Due to the increasing volume of freight traffic and the growing practice of structural monitoring for existing bridges, it has become crucial to exploit modal analysis to identify the magnitudes of axle loads and the frequency content of the structural response induced by vehicle crossings. In this paper, starting from the comparison between a simplified analytical model of the bridge and the relevant experimental responses, a multi-parameter identification method is proposed to identify the magnitude, the number, the axle distance, and the eccentricity of moving loads crossing the bridge. A bending-torsional beam model subjected to travelling loads characterized by non-uniform spacing and magnitudes, has been adopted to describe the bridge dynamics. The identification procedure is based on the Differential Evolution genetic algorithm. The proposed method is tested and validated using numerically simulated dynamic responses including the presence of noise. The main contribution of this work concerns the combined use of a beam model and the DE algorithm to identify heavy vehicle load distributions for skew road bridges. • A multi-parameter identification method is proposed to identify bridge moving loads. • The intensity, number, axle distance, and eccentricity of loads are identified. • The adopted 1-D beam model integrates bending and torsional responses. • Both load eccentricity and deck skewness can be considered. • Governing equations have been solved starting from a Faedo–Galerkin approach. • The differential evolution algorithm was adopted for the inverse problem. • An alternative convergence criterion (called “swarm criterion”) was proposed.

The global opioid crisis has highlighted substantial differences in prescribing, monitoring, and regulatory practices across health systems. In Costa Rica, comprehensive national data on opioid use have been limited. This study aimed to describe temporal trends in legally prescribed opioid consumption between 2017 and 2024 using nationwide administrative data. A nationwide, retrospective, population-based analysis was conducted using data from the Costa Rican Ministry of Health's narcotics registry. Dispensation records for morphine, methadone, fentanyl, oxycodone, and tapentadol were included. Opioid consumption was standardized to Morphine Milligram Equivalents (MME) using NIH HEAL conversion factors. Temporal trends were assessed using descriptive statistics and simple linear regression. A total of 31.9 million opioid dispensations were recorded during the study period. National opioid consumption peaked in 2018 (395.1 million MME), followed by an approximate 70% decline through 2023 and a modest increase in 2024. Consumption of morphine and methadone declined substantially (-72.2% and -82.4%, respectively), while oxycodone and tapentadol showed moderate increases over time. These findings indicate a marked reduction in overall opioid consumption alongside changes in the distribution of use across opioid agents. Between 2017 and 2024, Costa Rica experienced a sustained decline in total opioid dispensing and a redistribution of opioid use across substances. These trends occurred in the context of strengthened regulatory oversight and expanded digital monitoring of controlled substances. While causal relationships cannot be established, the findings provide relevant population-level evidence to support opioid stewardship and inform regulatory and public health strategies in middle-income health systems.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a rare, multisystem genetic disease requiring early diagnosis and lifelong multidisciplinary follow-up. In many middle-income countries, including Colombia, national CF registries are absent, and epidemiological information largely relies on administrative health data. Although such data do not reflect true clinical prevalence, they enable systematic monitoring of service-based prevalence and diagnostic practice patterns, offering critical insights for health system planning. We conducted a nationwide, observational study using the Colombian Individual Registry of Provision of Health Services (RIPS) from 2015 to 2024. Children and adolescents aged 0-19 years with CF diagnoses (ICD-10 E84.0-E84.9) were identified. Annual crude and age-standardized administrative prevalence rates were estimated using national population projections. Diagnostic test utilization (spirometry, chest CT, pancreatic elastase, genetic testing) was quantified per 100 encounters. Temporal trends were analyzed using LOESS smoothing with 95% confidence intervals. The age-standardized national administrative prevalence of CF-related healthcare encounters was 5.64 per 100,000. Administrative prevalence was highest in children aged 0-4 years and declined progressively with age. The contributory insurance regime showed the highest service-based prevalence, suggesting disparities in diagnostic access. Temporal patterns revealed a peak in 2018-2019 followed by a decline after 2020, coinciding with COVID-19-related disruptions in pediatric care. Diagnostic utilization was markedly low: spirometry was performed in fewer than 6 tests per 100 encounters annually, chest CT use was sporadic, and genetic testing was minimal before 2018, increasing slightly thereafter. Administrative prevalence of CF in Colombia has remained stable over a decade but is accompanied by underutilization of essential diagnostic procedures and inequities across insurance groups. Strengthening diagnostic capacity, standardizing monitoring practices, and improving early detection are urgent priorities. This study provides a scalable framework for CF surveillance in countries lacking national registries.

