Monomer Absorption Research Articles

Mechanisms of controlled stabilizer-free synthesis of gold nanoparticles in liquid aerosol containing plasma.

The interaction between low-temperature plasma and liquid enables highly reactive solution phase chemistry and fast reaction kinetics. In this work, we demonstrate the rapid synthesis of stabilizer-free, spherical and crystalline gold nanoparticles (AuNP). More than 70% of gold ion complex (AuCl- 4) conversion is achieved within a droplet residence time in the plasma of ∼10 ms. The average size of the AuNPs increases with an increase in the droplet residence time and the particle synthesis showed a power threshold effect suggesting the applicability of the classical nucleation theory. Leveraging UV-vis absorption and emission spectroscopy, and nanoparticle size distributions obtained from TEM measurements, we showed that the AuCl- 4 conversion exceeded by 250 times the maximum faradaic efficiency. We identified important roles of both short-lived reducing species including solvated electrons and possibly vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photons, and long-lived species, H2O2, in the reduction of AuCl- 4. A quantitative investigation was performed by a 1-D reaction-diffusion model which includes transport, plasma-enabled interfacial reduction of AuCl- 4, classical nucleation, monomer absorption and autocatalytic surface growth enabled by H2O2. The model shows good agreement with the experimental results. The timescale analysis of the simulation revealed that nucleation is enabled by fast reduction of gold ions, and autocatalytic growth mainly determines the particle size and is responsible for the majority of the ion precursor conversion while also explaining the excessively large faradaic efficiency found experimentally.

Synthesis and Self‐Assembly of Diborate Ester Polymers for Dielectric Elastomer Actuators

Inorganic nanoparticles have been widely used as fillers to modify dielectric elastomers to simultaneously improve mechanical and dielectric performances. Elegant interface design is crucial for achieving synergy between fillers and elastomers. Herein, we show that diborate ester polymers can both improve the interfacial compatibility between inorganic nanoparticles and elastomers and enhance the dielectric performances. The diborate ester polymers are derived from the condensation reaction between tetrakis(dimethylamino)diborane (or tetrahydroxydiborane) and a three‐armed catechol monomer. Choosing TiO2 nanoparticles as the inner core, a series of TiO2@diborate ester polymer core‐shell nanoparticles are synthesized. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the diborate ester polymer shell tightly bonds to the surface of TiO2 through two dissociative bidentate bridging modes of the catechol monomer (absorption energy: −11.049 eV). These core‐shell nanoparticles can soften and tough polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and show enhanced interfacial binding affinity to PDMS than naked TiO2 nanoparticles. The fabricated composites have high dielectric constants (up to 6.8) and low dielectric losses (<0.03). The actuated strain and puncture voltage of the composites reach 25.9% and 80 V μm−1, respectively, which are much higher than those of PDMS and TiO2/PDMS. This work provides a promising route to fabricate core‐shell nanoparticles for high‐performance dielectric elastomers.

A Hyperspectral Camouflage Colorant Inspired by Natural Leaves.

The unmet spectral mimicry of foliar green in camouflage materials is hampered by the lack of colorants with similar spectral properties to chlorophyll, resulting in substantial risks of exposure from hyperspectral target detection. By drawing inspiration from leaf chromogenesis, a microcapsule colorant with a chloroplast-like structure and chlorophyll-like absorption is developed, and a generic bilayer coating is designed to provide high spectral similarity to leaves with different growth stages, seasons, and species. Specifically, the microcapsule colorant preserves the monomeric absorption of the internal phthalocyanine and features the manufacturability of conventional pigments, such as amenability to painting and patterning, and compatibility to different substrates. The pigmented artificial leaves successfully deceive the hyperspectral classification algorithm in a foliar background, and outperforming the state-of-art spectral simulation materials. This coloration strategy expands the knowledge base of the spectral fine tuning of composite colorants, which are essential for their application in spectral-resolved optical materials.

