Months Of Exercise Research Articles

Effects of aerobic exercise on selected health related physical fitness components in the case of werebabo woreda werebabo general secondary and preparatory school; South Wollo zone, Amhara regional state, Ethiopia

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 week aerobic exercise on selected health related physical fitness components. The study design was Experimental method. Simple random sampling technique were used to select subjects as well as to assign subjects for control group (EG) and experimental group (CG) while purposive sampling were used to select the sample sex and the study place, the data were analyzed 60 male sample was taken from a population of 71 male students by Slovins formula, the selected subjects were divided into 2 equal groups (n=30) CG and (n=30) EG was implemented. Their age range was from 18-22 years. EG who performed in 3 days/week for 3-month aerobic exercise training program like as walking, jogging, running and rope skipping and a CG did not perform this selected aerobic training unless both groups undergone normal physical education class program. Both groups had taken pre, during and post-testing. PT of two groups of 30 subjects(ME was measured by 900angle push up test, CVE was measured using 12 minute run test, and flexibility was measured using sit and reach test) were recorded. After six weeks of aerobic exercise training, DT was taken in each parameter and a little improvement in each test results was observed and training was continually given by increasing its duration. After three months, posttest measurement on the same parameters was taken. The difference between the tests were analyzed statistically, with paired sample “t” test at the level of significance was P<0.05 to determine the difference between initial and final mean for participant. According to analyzed data the mean difference value After 12 week’s aerobic exercise boosted in pushup Performance by 1.76, in 12meter run 638mean difference was recorded, and in sit and reach test 0.53increments were observed throughout the study period. The result obtained in this study indicated that there were significant improvement in ME, CVE, and flexibility. Based on this finding, it can be concluded that Moderate aerobic exercise has positive effect on improvement of selected health related physical fitness components of male students.

Mini-Trampoline Jumping as an Exercise Intervention in Postmenopausal Women to Improve Women Specific Health Risk Factors.

Background:Women tend to outlive men and are at higher risks of functional disability compared to men. Specifically, women are more likely to develop conditions like osteoporosis and stress urinary incontinence which can further increase the risk of functional disability. Regular physical activity and/or exercise programs can minimize the physiological decline that occurs during aging and can improve overall physical fitness, bone health, and pelvic floor muscle function; however, exercise programs tend to focus on only one parameter. Mini-trampoline jumping is a highly beneficial low-impact aerobic exercise capable of improving aerobic fitness, balance, muscle strength, and potentially bone health as well as pelvic floor muscle functioning. The aim of the proposed research project is to examine the benefits of a 3-month mini-trampoline exercise intervention on physical fitness, bone health, and pelvic floor muscle functioning in postmenopausal women.Methods:Fifty postmenopausal healthy women aged 50–69 years will be recruited. Assessments on physical fitness (aerobic fitness, walking speed, balance, lower extremity strength, flexibility), bone health, and pelvic floor muscle functioning will occur within 1 week before and after the exercise intervention, including a 3-month follow-up assessment. The exercise intervention will last 12 weeks, with three sessions of 40 min each per week.Conclusions:The proposed research has the potential to improve functional ability and women-specific risk factors in older women with an innovative and fun exercise program.

Inter-Individual Differences in Exercise Responses in Alzheimer’s Disease

Aerobic exercise is widely supported as a disease-modifying treatment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in animal models; however, its effects on cognition have been mixed in human studies, which may be attributable to inter-individual differences in aerobic fitness and cognitive responses to aerobic exercise. This study evaluated inter-individual differences in aerobic fitness and cognitive responses to 6-month aerobic exercise in participants with AD dementia by secondarily analyzing the FIT-AD Trial data. Aerobic fitness with the shuttle walk test (SWT), 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) from cycle-ergometer exercise test, and cognition with the AD Assessment Scale–Cognition (ADAS-Cog). Inter-individual differences were calculated as the differences in the standard deviation of 6-month change (SDR) in outcomes between the intervention and control groups. The sample size was 78 (77.4±6.3 years old, 15.7±2.8 years of education, 41% women). VO2max was available in 26 participants (77.7±7.1 years old, 14.8±2.6 years of education, 35% women). The results show that the SDR was 37.0, 121.1, 1.7, and 2.3 for SWT, 6MWT, VO2max, and ADAS-Cog, respectively, but there were no statistically significant differences between the intervention and control groups in these measures over six months. Our results indicate that inter-individual differences exist in aerobic fitness and cognitive responses to aerobic exercise in AD, which contributed to the favorable, but not statistically significant between-group differences in aerobic fitness and cognition. To conclude, our study is the first to demonstrate inter-individual differences in the responses to aerobic exercise in AD dementia using SDR.