ABSTRACT Cultural Routes (CR) are increasingly recognised as effective models for transnational cultural and tourism management, particularly for rural and peripheral territories. By connecting natural and cultural heritage across borders, CR contribute to local development, territorial identity, and interregional cooperation. However, despite their growing policy relevance, most CR lack systematic sustainability monitoring practices, and research addressing impact measurement along routes remains limited. This gap is largely due to the absence of tailored monitoring tools, weak institutional coordination, limited resources, and the complexity of assessing impacts across multiple spatial scales. This paper addresses this gap by proposing a governance-oriented sustainability monitoring framework that is conceptually developed through engagement with existing empirical and policy-oriented initiatives. The framework is developed in relation to the Ibero-American Programme on Cultural Routes and Itineraries promoted by the Organisation of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture. Rather than treating monitoring as a purely technical exercise, the proposed approach conceptualises participatory sustainability monitoring as a governance mechanism that fosters stakeholder collaboration, social learning, and collective reflection on development pathways. By advancing a structured yet flexible monitoring framework, the paper contributes to the development of more robust analytical tools for assessing the multi-dimensional impacts of transnational CR, supporting route managers and providing policymakers with evidence-informed insights for long-term territorial development and interregional cooperation.

Rangeland degradation is a major ecological problem in Central Asia, where extensive pasture systems support biodiversity, livestock production, and rural livelihoods. This study presents a systematic review of research on ecological monitoring of rangeland degradation in the region, focusing on satellite-based methods and field observations. Publications from 1990 to 2026 were screened using a structured review process, and 44 studies were included in the final analysis. The reviewed studies show that satellite-based methods are used more frequently because they allow monitoring over large areas, while field studies usually provide more detailed ecological information but cover smaller territories. A major contribution of this review is the combined analysis of regional patterns and monitoring methodologies used across Central Asia. The review analyzes monitoring practices across Central Asia and discusses the advantages and limitations of existing approaches. The review shows that the most reliable assessments are produced when satellite observations are supported by field data on vegetation, biomass, and soil condition. The reviewed studies report different degradation patterns depending on ecological conditions, observation periods, and research methods. In most cases, degradation is associated with both climatic factors and human activities. At the same time, such integrated approaches are still not widely applied, and research remains concentrated in a few countries, especially Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Considerable gaps persist in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan. Overall, the reviewed literature shows the importance of developing more unified monitoring approaches that integrate satellite observations with field-based ecological data in different parts of Central Asia.

cMicrobial Food Safety Risk in Finished Soil Amendment: A Statewide Cross-sectional Study of Organic Waste Processing Systems in California.

To provide an overview of contemporary perianesthetic management practices for brachycephalic dogs and to identify areas in which research may improve patient safety and outcomes. We developed an online survey that was made available from December 8, 2025, through January 4, 2026, that included questions regarding respondent and patient demographics, perianesthetic management practices, and perianesthetic complications in brachycephalic dogs. The survey was distributed to licensed veterinarians and veterinary technicians across the US. Response frequencies were summarized for each survey item, and generalized structural equation models were used to evaluate associations between responses and prespecified predictor variables. Response variables were grouped into domains, including previsit management, premedication practices, induction and intraoperative management, recovery and discharge practices, and medications administered during recovery. The survey was distributed to 32,626 veterinary professionals, yielding 1,386 responses (4.3%). Most respondents (937 of 1,386 [67.6%]) practiced within general small-animal practice, with elective neuter procedures being the most common reason for anesthesia in these dogs. A high degree of variability was observed in perianesthetic monitoring and pharmacologic protocols utilized. Responses varied based on years of practice experience and whether the respondent was a general practitioner or specialist. Perianesthetic management of brachycephalic dogs differs substantially between general practitioners and specialists and across experience levels, with the widest gaps in previsit medications, monitoring, and recovery practices. Substantial variability in previsit medications, antiemetic and prokinetic use, monitoring, preoxygenation, and recovery practices, influenced by practice type and clinical experience, underscores the need for standardized perianesthetic protocols for brachycephalic dogs.

