Ion implantation is introduced as a novel and controllable approach to incorporate hydrogen into α-MoO3 crystals and induce the formation of hydrogen molybdenum bronze phases (HxMoO3) below the implanted layer. By tuning the ion fluence, this technique enables precise defect engineering and phase transformation, offering a versatile and reproducible strategy for tailoring the material functional properties. High-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) reveals a gradual expansion of the b lattice parameter for fluences up to 1 × 1017 cm-2, attributed to defect-induced lattice distortion. For higher fluences, instead of typical strain saturation, a new diffraction peak emerges, revealing the formation of type-I HxMoO3, as also confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. This phase forms below the implanted layer and extends up to ∼1µm into the material, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This phase transformation demonstrates reversibility, with the HxMoO3 signature disappearing upon air annealing at 300°C. HRXRD curve fitting enables assessment of strain/damage profiles evolution with fluence, providing insight into the defect creation and accumulation mechanisms. These structural and compositional changes are accompanied by a quasi-linear increase of electrical conductivity with fluence, by several orders of magnitude, attributed to the presence of HxMoO3 phases, extended defects, and new suboxide minority phases.

Fundamental limitations in structural reversibility and electrochemical performance have rendered anode materials a critical bottleneck for proton batteries and capacitors. While the rational design of intrinsic properties for metal oxides offers a promising route for advanced proton storage, the simultaneous realization of high-power and low-temperature operability remains a grand challenge. We show that topochemical preintercalation of protons and confined lattice water in hydrated molybdenum bronze modifies host lattice rearrangement and enables ultrafast proton-coupled electron transfer. Ion-fluid cointercalation mediates electrochemical reaction pathways to an unconventional three-proton insertion mechanism, enabling a state-of-the-art specific capacity of 407 mAh g-1, ultrahigh-rate capability exceeding 1000 C (500 A g-1), and ultralow-temperature adaptability (194.2 mAh g-1 at -80 °C). Comprehensive in situ crystal and interface evolution methods and theoretical calculations reveal a highly reversible and homogeneous protonation mechanism and enhanced interfacial transport, suppressing heterogeneous and unstable reaction kinetics of pristine MoO3. The hybrid proton capacitor with such a molybdenum bronze anode shows an unprecedented ultrahigh-power and ultralow-temperature performance, with excellent stability for over 2000 cycles at -80 °C. This work highlights physicochemical insights on preintercalation topochemistry in modulating charge carrier-host interactions and provides electrode design principles for high-rate and low-temperature nonmetallic ion storage.

Bacterial biofilms are a persistent challenge in industrial settings such as water treatment and food processing, contributing to antimicrobial resistance, operational inefficiencies, and environmental burden. Here, we report on the synthesis and multiscale evaluation of hydrogen molybdenum bronze nanosheets (HMB-NSHs) and their silver-decorated nanotube derivatives (Ag-decorated HMB-NTs), produced via an arc discharge method. High-resolution structural analyses revealed crystalline, ultrathin HMB sheets and tubular architectures adorned with uniformly distributed Ag nanoparticles (∼3-5 nm). While HMB-NSHs were biologically inert, Ag-decorated HMB-NTs demonstrated potent antibacterial effects against Bacillus subtilis, inhibiting planktonic growth (75.7%), biofilm formation (77.7%), and biofilm eradication (64.3%) at 25 μg/mL. Complementary SEM and fluorescence microscopy visualizations revealed pronounced morphological membrane damage such as wrinkling, roughening, and biofilm reduction signatures absent in control and HMB-treated samples, facilitating metal ion deposition and localized oxidative stress. At the molecular level, multiscale computational modeling, including molecular docking, DFT, QTAIM, RDG, and IGM analyses, provided atomic-resolution insights into dual-site antibacterial action. The Ag and HMB moieties interact favorably with both the cell-wall penicillin-binding protein (PDB ID: 4WO7) and intracellular division regulator FtsZ (PDB ID: 2VAM), forming energetically stable complexes. QTAIM metrics confirmed extensive van der Waals and hydrogen bonding networks with 4WO7, whereas RDG and IGM surfaces visualized dense noncovalent contact regions. Ag-FtsZ interactions, though weaker, suggest possible disruption of cell cycle machinery upon internalization. These findings establish Ag-decorated HMB-NTs as a dual-function nanomaterial: HMB scaffolds promote surface adhesion and stability, whereas Ag enables membrane destabilization and intracellular disruption. Together, these processes highlight membrane damage and protein interference as the primary antibacterial mechanisms, underscoring their potential as a next-generation antibacterial platform, particularly against biofilm-forming and industrially relevant bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis.