Beneficial effects of exercise training on physical performance in patients with vasospastic angina

AimsIn vasospastic angina (VSA), coronary vasomotion abnormalities could develop not only in epicardial coronary arteries but also in coronary microvessels, where calcium channel blockers (CCBs) have limited efficacy. However, efficacy of exercise training for VSA remains to be elucidated. We thus aimed to examine whether vasodilator capacity of coronary microvessels is impaired in VSA patients, and if so, whether exercise exerts beneficial effects on the top of CCBs. MethodsWe performed 2 clinical protocols. In the protocol 1, we measured myocardial blood flow (MBF) using adenosine-stress dynamic computed tomography perfusion (CTP) in 38 consecutive VSA patients and 17 non-VSA controls. In the protocol 2, we conducted randomized controlled trial, where 20 VSA patients were randomly assigned to either 3-month exercise training group (Exercise group) or Non-Exercise group (n= 10 each). ResultsIn the protocol 1, MBF on CTP was significantly decreased in the VSA group compared with the Non-VSA group (138 ± 6 vs 166 ± 10 ml/100 g/min, P = 0.02). In the protocol 2, exercise capacity was significantly increased in the Exercise group than in the Non-Exercise group (11.5 ± 0.5 to 15.4 ± 1.8 vs 12.6 ± 0.7 to 14.0 ± 0.8 ml/min/kg, P < 0.01). MBF was also significantly improved after 3 months only in the Exercise group (Exercise group, 145 ± 12 to 172 ± 8 ml/100 g/min, P < 0.04; Non-Exercise group, 143 ± 14 to 167 ± 8 ml/100 g/min, P = 0.11), although there were no significant between-group differences. ConclusionsThese results provide the first evidence that, in VSA patients, exercise training on the top of CCBs treatment may be useful to improve physical performance, although its effect on MBF may be minimal.

PMS60 Preventive Exercise Program for Trunk Stabilization, Posture Correction and Functional Asymmetry Among Amateur Football Players

The trunk is the center of the body, thus besides the strength of the lower limbs trunk stability is important for football players. We aimed to improve the trunk state of football players with a preventive exercise program. 19 amateur football players (average age: 26.34±3.12 years) participated in the 3-month exercise program. The prospective, longitudinal study was conducted between 2019-2020, in Hungary, Balatonkenese. We examined trunk stability and strength with Hoogenboom flexor-extensor test, sideway bench test and core test, muscle flexibility with Kempf tests, functional asymmetry with the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) test, body posture by photogrammetric test, and lumbar motor control ability (LMK) by Sitting Forward Lean test. Microsoft Office Excel 2013 was used to make the statistical analysis, we determined the significance level at p<0.05. Hoogenboom flexor [51.47±13.03 sec, 97.47±20.53 sec; (p<0.001)], extensor (31.32±9.46 sec, 64.89±16.07 sec; (p<0.001)], core test [49.05±14.39 sec, 110.11±24.34 sec; (p<0.001)], sideways bench test on the right-side [41.21±14.08 sec, 55.68±9.65 sec; (p<0.001)], left-side [38.16±13.49 sec, 53.00±11.14 sec; (p<0.001)], muscle flexibility on both sides of the pectoral muscles [89 %, 18 %; (p<0.001)], the hip flexors [79 %, 29 %; (p<0.001)] and the knee flexors [89 %, 24 %; (p<0.001)] significantly improved. Before the program the total scores of FMS showed, that the participants had functional asymmetry in 66 %, after the program it decreased to 51 % (p<0.001). The habitual posture improved significantly [12.22±0.50 points, 10.61±0.98 points; (p<0.001)], LMK decreased significantly [4.11±2.16 mm, 1.68±1.67 mm; (p<0.001)]. We can improve football players' trunk stability, muscle strength, flexibility, body posture, functional asymmetry, and lumbar motor control ability with adequate movement programs.

