Monitor Survey Research Articles

Parent–child conversations associated with alcohol-related risk behaviours in young people (13–17 years) in the UK: a cross-sectional study

ObjectiveTo investigate different types of parent–child conversations associated with young people’s (13–17 years) alcohol-related risk behaviours.DesignSecondary analysis of the 2016 Drinkaware Monitor Survey. This survey employed a cross-sectional design and...

Regional entrepreneurial ecosystems in Chile: comparative lessons

PurposeThis paper aims to deal with different experts’ perceptions of entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) from central to non-central regions to evaluate if there was any evolution (or involution), comparing the results with those of a previous similar study on Chile from 2013, and it follows to replicate and improve our knowledge of the entrepreneurial opportunities.Design/methodology/approachOne of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor surveys, the National Experts’ Survey, was applied to a sample ofN= 1,555 key informants in Chile at 11 regions. The author used non-parametric statistics to compare the differences between centrally and non-centrally located experts.FindingsThe results indicate an evolution of the Chilean entrepreneurial ecosystem in an effort to homologate the entrepreneurial opportunities at non-central regions since the last study published in 2013. The financial support and physical infrastructure conditions were perceived to be more favorable in central regions, whereas the general government policies and entrepreneurial education at primary and secondary levels were perceived to be more favorable in non-central regions.Originality/valueThis research aims to contribute to filling the gap from the regional EEs’ perspective in emerging economies by comparing the results of the study on Chile with data from the previous government (2007–2009) providing an updated study of it (2015–2018) using the entrepreneurial framework conditions. It is relevant because the government established the “StartUp Chile” program that positioned the country as an innovation hub in Latin America since 2010.

The Contrasting Effects of Ethnic, Cultural and Immigrant Diversity on Entrepreneurship and Job Creation

This paper is the first one to examine empirically whether ethnic, cultural and immigrant population diversity within countries is favourable for entrepreneurship and job creation. Building on existing, yet disjointed theories on diversity, the paper provides insights as to why different types of diversity may have different effects on entrepreneurship. We test our predictions using multilevel modelling and the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor survey of over 1.5 million people across 88 countries. We find that diversity boosts the number of start-ups and new businesses. Also, businesses hire more employees in countries that have a higher population share of skilled or unskilled immigrants due to skill complementarity. However, businesses are more likely to close down in countries with higher cultural or immigration diversity, likely due to market fragmentation. Our results show that small changes in diversity lead to significant changes in the probability of business survival and job creation. These results have important policy implications for countries seeking to toughen their immigration policies. Since societies will continue to become more diverse, considering the multiple dimensions of diversity will become ever more relevant for research and policymaking.

Investigating total entrepreneurial activity and entrepreneurial intention in Africa regions using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA)

ABSTRACT This study offers a novel evaluation of the conditions for Total Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) and Entrepreneurial Intention (EI) across 59 Sub-Saharan African regions. The analysis employs fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (2013) survey data using five condition variables, measuring regional-level entrepreneurial attitudes and perceptions, including education level, considered against TEA and EI. This novel regional contribution identifies diversity between African countries and regions for entrepreneurial activities and its drivers, with several groups identified. This highlights a requirement for future research encompassing further countries and regions in African, and also multi-year studies that can track these issues longitudinally. The study informs knowledge and practice regarding entrepreneurial behaviour across African regions. Through examination of the different combinations of condition variables, across causal recipes, it provides understanding of variations in the socio-cultural drivers of entrepreneurial activity between regions, groups of regions, and countries, for TEA and EI.