Abstract In recent decades, the synthesis, characterization, and potential applications of metal oxide bronzes have been studied, with their potential applications as catalysts and electrocatalysts. Among these, materials based on mixed oxide bronzes, with specific crystalline structures, of molybdenum and/or tungsten have garnered some attention for their application in catalytic processes for the valorization of natural gas fractions (especially ethane and propane) and/or biomass derivatives (especially glycerol, but also other components). This paper presents a review of the types of synthesized materials and the catalytic processes in which molybdenum and/or tungsten oxides bronzes have been studied. In addition, it will be also presented P-containing catalysts as well as other pseudo-crystalline materials, which can be also of interest in these types of reaction.

The main task of physicochemical analysis is the study of multicomponent systems. Knowledge of phase levels and their regularities in multicomponent systems is necessary for the development of optimal conditions for the search for compositions with given conditions. For this purpose, we studied the ternary system Cs₂O–V₂O₅–MoO₃. Based on the results of experimental studies, the first promising areas of the phase diagram for the synthesis of vanadium‒molybdenum bronzes of cesium were obtained. Compositions obtained on the basis of the system are promising in the development of new materials, in particular: anti‒corrosion coatings, ion‒electronic conductors with high activity. Theoretically, based on the results of the data obtained, it was proved that the synthesis of new materials from complex oxide phases by crystallization methods from a solid‒phase fusion melt can be used to break down a three‒component oxide system Cs₂O–V₂O₅–MoO₃, to identify topology patterns and phase formation in them. The topological image of the phase diagram constructed by a combination of data from its faceting elements is characterized by the presence of three congruent and four incongruently melting binary compounds on the faces, which divide it into four subsystems (I–IV), the most interesting, in our opinion, variants of triangulation of this system, according to which it was identified in triangulating sections, which divide it into 10 subsystems, which are quasi‒three‒component and triple systems, hence, they can be studied independently. For the convenience of performing extreme work both on the synthesis of individual compounds (D1–D3) and thermal analysis of systems, a set of methods of physical and chemical analysis was used. In particular, visual polythermic, differential thermal analysis. Finally, the main thing in this work is the prediction, modeling and experimental confirmation of phase formation in the system Cs₂O–V₂O₅–MoO₃ , its stable and metastable processes, which will make it possible to maximize the mechanism of the conditions for the formation and decay of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the phases.

Reductive mechanochemical synthesis of alkali molybdenum bronze nanoparticles

Herein, a heterogeneous structure of Ni–Mo catalyst comprising Ni4Mo nanoalloys decorated on a MoOx matrix via electrodeposition is introduced. This catalyst exhibits remarkable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity across a range of pH conditions. The heterogeneous Ni–Mo catalyst showed low overpotentials only of 24 and 86, 21 and 60, and 37 and 168 mV to produce a current density of 10 and 100 mA cm−2 (η10 and η100) in alkaline, acidic, and neutral media, respectively, which represents one of the most active catalysts for the HER. The enhanced activity is attributed to the hydrogen spillover effect, where hydrogen atoms migrate between the Ni4Mo alloys and the MoOx matrix, forming hydrogen molybdenum bronze as additional active sites. Additionally, the Ni4Mo facilitated the water dissociation process, which helps the Volmer step in the alkaline/neutral HER. Through electrochemical analysis, in situ Raman spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations, the fast HER mechanism is elucidated.