Exercise Training Improves Microvascular Function in Burn Injury Survivors.

Vasodilator function is impaired in individuals with well-healed burn injuries; however, therapeutic interventions that lessen or reverse this maladaptation are lacking. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that a 6-month community-based exercise training program would increase microvascular dilator function in individuals with well-healed burn injuries, irrespective of the magnitude of the injured body surface area. Further, we hypothesize that macrovascular dilator function would remain unchanged posttraining. Microvascular function (forearm reactive hyperemia), macrovascular function (brachial artery flow-mediated dilation), and the maximal vasodilatory response after ischemic handgrip exercise (an estimate of microvascular remodeling) were assessed before and after exercise training in nonburned control subjects (n = 11) and individuals with burn injuries covering a moderate body surface area (26% ± 7%; n = 13) and a high body surface area (59% ± 15%; n = 19). Peak vascular conductance and area under the curve during postocclusive reactive hyperemia increased from pretraining to posttraining in control and burn injury groups (both P < 0.05), the magnitude of which did not differ between groups (both P = 0.6). Likewise, the maximal vasodilatory response after ischemic handgrip exercise increased in all groups after exercise training (P < 0.05). Macrovascular dilator function did not differ across time or between groups (P = 0.8). These data suggest that a community-based exercise training program improves microvascular function in individuals with well-healed burn injuries, which may be due in part to vascular remodeling.

Effect of resistance exercise on peripheral neuropathy in Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

To explore the improvement of neurological symptoms in patients with Type 2 diabetic peripheral neuropathy via resistance exercise. A total of 100 patients with Type 2 diabetic peripheral neuropathy were selected as the research objects, and they were randomly divided into an observation group who performed resistance exercise (n=50) and a control group who did not performed resistance exercise (n=50). Resistance exercise was performed on the bioDensity™ resistance exercise instrument. The study graded the severity of diabetic peripheral neuropathy by the Toronto clinical scoring system (TCSS), and the improvement of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) was evaluated by the decline of the TCSS score. The observation group was treated with resistance exercise for 6 months. The changes of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, hip circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), total cholesterol (TC), glycerin trilaurate (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and TCSS score were compared between baseline and 3, 6 months of exercise. At the same time, the differences in sensory test scores, nerve reflex scores, and neurological symptom scores were compared between the baseline, 3 and 6 months, in the observation group. Except for resistance exercise, the other treatments in the control group were the same as those in the observation group. Compared with the control group, there was statistically difference in the TCSS scores in the observation group at 3 months (P<0.05); there were also statistically difference in the HbA1C and TCSS scores in the observation group at 6 months (both P<0.05). The changes of TCSS scores, FBG, HbA1C in the observation group at 3 months and 6 months were significantly lower than those in the baseline, with significant differences (all P<0.05); but there were no significant differences in BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and TC, TG, LDL, HDL (all P>0.05). In the TCSS scores, the neurosymptom score, sensory test score were all reduced compared with the baseline, with significant differences (both P<0.05); but there was no significant difference in the neuroreflex score (P>0.05). In the control group, the TG and TC at 3 and 6 months were decreased compared with the baseline, and there was significant difference (both P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the other indicators (all P>0.05). After the intervention of resistance exercise, the blood glucose and DPN can be improved in a certain extent, and which can be popularized in Type 2 diabetes patients.

The effects of exercise training on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity and autonomic response to acute stress\u2014a randomized controlled study