Well-Completion System Supported by Machine Learning Maximizes Asset Value

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 197573, “Asset Value Maximization Through a Novel Well-Completion System for 3D Time-Lapse Electromagnetic Tomography Supported by Machine Learning,” by Paolo Dell’Aversana, Raffaele Servodio, and Franco Bottazzi, Eni, et al., prepared for the 2019 Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, 11–14 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed. In this paper, the authors introduce a new technology installed permanently on the well completion and addressed to real-time reservoir fluid mapping through time-lapse electromagnetic tomography during production or injection. The variations of the electromagnetic fields caused by changes of the fluid distribution are measured in a wide range of distances from the well. The data are processed and interpreted through an integrated software platform that combines 3D and 4D geophysical data inversion with a machine-learning (ML) platform. The complete paper clarifies the details of the ML work flow applied to electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) models using an example based on synthetic data. Introduction An important question in well completions is how one may acquire data with sufficient accuracy for detecting the movements of the fluids in a wide range of distances in the space around the production well. One method that is applied in various Earth disciplines is time-lapse electrical resistivity. The operational effectiveness of ERT allows frequent acquisition of independent surveys and inversion of the data in a relatively short time. The final goal is to create dynamic models of the reservoir supporting important decisions in near-real-time regarding production and management operations. ML algorithms can support this decision-making process. Methodology In a time-lapse ERT survey [often referred to as a direct-current (DC) time-lapse survey], electrodes are installed at fixed locations during monitoring. First, a base resistivity data set is collected. The inversion of this initial data set produces a base resistivity model to be used as a reference model. Then, one or more monitor surveys are repeated during monitoring. The same acquisition parameters applied in the base survey must be used for each monitor survey. The objective is to detect any small change in resistivity, from one survey to another, inside the investigated medium. As a first approach, the eventual variations in resistivity can be retrieved through direct comparison between the different inverted resistivity models. A different approach is called difference inversion. Instead of inverting the base and monitor data sets separately, in difference inversion, the difference between the monitor and base data sets is inverted. In this way, all the coherent inversion artifacts may be canceled in the difference images resulting from this type of inversion. Repeating the measurements many times (through multiple monitor surveys) in the same area and inverting the differences between consecutive data sets results in deep insight about relevant variations of physical properties linked with variations of the electric resistivity.

Being, having and belonging: values and ways of engaging in sport

This article presents an analytical framework for understanding and studying the value structures that govern participation in sport. We combine insights from a Norwegian Monitor survey with existential philosophical reasoning to present an empirically based value structure and discern three fundamental ways of engaging in sport: being, having and belonging. We argue that distinguishing between these modes of engagement can contribute to describing, analysing and navigating in the variety of ways that participants engage in sport. Using friluftsliv and football as illustrative cases, we analyse how these existential dimensions can be prevalent in different forms of participation. Towards the end of the article, we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of our approach, and how the existential dimensions may relate and intertwine in practice.

4D surface seismic monitoring the evolution of a small CO2 plume during and after injection: CO2CRC Otway Project study

Time lapse seismic is a vital component of the monitoring and verification of virtually any geosequestration project. Stage 2C of the CO2CRC Otway project is designed to test the limits of land 3D time-lapse (4D) seismic in the monitoring of small-scale CO2 injection. The 4D seismic monitoring program of Stage 2C of the Otway Project includes a baseline survey (BL); three monitor surveys (M1–M3) obtained during the injection of CO2-rich gas into the saline aquifer at a depth of 1.5 km at the injection intervals of 5, 10, and 15 kt; and two post-injection surveys (M4 and M5), acquired one and two years after the end of injection. Reliable time-lapse changes among the 4D surveys were obtained using a buried receiver array. Analysis of the seismic cubes and attributes demonstrates that during and after injection the plume spreads laterally only in southeastern direction. The results demonstrate strong time-lapse signal corresponding to the injection level and the absence of any observed leakage into the overburden. The plume evolution is reliably observed and traced from M1 to M5 surveys with most of the changes occurring between the BL and M4 surveys.

Recycled aggregates from construction and demolition wastes as alternative filling materials for highway subgrades in China