How polyvinyl alcohol-based interlayers affect the performance of polyamide nanofiltration membranes prepared by polyethyleneimine

ABSTRACT Polyethyleneimine (PEI) based positive charge nanofiltration (NF) membranes have unique advantages in the removal of heavy metals. The regulation mechanism of the interlayer when PEI was used as monomer was still not clear. In this study, a PVA-based interlayer was constructed on the origin PES sublayer to tailor the interfacial polymerization in PEI systems. It was proved that the PVA interlayer can further elevate the PWP and rejections of heavy metals. Moreover, the absorption effect of interlayers could contribute to better removal of heavy metals. More negative charges of interlayer could result in a more enough and uniform absorption of PEI monomer as well as a slower diffusion rate of PEI monomer during the interfacial polymerization reaction, thus forming a loose top surface but dense sub-separating layer. This study provides new insight into the effect of interlayer on the performance of PEI-based nanofiltration membrane.

Mid-infrared Laser Spectroscopy of Jet-Cooled Formic Acid Trimer: Mode-Dependent Line Broadening in the C-O Stretching Region.

Building on recent progress in the vibrational spectroscopy of the formic acid trimer, we present the first high-resolution measurements of the jet-cooled laser absorption spectrum of (HCOOH)3. The spectra of the lowest- and highest-frequency C-O stretching fundamentals are analyzed whereas the third band is not observed, complicated by monomer and dimer absorptions at 1219 cm-1 (8.2 μm). Vibration-rotation parameters are obtained for the band at 1172.31512(68) cm-1 whereas the C-O stretch at 1246.33(5) cm-1 exhibits a significantly larger breadth, allowing only resolution of the coarse PQR structure. Vibrational predissociation can be ruled out, and intramolecular vibrational redistribution mechanisms are discussed, particularly coupling to the concerted proton exchange within the cyclic dimer subunit. Ultimately, the question remains open. The prospects of high-resolution measurements of other trimer bands or isotope substitution experiments, which might assist in revealing the mode-specificity of the underlying broadening mechanisms, are discussed.

Engineering the surface patchiness and topography of polystyrene colloids: From spheres to ellipsoids

HypothesisColloidal surface morphology determines suspension properties and applications. While existing methods are effective at generating specific features on spherical particles, an approach extending this to non-spherical particles is currently missing. Synthesizing un-crosslinked polymer microspheres with controlled chemical patchiness would allow subsequent thermomechanical stretching to translate surface topographical features to ellipsoidal particles. ExperimentsA systematic study using seeded emulsion polymerization to create polystyrene (PS) microspheres with controlled surface patches of poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PtBA) was performed with different polymerization parameters such as concentration of tBA monomer, co-swelling agent, and initiator. Thermomechanical stretching converted seed spheres to microellipsoids. Acid catalyzed hydrolysis (ACH) was performed to remove the patch domains. Roughness was characterized before and after ACH using atomic force microscopy. FindingsPS spheres with controlled chemical patchiness were synthesized. A balance between two factors, domain coalescence from reduced viscosity and domain growth via monomer absorption, dictates the final PtBA) patch features. ACH mediated removal of patch domains produced either golf ball-like porous particles or multicavity particles, depending on the size of the precursor patches. Patchy microspheres were successfully stretched into microellipsoids while retaining their surface characteristics. Particle roughness is governed by the patch geometry and increases after ACH. Overall, this study provides a facile yet controllable platform for creating colloids with highly adjustable surface patterns.

Excimer formation and site selectivity in single pyrene microcrystals

Thin microcrystals of pyrene have been recrystallized by using a surfactant. With a size-range of several hundred nm to a few micrometers, the crystals have been characterized by using standard techniques of X-ray and Raman spectroscopy besides the atomic force and scanning electron microscopy. The fluorescence microscopy of single microcrystal shows fluorescence due to monomer as well as the red-shifted broad, structureless excimer-type emission. The observed decay profiles of the red-shifted emission reveal existence of dimer and higher aggregates in the crystalline state when excited at the red-edge of the absorption band. This is in contrast to the excimer emission observed at higher energy excitation range corresponding to the monomer absorption. Distinctly different nature of time-resolved decay profiles differentiates the two mechanisms. The observations have been used to propose existence of different sites of crystal packing under two different excitations (370 nm and 408 nm). The structural anisotropy of these crystals makes them useful as a probe in crystal structure based molecular and biological sensing.