Risk factors and outcomes of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for hematological malignancy: A 10-year cohort study.

ABSTRACT Rapid digital transformation in the UAE has led to the rising reliance on third-party service providers, such as cloud platforms, IT contractors, and software vendors, by organizations. This dependency has expanded the cyber threat surface and has become an essential piece of the legal compliance and organizational resiliency puzzle in the world of cyber risk management. The study investigates third-party cyber risk management within the framework of the UAE Personal Data Protection Law (PDPL) and the Cybercrime Law, particularly the third-party data controllers and processors’ obligations. The study pertains to a qualitative literature review of the latest research and international standards, NIST SP 800–161 and ISO/IEC 27036 to provide a list of best practices for governance, risk assessment, contractual controls, monitoring, audit, incident response, and business continuity. The results show that a strong link exists between integrated IT governance, cybersecurity investment and operational resilience in minimizing risks of third-party data breaches. The research extends a framework for UAE organizations to meet the requirements of PDPL, protect personal data, and foster trust within the digital supply chain.

To investigate the association and dose-response between systemic and topical glucocorticoids and odds of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. We conducted a nationwide case-control study using Danish registry data from 2013 to 2021. People aged 40 years or older with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 149 113) were matched 1:3 with controls (n = 447 339) by age, sex and weighted Charlson Comorbidity Index. Glucocorticoid exposure was defined as ≥ 1 prescription within 1 year before the date of diagnosis and ≥ 2 within 3 years and classified as systemic or topical. Conditional logistic regression estimated ORs with 95% CIs, and dose-response associations were assessed according to daily prednisolone-equivalent dose. Incident Type 2 diabetes mellitus cases had higher glucocorticoid exposure and cumulative doses than controls among oral systemic and dermatologic glucocorticoids. Odds increased progressively with higher doses of oral systemic glucocorticoids: adjusted OR 1.25 (95% CI, 1.21-1.29) at < 2.5 mg/day; 1.49 (95% CI, 1.43-1.56) at 2.5-7.4 mg/day; and 3.02 (95% CI, 2.90-3.15) at ≥ 7.5 mg/day. Dermatologic glucocorticoids showed a similar gradient, from 1.21 (95% CI, 1.18-1.23) at < 2.5 mg/day to 1.51 (95% CI, 1.40-1.63) at ≥ 7.5 mg/day. No progressively significant associations were observed for nasal, rectal, ophthalmic or otic formulations after adjustment. Systemic and dermatologic glucocorticoid use was associated with a clear dose-dependent increase in Type 2 diabetes mellitus odds, including at doses < 2.5 mg/day. Other topical routes appeared metabolically safe. Consideration of cumulative glucocorticoid exposure should inform prescribing and monitoring practices.

The expanding volume and increasing complexity of clinical research in East Africa, driven by emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, has increased the need for strong regulatory monitoring systems. Clinical trials must be monitored to ensure regulatory compliance and participant safety. Despite strengthened regulatory and ethical frameworks in the region, gaps in trial monitoring persist due to a shortage of adequately trained monitors. This paper describes the design, implementation, and outcomes of a regional capacity-building initiative aimed at strengthening clinical trial monitoring capacity across six East African Community partner states. We implemented a multi-country capacity-building project across six East African Community partner states: Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda. We conducted stakeholders' consultations to identify the training needs that informed development of a tailored curriculum on clinical trial monitoring comprised of six modules, and approved by the Training Advisory Committee (TAC). We trained National Research Regulatory Authority (NRRA) personnel, Research Ethics Committee (REC) members, clinical researchers, and clinical trial monitors. The programme was implemented between February 2024 and February 2025, with one group per partner state. Each cohort completed a five-week blended learning programme comprising a two-day in-person workshop, four weeks of self-paced online learning, and a two-day virtual wrap-up session. Pre- and post-training assessments were administered to measure knowledge gain. Data were downloaded as CSV files, cleaned in Microsoft Excel, and exported to STATA 15.0 for analysis. Descriptive analyses were conducted and data summarized. We trained 200 participants, majority 30.5% (n = 61) of whom were from Uganda and 50.5% (n = 101) were female. Overall, mean knowledge scores increased significantly from 61.8% at pre-test to 84.3% at post-test (22.5% point improvement). The proportion of participants achieving the 60% pass mark increased from 37.5% (75/200) at pre-test to 95.6% (191/200) at post-test. This capacity-building project showed a marked improvement in knowledge of clinical trial monitoring among NRRA personnel, REC members, clinical researchers, and clinical trial monitors across the EAC. Further studies should evaluate whether this knowledge gain translates into enhanced clinical trial monitoring and oversight practices.