BackgroundExercise training is suggested to have a stress-buffering effect on physiological reactions to acute stress. The so-called cross-stressor adaptation hypothesis is one of many theories behind the plausible effects, proposing that the attenuated physiological reaction seen in trained individuals in response to acute exercise is also seen when the individual is exposed to acute psychosocial stress. However, few randomized controlled trials (RCT) are available in this field. Therefore, the aim of the present trial was to study the effects of a 6-month aerobic exercise intervention on the physiological response to acute laboratory stress.MethodsA two-armed RCT including untrained but healthy individuals aged 20–50 years was conducted. Assessments included a peak oxygen uptake test and a psychosocial stress test (the Trier Social Stress Test). A total of 88 participants went through both baseline and follow-up measures (48 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group) with a similar proportion of women and men (20 women and 28 men in the intervention group and 18 women and 22 men in the control group). Outcome measures were adrenocorticotrophic hormone, cortisol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate responses to acute psychosocial stress.ResultsOxygen uptake and time-to-exhaustion increased significantly following the intervention, while a decrease was seen in the control group. The analyses showed attenuated responses to acute psychosocial stress for all variables in both groups at follow-up, with no differences between the groups. No correlation was seen between amount of exercise training and reactivity to the stress test. Despite the increased oxygen uptake in the intervention group, no differences were seen between the groups for any of the outcome variables at follow-up.ConclusionsIn this study, the cross-stressor adaptation hypothesis could not be confirmed. Both groups showed decreased reactions indicating a habituation to the stress test.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT02051127. Registered on 31 January 2014—retrospectively registered.

Exercise Enhances the Effect of Bariatric Surgery in Markers of Cardiac Autonomic Function.

Bariatric surgery improves cardiovascular health, which might be partly ascribed to beneficial alterations in the autonomic nervous system. However, it is currently unknown whether benefits from surgery on cardiac autonomic regulation in post-bariatric patients can be further improved by adjuvant therapies, namely exercise. We investigated the effects of a 6-month exercise training program on cardiac autonomic responses in women undergoing bariatric surgery. Sixty-two women eligible for bariatric surgery were randomly allocated to either standard of care (control) or an exercise training intervention. At baseline (PRE) and 3 (POST3) and 9 (POST9) months after surgery, we assessed chronotropic response to exercise (CR%; i.e., percentage change in heart rate from rest to peak exercise) and heart rate recovery (HRR30s, HRR60s, and HRR120s; i.e., decay of heart rate at 30, 60, and 120 s post exercise) after a maximal exercise test. Between-group absolute changes revealed higher CR% (Δ = 8.56%, CI95% 0.22-19.90, P = 0.04), HRR30s (Δ = 12.98 beat/min, CI95% 4.29-21.67, P = 0.01), HRR60s (Δ = 22.95 beat/min, CI95% 11.72-34.18, P = 0.01), and HRR120s (Δ = 34.54 beat/min, CI95% 19.91-49.17, P < 0.01) in the exercised vs. non-exercised group. Our findings demonstrate that exercise training enhanced the benefits of bariatric surgery on cardiac autonomic regulation. These results highlight the relevance of exercise training as a treatment for post-bariatric patients, ensuring optimal cardiovascular outcomes.

Randomized Comparison of Exercise Intervention Versus Usual Care in Older Adult Patients with Frailty After Acute Myocardial Infarction

BackgroundOlder adult patients with frailty are rarely involved in rehabilitation programs after myocardial infarction. Our aim was to investigate the benefits of exercise intervention in these patients. MethodsA total of 150 survivors after acute myocardial infarction, ≥70 years and with pre-frailty or frailty (Fried scale ≥1 points), were randomized to control (n = 77) or intervention (n = 73) groups. The intervention consisted of a 3-month exercise program, under physiotherapist supervision, followed by an independent home-based program. The main outcome was frailty (Fried scale) at 3 months and 1 year. Secondary endpoints were clinical events (mortality or any readmission) at 1 year. ResultsMean age was 80 years (range = 70-96). In the intervention group, 44 (60%) out of 73 patients participated in the program and 23 (32%) completed it. Overall, there was a decrease in the Fried score in the intervention group at 3 months, with no effect at 1 year. However, in the intention-to-treat analysis, such change did not achieve statistical significance (P = 0.110). Only treatment comparisons made among the subgroups that participated in (P = 0.033) and completed (P = 0.018) the program achieved statistical significance. There were no differences in clinical events. Worse Fried score trajectory along follow-up increased mortality risk (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24-4.55, P = 0.009) ConclusionsRecruitment and retention for a physical program in older adult patients with frailty after myocardial infarction was challenging. Frailty status improved in the subgroup that participated in the program, although this benefit was attenuated after shifting to a home-based program. A better frailty trajectory might influence midterm prognosis. (ClinicalTrials.govNCT02715453).

