KH was 411⁄2 weeks pregnant when she presented to the staff at the hospital in the early morning hours on 5/22/91. At that time, her amniotic sac had already ruptured; however, her labor progressed slowly and, several hours later, at 9:40 AM, KH’s cervix had dilated to only 4 cm. The fetal heart monitor, which had been attached on admission, showed the fetus’ heart rate (HR) as “stable and strong.” However, between 10:05 AM and 10:24 AM, the fetal monitor strip showed decelerations indicating hypoxia. At 10:30 AM, Dr. C, KH’s obstetrician, noted significant decelerations on the fetal monitor strip and a significant amount of blood in KH’s pelvic cavity. Dr. C at that time believed that KH was experiencing a placental abruption. In addition, during Dr. C’s examination, there were some momentary flat line readings on the fetal monitor strip. Thus, at 10:36 or 10:37 AM, Dr. C ordered an immediate and emergency cesarean section (C-section). Nursing staff then called for anesthesiologist Dr. Y. Further, Dr. G, the neonatologist on call, who was on her way to another hospital, also was called. The fetal monitor was disconnected from 10:41 to 10:46 AM while KH was being prepared for surgery. At 10:47 AM, when the monitor was reconnected, the monitoring strip showed some improvement in the fetus’ HR. At 10:50 AM, Dr. Y began administering anesthesia to KH, and by 11:02 or 11:03 AM, Dr. C began the C-section. RO was born at 11:09 AM. Dr. C noted that the placental abruption experienced by KH was not complete but it was severe. Dr. C also noted that RO was depressed and limp without any appreciable breathing upon delivery. After delivery, Dr. C handed RO to Dr. Z, a family practitioner assisting with the birth. Dr. Z noted that RO’s mouth and nose contained bloody mucus, and RO’s HR was only 60 bpm. Dr. Z attempted to resuscitate RO but was unsuccessful. After these efforts, at 11:10 AM, when RO was 1 minute old, Dr. Z requested anesthesiologist Dr. Y’s assistance to resuscitate RO. RO’s Apgar score at this time was 3: RO was given a 0 for breathing; 0 for muscle tone; 1 for responsiveness (RO had a minimal reflexive response to suctioning); 1 for skin color (RO was not totally blue); and 1 for HR (60 bpm). Dr. Y attempted to open an airway for RO by performing deep suctioning and then intubating RO’s trachea. After intubation, Dr. Y attached an Ambu bag and began bagging RO.