Complement activation is a consistent and predictable biological response to adeno-associated virus gene therapy, particularly after high-dose systemic administration. Early postdose laboratory changes, including mild thrombocytopenia, modest reductions in C3 and C4, and low-level elevations in complement activation markers, are commonly observed and generally reflect expected pharmacodynamic effects rather than toxicity in isolation. However, a subset of individuals progresses to complement-mediated endothelial injury and thrombotic microangiopathy, a rare but potentially severe complication. Despite increasing recognition of complement biology in gene therapy safety, laboratory monitoring practices remain inconsistent, and interpretation of complement biomarkers is often fragmented. Reliance on isolated measurements may obscure early pathologic trajectories, while functional assays are sensitive to preanalytical variability. Emerging data suggest that alternative pathway amplification governs severity across diverse initiating mechanisms and distinguishes self-limited complement activation from sustained endothelial injury. This article proposes a laboratory-centered framework that integrates complement biomarkers with hematologic and renal indices, emphasizing serial trends over isolated values. Standardized interpretation of complement testing is essential for early recognition of pathologic escalation and for maintaining patient safety as gene therapy expands across clinical settings.

In children with CKD, ambulatory hypertension is associated with elevated risk of LVH and increased LVMI. However, there was significant heterogeneity among the included studies with respect to study design and definition of outcomes. Timely detection of hypertensive target organ injury is imperative to mitigate future cardiovascular disease in pediatric CKD patients.Prospero Registration: CRD 42023426891. • Hypertension is a critical predictor of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in children with CKD. Hypertension-induced target organ damage such as LVH may predict future cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk populations. Despite this, there remains considerable variability in clinical blood pressure targets and monitoring practices. Our findings highlight the importance of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in detecting subclinical cardiovascular injury, supporting its integration into routine CKD care to improve risk stratification and treatment decisions. • This meta-analysis establishes a robust association between ambulatory hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in children with CKD, demonstrating that higher blood pressure burden is linked to increased left ventricular mass index (LVMI). Notably, children with 24-h mean arterial pressure (MAP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) above the 90th percentile exhibited significantly greater LVMI, reinforcing the impact of sustained hypertension on cardiac remodelling in pediatric CKD. • The strong association between ambulatory hypertension and LVH underscores the urgent need for evidence-based BP thresholds that minimize cardiovascular risk in pediatric CKD. Early identification of hypertensive target organ damage may enable timely therapeutic interventions to prevent long-term cardiovascular complications. Future studies should focus on defining optimal BP targets and evaluating the efficacy of antihypertensive strategies tailored to pediatric CKD. Standardizing BP measurement approaches may further refine hypertension management and improve cardiovascular outcomes in this vulnerable population.