With the rapid advancement of urbanization in China, a huge amount of construction and demolition wastes (CDW) are generated. Recycling CDW into subgrade materials is a promising way to process these wastes, with significant environmental and economic benefits. But very little work has been done in this field. Therefore, based on a CDW subgrade construction case in Beijing, the physical and chemical properties of the CDW materials were analyzed. Then the construction procedures of the CDW subgrade were presented, and a series of tests (compaction degree test, settlement observation, Portable Falling Weight Deflectometer test) were carried out. At the same time, the effects of different loose paving thicknesses, cycles of strong vibration on the subgrade performances were assayed. Subsequently, grading analysis of the CDW particles, plate load test and Beckman beam deflection test were performed to evaluate the construction quality. According to the test results, the construction technologies of the CDW subgrade, such as the optimum loose paving thicknesses and cycles of strong vibration, were determined. And then, the post-construction settlement monitor and radar survey were conducted for subgrades filled with CDW and soil to further analyze the applicability of CDW. The results show that recycled CDW aggregates with proper grading and strict construction technologies perform well. The subgrade filled with recycled CDW has a smaller deformation than that of the soil subgrade. Finally, the life cycle assessments (LCA) of two treating schemes of CDW were conducted to analyze the environmental benifits: recycling utilization as subgrade materials and directly landfilling. If the subgrade is filled with the recycled CDW aggregates, CDW will be consumed in large quantities and the environmental impactions of eutrophication and ecotoxicity can be reduced obviously.

Value of a second seismic monitor in late stages of field development at Holstein

A second seismic monitor survey acquired after nine years of production at Holstein Field was used successfully to define new wellbore sidetracks to target unswept areas in two of the main producing reservoirs (J2 and K1). The asset team and the technology group worked together to investigate the quality and interpretability of the 4D signal between the first and second monitor surveys. The method consisted of conducting a quality check of the acquisition and processing steps, modeling the amplitude variation with offset responses using existing wells to determine the response to fluid effects, and finally extracting and creating amplitude difference maps between monitor surveys for each reservoir. The interpretation of the 4D amplitude differences, combined with the analysis of production and pressure data from historical injector and producer wells, resulted in the decision to target what was interpreted to be a partially swept J2/K1 reservoir compartment by the aquifer in the southern part of the field. Well #12 was drilled in that target and encountered oil pay in both reservoirs, with low levels of water saturation. Another J2 area in the northern part of the field was interpreted to have remained partially unswept by water injectors, although seismic acoustic softening over that portion of the field suggested that it was still benefiting from injection pressure support. Well #11 was drilled in that northern portion of the field and encountered an oil-bearing reservoir with water saturation near preproduction levels and a reservoir pressure approaching original reservoir pressure, hence confirming repressurization.

Changes in the Risk Perception of Food Safety between 2004 and 2018.

To afford the future agenda of risk communication through an evaluation of the past, we examined the changes in risk perception in the food safety sector over the 15 years (2004–2018) since the establishment of the Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSCJ) in 2003 by analyzing the data of the food safety monitor survey. Hazards such as contaminants including cadmium, methylmercury and arsenic, and pesticide residues caused high levels of concern among the public in 2004. In contrast, hazards such as food poisoning by harmful microorganisms and so-called “Health foods” have been ranked high among concerns since 2008 and 2014, respectively. Scoring of concern levels showed that concern related to food additives and pesticide residues intentionally added to foods and controlled has gradually decreased in a time-dependent manner. These concern scores were considerably lower in male monitors than in female ones; the scores were also lower for individuals with professional experience in the food sector than without the experience. The concern scores for contaminants were lower for males with professional experience. The concern scores related to food poisoning and health foods were not decreased and were remained high in recent years. These scores did not show clear dependence on job experience or gender of the monitors. A gap between food specialists and other attributes in the basic recognition of risk seems to make it difficult to communicate effectively and constructively among various interested individuals. To improve the quality of risk communication in the food safety field, it will be necessary to provide scientific knowledge and information regarding food safety management mechanisms for individuals without professional experience in the food sector, taking into account the changes in information media and influence on risk perception.

Engagement in international entrepreneurship: interactive effects of resource-based factors and institutional environments

PurposeIntegrating the resource-based view and institutional approach, this study aims to examine how resource-based factors and formal and informal institutional context interact in influencing the international engagement.Design/methodology/approachBased on the data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor surveys, this paper performs a multilevel estimation approach in which cross-level (random effects) moderation analysis is applied.FindingsThis paper offers new insights into the internationalisation by ascertaining the primary role of resource-based factors in influencing internationalisation. In addition, it reveals the differential contingent values of formal and informal institutions in regard to the relationship between resource-based characteristics and internationalisation.Practical implicationsThe research findings reveal the importance of the country-specific institutional system to drive early stage entrepreneurs’ intention to go international. In addition, the significant impacts of formal and informal institutions call upon policy-makers to improve institutional environments (e.g. government policies, governmental programmes, entrepreneurial finance, market openness, commercial and professional infrastructure, intellectual property rights, etc.).Research originalityThis research indicates that the degree of internationalization increases when entrepreneurs possess the necessary resources and under suitable formal and informal institutional environments.

