morality by the classic of French and world sociology Emile Durkheim (1858–1917). Based on Durkheim’s texts, the author strives to show that, contrary to some modern interpretations, he was neither an anti-Kantian nor an anti-utilitarian. He constantly criticized both Kant and utilitarianism, but was strongly influenced by both theoretical positions. This influence was both “negative,” as an opposition to these positions, and “positive,” as a sort of their reproduction, continuation and development. Durkheim did not reject Kant’s views and utilitarianism (especially, in its eudemonist version), but relied on them seeking to realize their theoretical synthesis. The means of such a synthesis was a sociological approach to morality, in which society is treated as an entity that combines duty and good, immanent and transcendent principles in morality. The evolution of Durkheim’s interpretation of the elements, or characteristics of morality, as well as the connection of morality with religion and other social institutions, are considered. The author have analyzed Durkheim’s idea of the autonomy of sacredness in morality, of its irreducibility to the religious sacredness; hence the principal possibility of secular morality. According to Durkheim, morality is of a fundamental importance for society, it underlies all social institutions and social transformations

Primum non nocere: Морально-етична проблематика у літературно-медичному дискурсі американської прози XX століття

The article analyzes the moral and ethical dominant features of the doctor’s worldview in the literary and medical discourse based on the material of American 20th century prose. The aim of the research is to examine the narrative representation of deontological issues as exemplified by the novels “Arrowsmith” (1925) by Sinclair Lewis, “That None Should Die” (1941) by Frank Gill Slaughter, “A Case of Need” (1969) by Michael Crichton, “Coma” (1977) by Robin Cook and others. The problems of deontology in the plane of artistic work have been studied using modern literary criticism research in the areas of narratology and receptive aesthetics, which determines the relevance of the present paper. The author’s intentions and reader’s strategies in designing the narrative space, focused on bioethical issues, have been analyzed. The theoretical significance of the article consists in the study of moral and ethical dominant features in the medical discourse of the 20th century U.S. prose. Within the framework of the material under consideration, the U.S. writers focus on deontological issues in order to implement a particular artistic intention, which acts in compliance with a certain literary trend and according to a specific stage in the development of American medicine and healthcare. Further research is needed to study the fictional representation of bioethical issues in the literary and medical discourse of the U.S. prose, which will improve the content of training courses in the world literature and form a methodological basis for the development of special courses, theme-based seminars and academic syllabi.

Review of responsibility studies in Russian and foreign psychology of the 21st century

The article presents the results of an analysis of studies of the responsibility category, performed in the 21st century by Russian andforeign psychologists. To search for Russian works, we used the databases of the Electronic Library of the Russian State Library and the Russian Scientific Electronic Library eLIBRARY.ru To identify the works of foreign authors, we analysed 2910 journals from the Web of Science database (Social and Behavioural Sciences – Journal List). It was established that in Russian psychology, responsibility is understood as a form of self-regulation, realised in the consciousness of oneself as a subject of behaviour and its consequences. Russian researchers in the 21st century conduct clarifying studies of the formation and evolution of responsibility, studying the features of this mental phenomenon in representatives of various social groups and professions, and exploring the relationship between responsibility and success. In modern foreign psychology of the 21st century, responsibility has still been viewed from the angle of solving the practical problems of social psychology. We have revealed that most of the studies are clarifying in nature and are devoted to the characteristics of collective responsibility, morality and guilt. It seems important that both Russian and foreign researchers widely use the attributive approach.

Epistolary communication: the semiotic dimension

The article presents an original approach to the analysis of epistolary communication of the Ukrainian intelligentsia of the late XIX - early XX centuries from the standpoint of semiotic definitions. It means letters appear as a specific semiotic formation. Epistols were considered as signs, carriers of information, communication was outlined as the variety of ideas, motives, themes characterized by the inner story. Decoding the leading communicative codes of epistolary communication was made. The researched letters show moral, philosophical, socio-cultural, civil and personal features. The purpose of the scientific research is to determine the specifics of epistolary communication from the standpoint of the semiotic approach. The tasks of scientific intelligence are: to outline the state of scientific problem’s development; to investigate the epistols of the intelligentsia from the standpoint of semiotics; to determine the main codes in the communication of character figures; to consider epistols as a polyphonic sign system; to synthesize the results of the research in conclusions. A set of general scientific and special research methods was applied to achieve the purpose and tasks. Source research and analysis of professional researches were used to determine the current state of the identified problems’ development. The principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and systematisms allowed us to analyse the peculiarities of epistolary communication of the late XIX - early XX centuries. The semiotic method was used to decode epistol, analysis, synthesis, generalization in decoding letters and in conclusions. Therefore, the main tasks of the epistolary communication of the intelligentsia of the late XIX - early XX centuries were the intellectual own perception of the European modernity values, the creativity and socio-cultural experience of the talented representatives of the intellectual elite. The semiotic significance of words and sentences demonstrates the process of popularizing the concept of iconic universalism.