Gastrointestinal parasitic infections constitute a major constraint to equine health and productivity, particularly in tropical regions where climatic and environmental conditions favor parasite survival and transmission. In Côte d'Ivoire, epidemiological data regarding gastrointestinal parasites in horses remain limited, especially in urban and peri-urban settings such as the district of Abidjan. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, diversity, and associated risk factors of gastrointestinal parasites affecting horses in the study area. A descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2024 to February 2025 among 277 horses originating from 19 equine facilities, including 8 riding schools and 11 breeding farms, located in the district of Abidjan. Fresh fecal samples were collected and analyzed using four coprological techniques: direct examination, flotation, the simplified Ritchie concentration method, and Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and logistic regression, were performed to identify factors significantly associated with parasitic infections at a significance threshold of p ≤ 0.05. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 88.80%, indicating widespread circulation of equine gastrointestinal parasites within the study area. Fifteen parasite species were identified, with predominance of Strongylus spp. (48.37%), Parascaris equorum (40.07%), cyathostomins (Cyathostominae) (30.68%), Fasciola hepatica (29.24%), and Cryptosporidium parvum (28.51%). Nematodes represented the predominant parasitic group. Significant associations were observed between parasitic infections and management-related factors, particularly feeding practices and type of equine activity. Horses from riding schools appeared more exposed to certain parasitic infections compared with horses raised on breeding farms. The high prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal parasites observed among horses in the district of Abidjan highlight an important equine health concern in Côte d'Ivoire. These findings emphasize the need to strengthen integrated parasite control strategies, including regular parasitological monitoring, improved hygiene and management practices, rational use of anthelmintics to reduce the risk of resistance, and targeted deworming programs. Reinforcing veterinary surveillance and increasing awareness among horse owners and managers could substantially contribute to improving equine health and productivity in the study area.

Somalia lacks empirical data on routine infection prevention and control (IPC) monitoring at the health-facility level, despite ongoing gaps in IPC worldwide. Reducing healthcare-associated infections, preventing antibiotic resistance, and safeguarding healthcare personnel, especially in fragile health systems, all depend on effective IPC systems. This study examines IPC monitoring practices and associated facility-level determinants in Somalia using nationally representative data from the 2024 Harmonized Health Facility Assessment (HHFA). 1,219 health facilities were evaluated using a cross-sectional analytical approach. Data were collected using the standardized WHO. Harmonized Health Facility Assessment (HHFA) instrument, including facility-reported evaluations of standard IPC monitoring procedures using structured questionnaire items. The data were verified using field supervision and digital quality standards. To investigate relationships between IPC monitoring and facility characteristics, descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were applied, with a significance level of p < 0.05. Routine IPC monitoring based on standardized monitoring approaches in the preceding six months was reported in only 6.6% of facilities. While there was no significant variation by the state level, monitoring varied considerably by managing authority (p = 0.047) and facility type (p < 0.001). Primary health units, private clinics, TB centers, and privately run facilities demonstrated the lowest levels of monitoring performance, whereas higher-level facilities and those run by the government or non-governmental organizations showed higher monitoring levels. There was no significant correlation found between facility ownership and IPC monitoring. The IPC system in Somalia is still limited by managerial, structural, and capacity-related issues. It is crucial to prioritize resources for lower-tier and privately run facilities, strengthen governance, and standardize audit-feedback systems. To lower healthcare-associated infections and support antimicrobial resistance control, these findings provide practical evidence for national IPC scale-up, targeted oversight, and policy. Building capacity in privately run, primary-level facilities needs to be a top priority for the national IPC scale-up. Not applicable.

Evolution of multimodal intraoperative neuromonitoring in pediatric spinal deformity surgery over 39years: are we better?

Earthworms are vital ecosystem engineers that play fundamental roles in soil formation, nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and the maintenance of soil fertility. Their ecological importance has led to the widespread adoption of vermiculture and vermicomposting technologies for sustainable waste management and agricultural productivity. However, the health and performance of earthworm populations can be adversely affected by a variety of diseases, parasites, pests, and environmental stressors that remain poorly documented and often overlooked. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge on the major biotic factors influencing earthworm health, with particular emphasis on economically important vermiculture species such as Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae. The review examines bacterial diseases, fungal infections, viral associations, protozoan and helminthic parasites, and invertebrate pests including mites and predatory flatworms. In addition, physiological disorders associated with environmental stress, particularly acidic bed syndrome, moisture imbalance, poor aeration, and substrate deterioration, are discussed. The occurrence, symptoms, transmission pathways, ecological consequences, and management strategies associated with these health challenges are critically evaluated. Recent advances in microbiome research, metagenomics, and molecular diagnostics are highlighted for their potential to improve understanding of host–microbe interactions and disease detection in earthworm populations. The review also identifies significant knowledge gaps, including limited experimental validation of reported pathogens, inadequate disease surveillance, and insufficient information on disease dynamics under tropical vermiculture conditions. Emphasis is placed on integrated disease management, biosecurity measures, environmental monitoring, and sustainable vermiculture practices for maintaining healthy earthworm populations. By consolidating fragmented information and identifying future research priorities, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, soil biologists, and vermiculture practitioners working toward improved earthworm health, enhanced vermicomposting efficiency, and sustainable soil ecosystem management.