Effect of 12 Months of Oral Exercise on the Oral Function of Older Japanese Adults requiring Care

Objective: The present study aimed to elucidate the relationship between oral exercise and oral function among older adults requiring care in the nursing facilities of Japan. Methodology: The subjects were adults aged 65 years or above, requiring care and admitted to the nursing facilities for older adults in Japan. The subjects performed the assigned oral exercises, which included the exercises focused on the neck, shoulder, upper limbs, tongue, lips, cheek movement, vocalization, and deep breathing, in groups under the guidance of medical welfare specialists. The exercises were performed for approximately 15 min once a day, three days a week, for 12 months. The oral function was evaluated prior to the commencement of the oral exercise sessions, and subsequently at three months, six months, nine months, and 12 months after the implementation of exercises. The evaluations included the Dysphagia Risk Assessment for Community-dwelling Elderly (DRACE), tongue pressure, and oral diadochokinesis (OD) assessments. Results: The oral function was evaluated in 20 older adults who performed the assigned oral exercises for 12 complete months. The average DRACE score prior to the commencement of the exercise sessions was 2.55 ±0.64, while the DRACE score after 12 months of exercise implementation was 2.60 ±0.49. The average value of tongue pressure prior to the oral exercises was 21.02 ±2.27 kPa, while that after 12 months was 20.26 ±1.76 kPa. The average OD value for the “pa” syllable prior to the exercises was 4.46 ±0.19 times per second, while that after 12 months was 4.64±0.19 times per second. The OD value for the “ta” syllable prior to the exercises was 4.61±0.22 times per second, while that after 12 months was 4.58±0.26 times per second. The OD value for the “ka” syllable prior to the exercises was 4.19±0.26 times per second, while that after 12 months was 4.04±0.22 times per second. The paired one-way analysis of variance revealed no significant difference between the oral function evaluation values prior to and after the oral exercises. Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that oral function in older Japanese adults requiring care could be maintained for 12 months by performing oral exercises.

Cardiovascular and Quality of Life Outcomes of a 3-Month Physical Exercise Program in Two Brazilian Communities.

Background: A reduction in physical activity levels in older people is associated with declining quality of life and lower cardiorespiratory fitness levels associated with cardiovascular disease outcomes and mortality from all causes. Evidence supports the positive effect of community-based exercise (CEXE) programs on cardiovascular health and quality of life. This research aimed to examine the effects of a 3-month CEXE on health-related quality of life and cardiovascular risk factors in two Brazilian populations.Methods: Adults with an average age of 70.2 ± 5.4 years were recruited to engage in an individually designed group based CEXE program two to three times/week (aerobic exercise, circuit resistance training, and stretching exercises for 1 h each time). Once a week, competitions were held to improve socialization and collaboration capacity among group members. The CEXE group was compared with a sedentary group. Cardiovascular outcomes were blood pressure, triglycerides, body mass index, waist circumference, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, and glycemia. Health-related quality of life was evaluated using the Short Form-36.Results: Of the cardiovascular outcomes studied, the CEXE program significantly reduced systolic blood pressure [5.7 (95% CI 0.2 to 11.3), p < 0.05] and the triglyceride–HDL-C ratio [0.8 (95% CI 0.05 to 1.5), p < 0.05], whereas HDL-C was significantly increased [4.4 (95% CI 0.02 to 8.8), p < 0.05]. A significant improvement in the Short Form-36 subscales occurred in CEXE but not in the control group: physical functioning score [increase of 24.2 (95% CI 11.8 to 36.5) vs. −9.2 (95% CI −21.5 to 3.2), p < 0.001], physical role functioning score [increase of 35.4 (95% CI 12.8 to 58.0) vs. 16.7 (95% CI −6.0 to 39.3), p < 0.01], and general health score [increase of 23.7 (95% CI: 36.9. to 10.4) vs. 2.4 (95% CI −10.9 to 15.7), p < 0.001].Conclusion: This study shows that in older adults, a 12-week physical activity program can significantly decrease cardiovascular risk and improve health-related quality of life measures. An important transferable sociocultural strategy of our exercise program was to establish social interactions during and outside the CEXE program.