The price of a disadvantaged location: Regional variation in the price and supply of short-term credit to SMEs in the UK

ABSTRACTAccess to inexpensive short-term credit from banks is vital for many small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which face liquidity problems because of an imbalance between cash outflows and receipt of outstanding payments. This article investigates the key determinants of short-term credit access and pricing for UK SMEs, disentangling between regional effects and firm-specific effects (that is, credit risk ratings). We use a large dataset of 30,183 responses to six waves of the SME Finance Monitor survey. While there are underlying differences at the firm level in risk behavior across regions, our key finding is that, faced with the same risk, banks do react fairly to funding applications in terms of access but not price at the regional level. We conclude that regional differences directly and indirectly affect the way banks allocate and price short-term credit. There is evidence of a peripheral region price penalty.

The entrepreneurial profile after failure

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the profile of entrepreneurs who failed in previous businesses, but despite their initial failure, decide to start or maintain another business. Based on the literature, re-entrepreneurs present some unique characteristics that allow them to overcome and learn from their previous ventures. Moreover, following the institutional dimensions literature, the paper shows that these dimensions should also affect the prevalence and type of re-entrepreneurial profiles.Design/methodology/approachTraditional ANOVA and logistic regression analysis were used as a way to test several hypotheses. Moreover, decision trees were implemented to provide further insights with respect to the characteristics of the relationships under study. Data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Survey (Adult Population Survey 2016 for Chile) is the main source of information.FindingsThe results of this paper show that for Chilean entrepreneurs, there is a different profile between those who fail and abandon and those who decide to start a new business after failing. These differences show that post-failure entrepreneurs behave like angel investors, have better business skills and are more experienced. Additionally, they are more likely to share ownership of their new business.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the literature with empirical results that validate that failure determines special characteristics in entrepreneurs through a methodology that is relatively new in the community. Also, the paper discusses how institutions (institutional theory) could play a role in this phenomenon. This can help decision makers and the academic community better understand the nature of this type of entrepreneur and thus provide insights for more focussed public policies and better-informed business decisions.

Opioid Prescription Patterns and Risk Factors Associated With Opioid Use in the Netherlands

An increase in opioid prescription has been observed in the Netherlands. It is vital to understand this increase and to identify risk factors for opioid prescription to ensure that health interventions remain appropriately targeted. To determine the prevalence of opioid prescriptions and adverse events associated with opioids, and to identify risk factors associated with opioid prescription in the Dutch population. This cohort study used national statistics from the Netherlands from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2017, including the full Dutch population of 16 779 575 people in 2013 and 17 081 507 people in 2017. Data from the Dutch Health Monitor surveys of 2012 and 2016 were also included. Databases were anonymized prior to analysis. All analyses were performed between December 2018 and February 2019. Opioid prescription. The main outcomes were the dynamics of opioid prescriptions, hospital admissions for opioid overdose, and opioid overdose mortalities. The secondary outcome was risk factors associated with opioid prescription. In 2013, 814 211 individuals (4.9% of the total population) received an opioid prescription. In 2017, 1 027 019 individuals (6.0% of the total population) received at least 1 opioid prescription (mean [SD] age, 59.3 [18.5] years; 613 203 [59.7%] women). The rate of hospital admissions for opioid overdose was 9.2 per 100 000 inhabitants in 2013 and 13.1 per 100 000 inhabitants in 2017 (relative risk, 1.43 [95% CI, 1.34-1.52]). Similarly, an increased risk of opioid overdose death was observed, from 0.83 per 100 000 inhabitants in 2013 to 1.2 per 100 000 inhabitants in 2017 (relative risk, 1.49 [95% CI, 1.20-1.85]). Based on data from the 2012 Dutch Health Monitor survey, risk factors associated with opioid prescription included being older than 65 years (odds ratio [OR], 4.20 [95% CI, 3.98-4.43]), having only a primary school education (OR, 3.62 [95% CI, 3.46-3.77]), being widowed (OR, 3.30 [95% CI, 3.13-3.49]), reporting always feeling symptoms of depression (OR, 3.77 [95% CI, 3.41-4.18]), and reporting poor or very poor physical health (OR, 10.40 [95% CI, 10.01-10.81]). Self-reported back pain (OR, 4.34 [95% CI, 4.23-4.46]) and rheumatoid arthritis or fibromyalgia (OR, 3.77 [95% CI, 3.65-3.90]) were also associated with opioid prescription. However, unemployment (OR, 1.05 [95% CI, 0.96-1.13]) was not associated with opioid prescription, and alcohol use disorder (OR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.73-0.80]) was negatively associated with opioid prescription. This study found that opioid prescriptions have increased in the Netherlands. Although the risk of adverse events is still relatively low, there is an urgent need to review pain management to prevent a further increase in opioid prescription.