НАУКОВІ ЗДОБУТКИ НАУКОВО-ДОСЛІДНОЇ ЧАСТИНИ ІСТОРИЧНОГО ФАКУЛЬТЕТУ КНУ ІМЕНІ ТАРАСА ШЕВЧЕНКА (2016-2018 рр.)

The article touches upon the research work of the Science and Research Department of Faculty of History of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv within the framework of developing the scientific theme «Ukraine in the European historic processes: in search of the civilization choice» in 2016 – 2018. During the research process, a wide range of source materials and innovative methods of research have been utilized to analyze the concepts of the European civilization’s evolution and to outline the specifics of Ukraine’s civilization belonging during different époques. The moments crucial for the following civilization development of Ukraine have been emphasized upon, the political and etc ideological background of the European choice has been given. The key factors of social and economic development in different époques have been outlined, the social and economic specifics of Ukraine and the historical background of shaping thereof have been analyzed. The article as well investigates the consequences of Ukraine being part of different political entities and the role of Ukrainians in social and economic development of European countries. The impact of the West upon the contemporary processes of transformation and the prospects of the European integration of Ukraine has been delivered. The article explores the role of culture of Ukraine in today’s Europe and its evolution given the external and internal factors. The influence of Ukrainian culture on the social development of European countries, in particular, states, which included Ukrainian lands, was analyzed. The cultural interactions of peoples and ethnic groups inhabiting Ukraine have been examined, the religious element of the social transformations has been inspected. The moral, cultural and religious features of people inhabiting different regions have been studied, the possible principles and methods of further strengthening of the Ukrainian political nation and the civil society reinforcement have been researched. Basic scientific events held by the Science and Research Department of Faculty of History of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv within the framework of developing the scientific theme, i.a. international conferences, scientific and methodic seminars, workshops, panel discussions, expert discussions etc. have been presented.

Human trafficking from Ukrainian cities and villages: Current trends

The official statistics of the Prosecutor General's Office of Ukraine has recorded that in 2017 the number of cases of human trafficking from Ukraine increased threefold (342 cases versus 115 in 2016). Such a sharp growth of the aforementioned crime was last observed in 2005 to 2006. Today, there are no administrative and territorial districts in Ukraine from which future victims of human traffickers would not be recruited. According to criminal proceedings, about 70% of human trafficking victims are residents of large Ukrainian cities. The aim of this research is to investigate current trends of human trafficking phenomenon from Ukrainian cities and villages and to present the ways how the victims fall into slavery. The revealed trends of the human trafficking from Ukraine allow us to affirm that whereas similarity of social and demographic, moral and physiological characteristics of urban and rural residents, the second ones have a higher level of risk to become a victim of human trafficking. The results obtained allow us to develop evidence-based recommendations for the human trafficking from Ukraine decreasing as from the hole country, as rural locals, in particular. The new feature in human trafficking is a negative trend that Ukraine is changing from the country in which human trafficking victims originate into the destination country for human trafficking.

Family-Based Consent for Organ Donation: Benevolence and Reconstructionist Confucianism.

This paper explores organ donation through the perspective of Reconstructionist Confucianism. I argue that for organ donation in China to be morally permissible, public policy must conform to the norms of Confucian benevolence. Reconstructionist Confucianism appreciates benevolence as an objectively important feature of morality deeply connected to moral rules governing propriety, integrity, righteousness, and human freedom. Here, benevolence involves sincere affection for another as an intrinsic good, rather than as a means to achieve other purposes. It requires developing self-restraint and proper respect for others. As I argue, family-based consent is essential for ensuring that organ donation conforms to such an understanding of benevolence and is, thereby, compatible with Confucian culture. Consequently, legislation in China should solidify family-based consent for organ donation to consolidate a benevolent family environment as the basis of morality, law, and social existence.

Violence, exclusion and the role of children and adolescents moral features in the sport domain: The save project

Violence, exclusion and the role of children and adolescents moral features in the sport domain: The save project