In this and the two following papers, we present the results of a combined study by density-functional band theory and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) of lithium purple bronze, ${\mathrm{Li}}_{1x}{\mathrm{Mo}}_{6}{\mathrm{O}}_{17}$. This material is particularly notable for its unusually robust quasi-one-dimensional (quasi-1D) behavior. The band structure, in a large energy window around the Fermi energy, is basically two-dimensional and formed by three Mo ${t}_{2g}$-like extended Wannier orbitals (WOs), each one giving rise to a 1D band running at a ${120}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ angle to the two others. A structural ``dimerization'' from $\mathbf{c}/2$ to $\mathbf{c}$ gaps the $xz$ and $yz$ bands while leaving the $xy$ bands metallic in the gap but resonantly coupled to the gap edges and, hence, to the two other directions. The resulting complex shape of the quasi-1D Fermi surface (FS), verified by our ARPES, thus depends strongly on the Fermi energy position in the gap, implying a great sensitivity to Li stoichiometry of properties dependent on the FS, such as FS nesting or superconductivity. The theory is verified in detail by the recognition and application of an ARPES selection rule that enables the separation in ARPES spectra of the two barely split $xy$ bands and the observation of their complex split FS. The strong resonances prevent either a two-band tight-binding model or a related real-space ladder picture from giving a valid description of the low-energy electronic structure. Down to a temperature of 6 K we find no evidence for a theoretically expected downward renormalization of perpendicular single-particle hopping due to LL fluctuations in the quasi-1D chains. This paper I introduces the material, motivates our study, summarizes the $N\mathrm{th}$-order muffin-tin orbital (NMTO) method that we use, analyzes the crystal structure and the basic electronic structure, and presents our NMTO calculation of the ${t}_{2g}$ low-energy WOs and the resulting tight-binding Hamiltonian for the six lowest energy bands, only the four lowest being occupied. Thus this paper sets the theoretical framework and nomenclature for the following two papers.

Effect of molybdenum disulfide and bronze on tribological behaviors of polytetrafluoroethylene composites

The solution‐processed electrode is key to the full‐solution‐processed organic solar cells (OSCs). Silver nanowires (AgNWs) are considered as an attractive solution‐processed electrode due to their low sheet resistance and high transmittance. However, the traditional “line‐plane” contact between AgNWs and the interface buffer layer is insufficient, resulting in the low performance of full‐solution‐processed OSCs. Herein, a bulk contact structure is reported between AgNWs and interface, formed by inserting the interface layer material, such as HMoOx (hydrogen molybdenum bronze) into the AgNWs networks. The extra HMoOx can be connected with the bottom interface buffer layer, forming a longitudinal network, and wrapping the AgNWs in the longitudinal interfacial layer. This bulk contact electrode‐interface structure increases the area of AgNWs/interface layers, promoting charge transfer and collection. Besides, the top‐injected method can enable the formation of a water‐based ink film on the top of the organic layer, as well as avoid solvent erosion between AgNWs and the interface layer. Based on the bulk contact electrode‐interface structure, this work realized high performance of 12.27% and 9.54% for 0.09 cm2 small‐area device and 10.8 cm2 full‐solution‐processed semitransparent mini‐module. These results provide a new idea for full‐solution‐processed OSCs preparation.