Mechanical response and energy absorption of bridge block with negative Poisson's ratio

A new negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) block is proposed as girder falling restrainer for bridge structures, which is anticipated to have high energy absorption, high bearing capacity and intensified stiffness inherited the advantages of negative Poisson's ratio structure. The monotone loading test and the FE simulation are employed to investigate the deflection, the load-displacement response, the energy absorption of the block. The sensitivity of the block to the critical geometric parameters is revealed. The FE simulation is also employed to investigate the response of honeycomb NPR blocks. The monotone loading experiment shows that the proposed monomer NPR block has a three-step deformation process and consequently three plateau stages. The stiffness and the plateau load are small in the initial stage but can be significantly increased without significant oscillations in the following stages. The transitional displacements of the block are affected mainly by the folded angle and the length of the steel plates in the NPR monomer while the plateau loads are affected mainly by the thickness and the length of the plates. The total energy absorption of the NPR monomer in the block is more sensitive to the plateau load. The layer of the honeycomb affects mainly the transitional displacement of honeycomb NPR blocks. Cell number in each layer affects both the plateau loads and the transitional displacements.

Preparation of High-Performance Semihomogeneous Cation Exchange Membranes for Electrodialysis via Solvent-Free Polyethylene Particle-Confined Monomer Polymerization

The inherent two-phase structure of heterogeneous ion exchange membranes leads to defects in high area resistance and powder, which has greatly limited the application in electrodialysis. In this research, we have prepared a series of semihomogeneous cation exchange membranes from polyethylene-polystyrene (PE–PS) resin particles, which were synthesized via monomer absorption and PE particle-confined polymerization. The processing of semihomogeneous cation exchange membranes was conducted via thermoforming the PE–PS resin particles into films and subsequent sulfonation. The influence of the monomer content on water uptake, IEC, membrane area resistance, and electrodialysis performance was studied. The results proved that due to the excellent mechanical and film-forming characteristics of PE, the sulfonated membranes were still endowed with great mechanical properties, and the heating conditions enhanced the monomer absorption in polyethylene particles, which ensured high IEC for excellent electrodialysis performance after sulfonation. It was observed that the semihomogeneous cation exchange membrane (CEM-60) showed the highest NaCl desalination ratio (92.3%) and exhibited higher current efficiency (97.68%) and lowest surface area resistance (1.82 Ω·cm2), which exceeded the commercial cation exchange membrane CAM (6.96 Ω·cm2). These results suggested a promising future of semihomogeneous membranes.

A Na+-Dependent Mechanism Is Involved in Mucosal Uptake of Cinnamic Acid across the Jejunal Brush Border in Rats

Phenolic acids are present in all plant-derived foods and in most diets. Indirect evidence indicates substantial absorption of phenolic monomers from the gastrointestinal tract. However, the mechanisms involved in the absorptive process are unknown. The present study investigates mucosal uptake of radioactively labeled cinnamic acid as a model substance for monomeric cinnamic acid derivatives (e.g., cinnamic, ferulic or caffeic acid) in the rat jejunum using an in vitro mucosal uptake technique. The results indicate the existence of a Na+-dependent saturable transport mechanism for uptake of cinnamic acid across the jejunal brush border membrane. The observed Na+ dependence of jejunal cinnamate uptake seems not to be related to the activity of the Na+, H+ exchanger. Lowering the pH of the incubation medium resulted in a pronounced increase in mucosal cinnamate uptake that can be only partially explained by an increase in nonionic diffusion of cinnamic acid. Furthermore, jejunal uptake of cinnamate seems to be influenced by intracellular HCO3- and/or pH, since the addition of methazolamide to a HCO3- and CO2-free incubation medium significantly inhibited mucosal cinnamate uptake, whereas methazolamide was without an effect in the presence of HCO3- and CO2 in the incubation medium. Unlabeled cinnamic and ferulic acid as well as short-chain fatty acids (acetic, propionic and butyric acid) significantly inhibited Na+-dependent uptake of radioactively labeled cinnamic acid. Taken together, the results indicate the involvement of a Na+-dependent, carrier-mediated transport process in the uptake of cinnamic acid and structurally related substrates such as ferulic acid across the brush border membrane of rat jejunum.