Missing entrepreneurs

PurposeCompared with other emerging and former command economies, Russia has low levels of entrepreneurial activity and exceptionally low levels of reported entrepreneurial intentions. Drawing on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), this paper aims to examine the determinants of entrepreneurial intentions in Russia.Design/methodology/approachUsing individual level data from two waves (2013 and 2018) of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) survey, the paper presents a range of semi-nonparametric logistic regressions estimating the determinants of reported entrepreneurial intention among the Russian adult population not already engaged in entrepreneurial activity. These data allow for the first empirical exploration of the TPB in the Russian context.FindingsThe results provide evidence in support of two (“attitudes” and “perceived behavioural control”), from three, origins of the theory of planned behaviour. Firstly, positive attitudes towards entrepreneurship, in the form of employment seeking and direct (own experience) or indirect (experience through social networks) entrepreneurial knowledge are both positively associated with intention. Secondly, individuals who consider their environment to be conducive to entrepreneurship and who believe they have the knowledge and skills required to be entrepreneurs are more likely to intend entrepreneurial action.Originality/valueIn view of the limited entrepreneurial activity and low levels of reported entrepreneurial intention in Russia, it is important to understand the drivers of these intentions if the appropriate policy responses are to be identified and adopted. This research represents the first substantive efforts to comprehensively examine the determinants of entrepreneurial intentions for Russia and allows us to propose several policy relevant conclusions.

PENERAPAN PEMBELAJARAN TEMATIK BERBASIS BUDAYA BETAWI UNTUK MENINGKATKAN MUSICAL INTELLIGENCE SISWA SD ISLAM TAMAN QURANIYAH

This study aims to: (1) find out the thematic learning process based on Betawi culture, and (2) improve the musical intelligence of grade IV Islamic elementary schools in the Quraniyah Park through thematic learning based on Betawi culture. Thematic learning based on Betawi culture is the process of learning about culture, learning with culture, learning through culture, even cultured learning, especially Betawi culture. This study uses the Class Action Research (CAR) method. PTK is implemented as an effort to overcome problems that arise in the classroom. This method is carried out in four stages, namely planning, implementation of the action, the effect of monitor implementation and survey / reflection. Data collection techniques using instrument interviews, the results of observation of teacher and student activities, musical intelligence tests, field notes and documentation. The research subjects were 27th grade Islamic elementary school students in the Quraniyah Park, consisting of 14 female students and 13 male students. This research was conducted in 3 cycles. The collected data is analyzed using quantitative and qualitative descriptive. The results of the students' musical intelligence tests in the first cycle were 14 students (52%) who achieved the target with an average grade of 70. In the second cycle it increased to 20 students (74%) who achieved the target with an average grade of 80. Then in the cycle III has increased to 23 students (85%) who have reached the target with 87 class average res

Systematic Measurement Error in Election Violence Data: Causes and Consequences

AbstractWhat are the causes and consequences of systematic measurement error in violence measures drawn from media-based conflict event data? More specifically, how valid are such event data for geocoding and capturing election violence? This study examines sub-national variation in election violence and uses original data from domestic election monitor surveys as a comparison to widely used sources of event data. The authors show that conventional data under-report events throughout the election cycle, particularly in sparsely populated areas and outside anticipated violence hotspots. Moreover, systematic measurement error of media-based event data for measuring election violence can generate significant relationships where none exist, and can result in different effect magnitudes. The article suggests areas for future research and indicates ways in which existing work on election violence may have been affected by systematic measurement error.