Effects of a long-term exercise program on motor performance in children and adolescents with CF.

The aim of this study was to examine motor performance and trainability in youths with cystic fibrosis (CF). Twenty-two children and adolescents (11 f/11 m), age range 6-17 years (11.3 ± 3.3 years), mean FEV1 91.0 ± 21.7% pred.finished the partially monitored 12-months exercise program. Patients performed the Deutsche Motorik Test (DMT) to assess flexibility, balance, strength, power and totalmotor performance. An incremental ergometer cycle test was used to assess maximal exercise capacity (Wpeak). All tests were performed before (T1), after 6 months of monitored exercise training (T3) and another 6 months without monitoring (T4). Motor Competence in total and test-items of the DMT (except foreward bend) improved to T3 (p < .05). No further improvement could be observed after the end of the monitoring (T3). However, the values remained stable at the improved level (T4). Girls scored lower in test items depending on strength/power but scored higher in balancing compared to boys (p > .05). Wpeak and FEV1 were not influenced by the training program. From T3 to T4 a slight decrease was observed (p ≤ .05). The findings demonstrate benefits of an individualizedmonitored long-term exercise intervention on motor performance in CF with improvements of test-tasks to predicted normal. Monitoringseems to be a facilitator in maintaining motivation toward physical activity as no further increase in motor performance was observed after stopping supervision. The results suggest that an individually tailored monitoredregular exercise program should include all aspects of physical fitness with a variety of movement experiences.

Combined resistance and aerobic exercise intervention improves fitness, insulin resistance and quality of life in survivors of childhood haemopoietic stem cell transplantation with total body irradiation

To investigate the effects of a supervised combined resistance and aerobic training programme on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, insulin resistance and quality of life (QoL) in survivors of childhood haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) with total body irradiation (TBI). HSCT/TBI survivors (n=20; 8 females). Mean (range) for age at study and time since HSCT/TBI was 16.7 (10.9-24.5) and 8.4 (2.3-16.0) years, respectively. After a 6-month run-in, participants undertook supervised 45- to 60-minute resistance and aerobic training twice weekly for 6 months, with a 6-month follow-up. The following assessments were made at 0, 6 (start of exercise programme), 12 (end of exercise programme) and 18 months: Body composition via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), cardiorespiratory fitness (treadmill-based peak rate of oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) test), QoL questionnaires (36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and Minneapolis-Manchester Quality of Life Instrument (MMQL). Results expressed as mean (standard deviation) or geometric mean (range). There were significant improvements in VO2 peak (35.7 (8.9) vs 41.7 (16.1) mL/min/kg, P=0.05), fasted plasma insulin (16.56 (1.48-72.8) vs 12.62 (1.04-54.97) mIU/L, P=0.03) and HOMA-IR (3.65 (0.30-17.26) vs 2.72 (0.22-12.89), P=0.02) after the exercise intervention. There were also significant improvements in the SF-36 QoL general health domain (69.7 (14.3) vs 72.7 (16.0), P=0.001) and the MMQL school domain (69.1 (25.2) vs (79.3 (21.6), P=0.03) during the exercise intervention. No significant changes were observed in percentage body fat, fat mass or lean mass. The supervised 6-month combined resistance and aerobic exercise programme significantly improved cardiorespiratory fitness, insulin resistance and QoL in childhood HSCT/TBI survivors, with no change in body composition, suggesting a metabolic training effect on muscle. These data support a role for targeted physical rehabilitation services in this group at high risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Immune Response in Young Thoroughbred Racehorses under Training.