FEATURES OF THE SUCTION MECHANISMS IN EARLY POSTNATAL ONTOGENESIS THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE MORPHOGENESIS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

The morphofunctional specificity of the digestive system organs, the integration of the regulatory systems of the body is the result of the development, formation and formation of the organs of the digestive and other systems, adaptation to breastfeeding and definitive nutrition, the formation of a functional system for the breakdown of biopolymers and the absorption of monomers. The structural foundations of this complex process are not well understood. The article shows the patterns of formation of the digestive-transport conveyor and the mechanisms of homeostasis regulation in early postnatal ontogenesis

Applications of spectroscopic techniques to the study of monomer–dimer equilibria for methylene blue in aqueous solutions containing ionic liquid: Probing the structural interactions involving water and ionic liquids

An understanding of the nature of interaction and bonding in dye aggregation process is important for such diverse problems and applications such as stacking interactions in biomolecules, staining properties, photodynamic therapy for cancer, energy transfer in lasing technology and energy transfer and electron transfer processes. In present communication we report visible absorption spectrums and their analysis for the dye methylene blue (MB) in concentration range of 1∙10–6 – 1∙10–4 M in aqueous solutions containing ionic liquids namely, 1–ethyl–3–methyl–imidazolium bromide, 1–butyl–3–methyl–imidazolium bromide and 1–hexyl–3–methyl–imidazolium bromide at 298 ± 1. In this concentration range of MB only Monomer ⇌ Dimer equilibria for the dye exist and hence the spectral characteristics in the visible range of 550–700 nm have been examined. The spectrums obtained are compared with those obtained in aqueous solutions of NaCl. Using suitable developed method of estimating molar absorption extinction coefficient values, the equilibrium constant values are obtained at various ionic strengths of imidazolium ions. It has been found that monomer and dimer absorption maximum occur at 665 and ≈605/610 nm, respectively, do not get much altered on addition of imidazolium ions. The extent of interaction between the MB and imidazolium cations varies with the concentration of imidazolium cations as well as the nature of imidazolium cations, that is, the chain length of the substituents. The dimer dissociation constant values extrapolated to zero ionic strength of ionic liquids exhibit systematic alteration with respect to alteration of chain length in imidazolium cations. The different interactional phenomena such as the formation of ion–pairs, ion–pair complexes, dimer dissociation, solubilization of monomers and binding of MB with imidazolium cations have been examined. The transfer standard free energy changes have been calculated for the transfer of dimers from aqueous solutions to aqueous solutions containing ionic liquids. The changes in dimer geometry from sandwich type and end–on–end types also have been studied. It is observed that the contribution to the interaction energy is mainly from van der Waals type and dispersion forces, in addition to short range forces involving multipoles. The binding of monomers with imidazolium cations is also examined in terms of formation of micellar type aggregates in solution phase. It is proposed that the water structural interaction and hydrophobic interactions are the major factors in the formation and dissociation of aggregates.

Room Temperature Dye Glasses: A Guideline Toward the Fabrication of Amorphous Dye Films with Monomeric Absorption and Emission

The morphology of films containing photoactive materials is crucial for the performance of solid-state dye applications. Organic dyes tend to crystallize due to their usually planar molecular structure and the resulting intermolecular interactions. This leads to inhomogeneous films with crystalline, aggregated, and amorphous regions, decreasing device efficiency and complicating spectral analysis. Improving the glass-forming ability of organic dyes therefore presents a major challenge for solid-state dye applications. Here, we present a guideline to create organic dye glasses using BODIPY as a model dye. The method is based on the strategic design of BODIPY derivatives, equipped with short alkyl chains, in combination with blending of two or more derivatives. Mixing increases the entropy of the liquid state and lowers the thermodynamic driving force for crystallization as well as the kinetic fragility of the system. This enables the fabrication of homogeneous thin films without any additives. In these films, the dye molecules are trapped in a glassy state, featuring monomeric absorption and emission. This strategy leads to a BODIPY material with an amorphous character in thin films, dropcast films, and bulk. Further, the strategy is based on thermodynamics and is therefore expected to be general, enabling the transformation of any dye molecule into a glass former.

A Study on the Photopolymerization Kinetics of Selected Dental Resins Using Fourier Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR).