Occupational radiation protection remains a fundamental concern in nuclear medicine practice, particularly when handling unsealed radiopharmaceuticals such as iodine-131 (131I). Personnel involved in dispensing are at elevated risk of significant extremity exposure, especially to the fingers, due to close contact with high-activity sources. This study was conducted to quantify extremity doses among radiopharmacists during routine 131I dispensing procedures and to determine the most suitable placement of dosimeters for accurate dose monitoring. Optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters were strategically placed at multiple anatomical sites on the fingers of three radiopharmacists to capture site-specific variations in dose distribution. Results demonstrated that the highest recorded dose per dispensing procedure was 2.386 ± 0.223 mSv, with the index and thumb fingers, particularly on the non-dominant hand, receiving the greatest exposure. This finding reflects the hand positioning typically adopted during manipulation of 131I vials and syringes. Considerable variability in dose patterns between individuals highlights the importance of standardized dosimeter positioning. Regression analysis was applied to estimate fingertip doses from base measurements, but a nonlinear relationship was identified, limiting predictive accuracy. Overall, the study underscores the limitations of current monitoring practices and support the recommendation of finger base dosimetry, standardized protocols, and optimization strategies such as automation and bilateral hand monitoring to improve radiation protection for nuclear medicine professionals.

Brewing water must meet potability standards, as its chemical composition directly affects beer quality and process consistency. Understanding spatial and temporal variability in water composition is essential for quality control and risk management in brewing. This study evaluated the spatiotemporal variation of six key brewing parameters (pH, calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride, and sulphate) in the Basque Country (Spain) from 2019 to 2023. A comprehensive dataset of drinking water analyses from multiple municipalities was assessed using spatiotemporal analysis tools to identify trends, variability patterns, and potential deviations from recommended brewing water ranges. Water composition showed notable spatial variability, while temporal fluctuations were generally limited. Most parameters remained within recommended ranges for brewing. However, isolated exceedances were identified for sulphate (two municipalities) and sodium (one municipality), representing less than 0.06% of the total records. These deviations may affect flavor profiles and process stability if not properly managed. The findings highlight the importance of continuous monitoring of source water to ensure consistent brewing quality, despite limitations associated with heterogeneous monitoring practices and multi-year data aggregation. The proposed spatiotemporal approach supports risk-based decision-making for brewery location, contributing to improved quality control in the brewing industry.

Soil-dwelling insects may be at particularly high risk of exposure to pesticides because soils are a major recipient of these chemicals. Still, we lack non-invasive techniques to detect in situ responses of soil macrofauna to pesticides and other contaminants. Here, we test if sound recordings can reveal sub-lethal behavioural shifts in ant colonies caused by a neonicotinoid (imidacloprid). We demonstrate that an acoustic variable can detect pesticide-induced shifts in outdoor behaviours (increased activity) of red wood ants (Formica rufa). This behaviour shift was observed at environmentally relevant, sub-lethal levels of imidacloprid (10.8 ± 5.7 ng g-1 sample, average ± standard error). Notably, our recordings revealed a short-term (<6 h) increase in activity induced by the pesticide, followed by a slow recovery and a return to the baseline over a weekly timescale. The long-term sub-lethal behavioural effects would have been difficult to detect using other techniques, given the opaque nature of the studied mounds. We conclude that acoustic monitoring offers a promising tool for detecting pesticide effects in natural settings. We also provide recommendations for best practices for acoustic monitoring of soil fauna and discuss the challenges of measuring soil fauna behavioural changes in a natural setting.