To Europe or Not to Europe? Migration and Public Support for Joining the European Union in the Western Balkans

For decades, countries aspiring to join the European Union (EU) have been linked to it through migration. Yet little is known about how migration affects individual support for joining the EU in prospective member states. We explore the relationship between migration and support for EU accession in the Western Balkans. Using data from the Gallup Balkan Monitor survey, we find that prospective and return migrants, as well as people with relatives abroad, are more likely to vote favorably in a hypothetical EU referendum. At the same time, only people with relatives abroad are more likely to consider EU membership a good thing. Our results suggest that migration affects attitudes toward joining the EU principally through instrumental/utilitarian motives, with channels related to information and cosmopolitanism playing only a minor role. Overall, we show that migration fosters support for joining the EU in migrants’ origin countries and that joining such a supranational institution is likely to foster political and institutional development of migrants’ origin countries.

Progress of CO2 Injection and Monitoring of the Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project

The Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project is an offshore CCS project being conducted in the busy port area of Tomakomai City, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan. The Tomakomai Project has been conducted over nine years from JFY 2012*, comprised of four years of construction, three years and eight months of CO2 injection and ongoing post injection monitoring. The CO2 source is offgas from an HPU of an oil refinery located in the coastal area of the Tomakomai Port. Gaseous CO2 captured by an activated amine process is compressed and injected by two highly deviated injection wells drilled from an onshore site targeting two offshore reservoirs, namely, the sandstone layer of the Lower Quaternary Moebetsu formation and the volcanic and volcaniclastic layers of the Miocene Takinoue formation. CO2 injection into the Moebetsu formation began in April 2016 and was terminated with the cumulative amount at 300,012 tonnes on November 22, 2019. The cumulative CO2 injection into the Takinoue formation ended in 98 tons due to low injectivity. Comprehensive offshore and onshore monitoring facilities comprised of three observation wells, an OBC, four OBSs and an onshore seismic station were deployed, and the monitoring for seismicity and pressure & temperature of the reservoirs started in February 2015, thirteen months before the start of CO2 injection. Since the start of monitoring, no seismicity has been detected at and around the reservoirs. By August 2020, five monitor seismic surveys had been conducted. In the 2nd, 3rd and 4th monitor surveys from JFY 2017 to 2019, a growth of the amplitude anomalies corresponding to the depth interval of CO2 injection into the Moebetsu formation was detected, indicating the evolution of the CO2 plume between 65,000 tonnes and 300,000 tonnes cumulative injection. The data of the 5th monitor survey of August 2020 are under processing. Seasonal marine environmental surveys in line with a domestic law reflecting the London Protocol 1996 have been conducted before, during and after the CO2 injection. To date, indications of seepage of injected CO2 into the ocean have not been detected. The 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 6.6 occurring during the injection period had no effect on the stored CO2, and there was no data suggesting a connection between the CO2 storage and the earthquake. (*JFY denotes April of calendar year to March of following year)

Gender and bank lending after the global financial crisis: are women entrepreneurs safer bets?

Using gender as a theoretical framework, we analyse the dynamics of bank lending to small- and medium-sized enterprises (SME) in the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis. Using six waves of the SME Finance Monitor survey, we apply a formal Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition to test whether gender impacts upon the supply and demand for debt finance by women. Reflecting established evidence, we found women had a lower demand for bank loans; contradicting accepted wisdom however, we found that women who did apply were more likely to be successful. We argue that feminised risk aversion might inform more conservative applications during a period of financial uncertainty which may be beneficial for women in terms of gaining loans. However, we also uncover more subtle evidence suggesting that bank decisions may differ for women who may be unfairly treated in terms of collateral but regarded more positively when holding large cash balances.