The aim of the presented study was a comparative analysis of the polymerization kinetics of dental resin-based composites currently used in dentistry in different environmental conditions (irradiance, activation time, layer thickness). The photopolymerization kinetics of eleven dental resins were investigated using a Woodpecker LED source. The DC was measured by FTIR in transmission mode and attenuated total reflection (ATR) from 5 s to 7 days. In the transmission mode, the spectra from parallel optical layers (about 0.2 mm thick) of samples placed between the KBr crystals were recorded. In the reflection mode, an ATR attachment with a diamond window was used. The DC calculation method was applied based on the application of a monomer absorption band at 1638 cm−1 (stretching vibration double bond C=C of the vinyl group) without using a reference band. The data were analyzed by performing an ANOVA test comparison between sample groups at the significance level α = 0.05. For all tested materials, the polymerization kinetics consist of three stages. The fastest stage occurs during the irradiation, and the achieved DC value is 70–75% of the maximum value 5 s after the irradiation. Another 15–20% DC increase at a moderate speed takes about 15–20 min. There is also a very slow further increase in DC of 5–10% within 5 days after irradiation. For 8 out of the 11 tested fillings, the optimal photopolymerization conditions are as follows: a power density of 400 or 1000 mW/cm2; an exposure time of 10 s; and a thickness of the irradiated resin layer of up to 2 mm. The influence of various conditions and factors on the reaction kinetics is dominant only in the early, rapid phase of the conversion. After longer times, the DC values gradually level out under different light conditions. The DC of the dental resins are dependent on the irradiance, light source, filler type, time after irradiance, and monomer thickness.

Increase of Radiative Forcing through Midinfrared Absorption by Stable CO2 Dimers?

We performed matrix-isolation infrared (MI-IR) spectroscopy of carbon dioxide monomers, CO2, and dimers, (CO2)2, trapped in neon and in air. On the basis of vibration configuration interaction (VCI) calculations accounting for mode coupling and anharmonicity, we identify additional infrared-active bands in the MI-IR spectra due to the (CO2)2 dimer. These bands are satellite bands next to the established CO2 monomer bands, which appear in the infrared window of Earth’s atmosphere at around 4 and 15 μm. In a systematic carbon dioxide mixing ratio study using neon matrixes, we observe a significant fraction of the dimer at mixing ratios above 300 ppm, with a steep increase up to 1000 ppm. In neon matrix, the dimer increases the IR absorbance by about 15% at 400 ppm compared to the monomer absorbance alone. This suggests a high fraction of the (CO2)2 dimer in our matrix experiments. In atmospheric conditions, such increased absorbance would significantly amplify radiative forcings and, thus, the greenhouse warming. To enable a comparison of our laboratory experiment with various atmospheric conditions (Earth, Mars, Venus), we compute the thermodynamics of the dimerization accordingly. The dimerization is favored at low temperatures and/or high carbon dioxide partial pressures. Thus, we argue that matrix isolation does not trap the gas composition “as is”. Instead, the gas is precooled to 40 K, where CO2 dimerizes before being trapped in the matrix, already at very low carbon dioxide partial pressures. In the context of planetary atmospheres, our results improve understanding of the greenhouse effect for planets of rather thick CO2 atmospheres such as Venus, where a significant fraction of the (CO2)2 dimer can be expected. There, the necessity of including the mid-IR absorption by stable (CO2)2 dimers in databases used for modeling radiative forcing, such as HITRAN, arises.

A Reliable Method of Measuring the Conversion Degrees of Methacrylate Dental Resins.

The main aim of the study was to implement the most reliable method of measuring the degrees of conversion during photopolymerization of dental fillings. Contrary to the methods used so far, the method is based only on comparison with the monomer absorbance spectrum without reference bands. Another aim of the study was to prepare a comparative analysis of the polymerization kinetics of dental resins under various light sources and different environmental conditions (irradiance, light dose, temperature), with estimation of the degrees of conversion (DC) of the resins being the main metric. HRi Universal Enamel (UE2) and HRi Universal Dentine (UD2) were examined under two different types of light sources used in dentistry, LED and halogen. DC was measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in transmission mode from 5 s up to 7 days. Spectra were recorded from the parallel optical layers of samples that were placed between the KBr crystals. The results are expressed by the changes in the absorbance spectrum during the polymerization and the calculated conversion rates. The results of each experiment were averaged from three separate measurements of three samples, during which the samples were illuminated under identical conditions. The data were analyzed by performing ANOVA test comparisons between sample groups at the significance level α = 0.05. The degree of conversion of the UD2 resin was higher than that of UE2 for each experimental condition, but there was no statistically significant difference between the DC of those materials (p > 0.05). There was statistically significant difference (p < 0.01) in the DC caused by LED and halogen light sources producing the same light doses (38 J/cm2). This was the result of different features of light transmission to the filler in the resin composite. The efficacy of the LED source is twice as high as that of the halogen light source. Maximal DC without any other differences in conditions, such as resin type or light source, reached around 70% for temperatures of 22–37 °C. For 37 °C, this took 24 h, which is a contrast to the 7 days it took for 23 °C. The influences of different conditions and factors on reaction kinetics are only strong in the early and the rapid stage of conversion. The optimal time of irradiance using either light source is 20 s for a monolayer, and its thickness should not exceed 2 mm.