Simple SummaryStressful stimuli, both infectious and non-infectious, can modify and trigger an innate immune response and inflammation, via an attempt to restore a homeostatic state. Coping with stressors can be measured by different procedures, including the evaluation of immunological parameters. These are also modulated by exercise, which can be considered stress prototypic in the Thoroughbred racehorse. To evaluate the complex of physiological regulations during the training period, twenty-nine clinically healthy, two-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses were followed during their first 3 months of sprint training. Blood collection was performed at rest, three times until 90 days of training, for testing immunological parameters during incremental sprint training to evaluate its effect on the immunological status of the animals. During the training period, we observed the following: (A) an increase in red blood cell parameters that are crucial for exercise performance adaptation, improving O2 transport and muscle cell respiration; (B) variations of blood granulocytes; and (C) changes in inflammatory cytokine gene expression. On the basis of clinical and laboratory findings, training exercise probably played a major role in the modulation of the above parameters. These latter changes could be seen as a preparation of the innate immune system to respond quickly and adequately to environmental conditions.Training has a great impact on the physiology of an athlete and, like all stressful stimuli, can trigger an innate immune response and inflammation, which is part of a wider coping strategy of the host to restore homeostasis. The Thoroughbred racehorse is a valid animal model to investigate these changes thanks to its homogeneous training and highly selected genetic background. The aim of this study was to investigate modifications of the innate immune response and inflammation in young untrained Thoroughbred racehorses during the first training season through haematological and molecular investigations. Twenty-nine Thoroughbred racehorses were followed during their incremental 3-month sprint exercise schedule. Blood collection was performed at time 0 (T0; before starting the intense training period), 30 days after T0 (T30), and 90 days after T0 (T90). Haematological parameters (red and white blood cells, haemoglobin, and platelets) were evaluated and haematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and red cells width distribution + standard deviation (RDW-SD) were calculated. Moreover, via RT-qPCR, we investigated the expression of, Interleukin 1β (IL-1β), Interleukin 4 (IL-4) Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Interleukin 2 (IL-2), Interleukin 3 (IL-3), Interleukin 5 (IL-5) Interleukin 8 (IL-8), Trasformig Growth Factor β and α (TGF-β), Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and Interferon γ (IFN-γ)genes. Main corpuscular volume (MCV) showed a significant (p = 0.008) increase at T90. Main corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values were significantly augmented at both T30 (p < 0.001) and T90 (p < 0.001). Basophils were significant increased at T30 (p = 0.02) and eosinophils were significantly increased at T90 (p = 0.03). Significant differences in gene expression were found for all the genes under study, with the exception of IFN-γ and TNF-α. In particular, IL-2 (T30, p = 0.011; T90, p = 0.015), IL-4 (T30, p = 0.009; T90, p < 0.001), and IL-8 (T30, p < 0.001; T90, p < 0.001) genes were significantly upregulated at both T30 and T90 with respect to T0, TGF-β was intensely downregulated at T30 (p < 0.001), IL-5 gene expression was significantly decreased at T90 (p = 0.001), while IL-1β (p = 0.005) and IL-3 (p = 0.001) expression was strongly augmented at the same time. This study highlighted long-term adjustments of O2 transport capability that can be reasonably traced back to exercise adaptation. Moreover, the observed changes of granulocyte numbers and functions and inflammatory cytokine gene expression confirm a major role of the innate immune system in the response to the complex of stressful stimuli experienced during the training period.

At-Home Breathing Exercise for the Elderly Using a Party Horn

Objective: To test the efficacy of at-home breathing exercises for the elderly using a party horn. Methods: Maximum phonation time, swallowing speed, and maximum voluntary tongue pressure were recorded before and after the 6-month exercise period in 53 medically stable elderly subjects. Results: Maximum phonation time, swallowing speed, and maximum voluntary tongue pressure significantly improved in 26 (49.0%) participants who continued the exercise throughout the study period, while swallowing speed significantly decreased in those who did not continue the exercise (n = 21). Conclusion: Blowing into a party horn is feasible for the elderly and may maintain their respiration and swallowing.