Exciton Delocalization Counteracts the Energy Gap: A New Pathway toward NIR-Emissive Dyes.

Exciton coupling between the transition dipole moments of ordered dyes in supramolecular assemblies, so-called J/H-aggregates, leads to shifted electronic transitions. This can lower the excited state energy, allowing for emission well into the near-infrared regime. However, as we show here, it is not only the excited state energy modifications that J-aggregates can provide. A bay-alkylated quaterrylene was synthesized, which was found to form J-aggregates in 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. A combination of superradiance and a decreased nonradiative relaxation rate made the J-aggregate four times more emissive than the monomeric counterpart. A reduced nonradiative relaxation rate is a nonintuitive consequence following the 180 nm (3300 cm–1) red-shift of the J-aggregate in comparison to the monomeric absorption. However, the energy gap law, which is commonly invoked to rationalize increased nonradiative relaxation rates with increasing emission wavelength, also contains a reorganization energy term. The reorganization energy is highly suppressed in J-aggregates due to exciton delocalization, and the framework of the energy gap law could therefore reproduce our experimental observations. J-Aggregates can thus circumvent the common belief that lowering the excited state energies results in large nonradiative relaxation rates and are thus a pathway toward highly emissive organic dyes in the NIR regime.

Estimation of H2O Absorption Line Contributions to Atmospheric Transmission in the Ultraviolet Spectral Region

The POKAZATEL line list is currently the most complete theoretical list of H2O monomer absorption lines. It contains H2O lines up to the dissociation energy ∼40 000 cm−1 (0.25 μm). The atmospheric transmission of ultraviolet (UV) radiation is simulated with the use of H2O lines from POKAZATEL. The broadening parameters of absorption lines in the UV region are determined more accurately with the use of different approximations. It is shown that the contribution of H2O absorption lines to the atmospheric transmission can attain 0.03 near 25 000 cm−1 at a spectral resolution of 0.01 cm−1.

Aggregation of Amphiphilic Carbocyanines: Fluorination Favors Cylindrical Micelles over Bilayered Tubes.

The synthesis of a new amphiphilic 5,5',6,6'-tetrachlorobenzimidacarbocyanine dye derivative with -(CH2)2-(CF2)5-CF3 chains attached to the nitrogen atoms in the 1,1'-position, CF8O3, is reported. Depending on the dye concentration and the addition of MeOH, CF8O3 forms J- and H-aggregates in aqueous solutions. The aggregation behavior was investigated using steady-state absorption, linear dichroism, and fluorescence spectroscopy, as well as by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). The J-band of the MeOH-free solution is monomer-like, rather broad, and less red-shifted with respect to the monomer absorption, indicating weak excitonic coupling and disorder effects. Cryo-TEM reveals a diversity of supramolecular structures, wherein linear and branched cylindrical micelles dominate. It is concluded that the high stiffness of fluoroalkyl chains does not allow the chains to splay and completely fill up the hydrophobic gap between opposing chromophores. This destabilizes the bilayers and favors the micellar structure motifs instead. The aggregates appearing at 30% MeOH show a split absorption spectrum consisting of a broad blue-shifted H-band and an accompanying sharp red-shifted J-band with perpendicular polarizations. These HJ-type aggregates are also composed of micellar fibers, but these bundle into rope-like strands. For 10% MeOH, a narrow bilayered tube is the dominating morphology. The observed MeOH dependence of aggregation reveals a clear cosolvent effect.

Excimer Formation of Perylene Bisimide Dyes within Stacking-Restrained Folda-Dimers: Insight into Anomalous Temperature Responsive Dual Fluorescence

Excimer Formation of Perylene Bisimide Dyes within Stacking-Restrained Folda-Dimers: Insight into Anomalous Temperature Responsive Dual Fluorescence