The Effects of Exercise on Telomere Length in Persons with Heart Failure

Introduction Heart failure (HF) is a disease of premature cellular aging, and telomere length, a measure of cellular age, is reduced in persons with HF. Chronic inflammation in HF is associated with worse outcomes. While inflammation is a putative mechanism contributing to telomere shortening, this relationship has yet to be explored in HF. Although physical activity has been known to increase telomere length, the effects in HF are unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the effects of exercise on telomere length and the relationship with interleukin [IL]-1β in persons with HF. Methods This study is a secondary analysis of stored samples from persons with HF who participated in a 3-month home-based aerobic exercise intervention (n=15) or received usual care (n=15). IL-1β was measured in triplicate via ELISA. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Absolute telomere length was measured in triplicate via quantitative real-time PCR. The Student's t-test was used to examine between group and within group differences at baseline and 3-months, and Pearson correlations were used to examine relationships between telomere length and cytokines. Effect size was calculated using Hedges’ g. All data were analyzed using SAS version 9.4 with an alpha set at 0.05. Results Plasma IL-1β was lower among the exercise group compared to control at 3 months (1.08 ± 0.07 pg/mL vs. 1.80 ± 0.2 pg/mL; p Conclusions In this short-term study, a home-based walking intervention displays encouraging results related to the increase in telomere length and reduction of IL-1β in HF. The association between telomere length and IL-1β suggest a relationship between inflammation and cellular aging. Implications Moderate intensity exercise can help to maintain cellular function, thus improving outcomes in persons with HF.

Changes in Adiponectin:Leptin Ratio Among Obese Older Adults After a 12-month Exercise and Diet Intervention

Participants will be able to explain the role/importance of the adiponectin:leptin ratio as a biomarker of adipose tissue dysfunction, as well as how behavioral modifications can differentially influence this ratio.

The Effect of Aerobic Exercise with Calorie Restriction Program on Muscle Strength and Aerobic Capacity in Overweight and Obese Women

Background. Few studies have demonstrated that different combinations of calorie restriction (CR) and aerobic exercise training improved aerobic capacity (Redman et al., 2007; Weiss et al., 2017) but did not change muscle strength (Weiss et al., 2017) in adult overweight subjects. However, the effect of six-month program combined of moderate intensity aerobic exercise (150 min/week) and 12.5% of CR on aerobic capacity and muscle strength remains unclear.The aim of the present study was to estimate the effect of a six-month aerobic exercise with CR program on muscle strength and aerobic capacity in middle-aged, overweight and obese women.Methods. Twenty-six overweight and obese sedentary women (36–56 years of age, body mass index (BMI) 25.0–37.5 kg/m2) were recruited and randomly allocated to either control or experimental aerobic exercise with CR program group for six-month period. Changes in handgrip strength, knee extension and flexion strength and aerobic capacity (VO2peak) were measured.Results. Absolute peak VO2 (P &lt; 0.001) and normalized peak VO2 (P = 0.013) significantly increased after the aerobic exercise with CR program. A greater normalized peak VO2 (P &lt; 0.001) was observed after the aerobic exercise and CR intervention compared with the control group. However, no effect was estimated on muscle strength in this study.Conclusions. The combined 6-month aerobic exercise with CR program improved the aerobic capacity in middle-aged, overweight and obese women, but had no effect on isometric and isokinetic strength.Keywords: diet; physical exercise; obesity; muscle; cardiovascular fitness.

Intradialytic Cardiovascular Exercise Training Alters Redox Status, Reduces Inflammation and Improves Physical Performance in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.

Redox status (RS) perturbations and inflammation are fundamental features of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that are substantially exacerbated in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This study aimed at investigating the efficacy of a 6-month intradialytic exercise training program on RS, inflammation and physical performance in patients with ESRD. Twenty hemodialysis (HD) patients (17 males, three females) were randomly assigned to either an intradialytic training (bedside cycling) group (TR; n = 10) or a control group (CON; n = 10) for 6 months. Anthropometrics [body mass and height, body mass index (BMI), body composition], physical performance (VO2peak), functional capacity [North Staffordshire Royal Infirmary (NSRI) walk test, sit-to-stand test (STS-60)], quality of life (short form-36 (SF-36) as well as RS [thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyls (PC), reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, GSH/GSSG, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase activity (CAT)] and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were assessed at baseline and after the 6-month intervention. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) increased by 15% only in TR (p < 0.01). Performance in NSRI, STS-60 and SF-36 improved by 4–13% only in TR (p < 0.01). Exercise training reduced TBARS (by 28%), PC (by 31%) and hs-CRP (by 15%), and elevated GSH (by 52%), GSH/GSSG (by 51%), TAC (by 59%) and CAT (by 15%) (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that engagement in chronic intradialytic cardiovascular exercise alters RS, reduces inflammation and improves performance in patients with ESRD.