Today, in modern material research, molybdenum trioxide (MoO3), a versatile and smart metal oxide, is placed as one of the topmost advanced materials as far as its publication record goes. Specially, the intercalation science of MoO3, intercalating any organic and inorganic species into its lamellar space, has a huge impact not only in materials chemistry but also in overall chemical science. This is because such host–guest materials have enormous potential toward electrocatalysis. Surprisingly, the transition-metal-aqua complex intercalated in MoO3 was not known until we had reported recently (as a communication) by characterizing it using single-crystal X-ray crystallography, even though the applications of transition metals are unbeatable in any field of research. In this work, we have successfully intercalated {CoII(H2O)6}2+ into α-MoO3 layers, leading to the isolation of pink-colored water-soluble crystals of [Mo2VIO6(CH3COO){CoII(H2O)6}0.5]·H2O (1), synthesized in a one-step aqueous-green synthesis and characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The homogeneous electrochemistry of compound 1 in its acidic aqueous solution results in the concomitant electrochemical deposition of Co(OH)2@MoO3–x (2). Compound 2, representing a new class of molybdenum bronzes, intercalates β-Co(OH)2 into the α-MoO3 layers. The bronze-like properties of compound 2 have been validated by measuring its electrical conductivity values. Compound 2 exhibits a modest electrical conductivity of 1.41 × 10–5 S cm–1 and a low activation energy (Ea) value of 390 meV at 25 °C. The electrical conductivity of compound 2 increases with increasing temperature. A conductive material is known to be a good electrocatalyst. Compound 2 acts as an efficient heterogeneous electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at a low overpotential of 168 mV to achieve 10 mA cm–2 current density with a Tafel slope value of 98 mV dec–1. The catalytic performance of compound 2 is demonstrated by its long-term electrolysis stability for 10 h with its Faradic efficiency of 91%.

Phosphate tungsten bronze (WPB) and phosphate molybdenum bronze (MoPB) were synthesized and modified with rhenium. The existing phases were established by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), electron paramagnetic spectroscopy (EPR) and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The electroactivity of bronze samples, with and without rhenium for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) was tested. The influence of carbon black presence in the catalytic ink on the electrochemical activity was investigated. Collected results provide insight into the effects of the constituents of an electrode on its electrochemical activity.

Guidelines for the synthesis of molybdenum nitride: Understanding the mechanism and the control of crystallographic phase and nitrogen content

Abstract Ultrasound (US)‐mediated sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has the advantages of non‐invasiveness and deep tissue penetration. Nanosystems are prominently used in sonosensitization; however, most nano‐sonosensitizers have a low reactive oxygen species (ROS) yield, thus restraining the application of SDT. Sodium molybdenum bronze nanoparticles (SMB NPs) with rich oxygen vacancies are developed and interlayer gaps of molybdenum trioxide nanobelts are expanded. Owing to the increased oxygen vacancy density and wide interlayer gap‐induced narrower band gap of SMB NPs, the electrons (e–) and holes (h+) generated by US are separated more rapidly, and oxygen vacancies prevent electrons–holes recombination under US irradiation. SMB NPs exhibit a second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) photothermal effect to promote the generation of ROS by the sonosensitizer. The SMB NPs system is successfully realized to eliminate Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and dissipate biofilm. Therefore, multimodal therapy using SMB NPs serves as an effective and promising regimen for deep‐seated bacterial infections. The newly developed Mo‐based sonosensitizer is presented for the first time to demonstrate excellent antimicrobial activity through hyperthermia‐promoting SDT therapeutics. This work proposes a novel strategy in the field of NIR‐II photo‐amplified SDT with Mo‐based materials for bacterial eradication and other important biomedical applications.

During the production of molybdenum, the first reduction step of molybdenum trioxide to molybdenum dioxide is crucial in directing important product properties like particle size and oxygen content. In this study, the influence of heating rate, hydrogen flow, and potassium content on the reduction of MoO3 has been investigated via in situ X-ray powder diffraction. For low heating rates, a molybdenum bronze HxMoO3 could be confirmed as an intermediate, while γ-Mo4O11 can only be observed at high heating rates. Molybdenum formation at temperatures as low as 873 K can be controlled via hydrogen flow. The potassium content of reactants has a direct influence on the amount of Mo4O11 formed during the reaction as well as rates of Mo4O11 and MoO2 formation.

Evidence of ammonia synthesis by bulk diffusion in cobalt molybdenum particles in a CLAS process

We have successfully intercalated {NiII(H2O)6}2+ into the α-MoO3 layer, leading to the isolation of green single crystals of [MoVI2O6(CH3COO){NiII(H2O)6}0.5]·H2O (1). The homogeneous electrochemistry of 1 in its aqueous solution exhibits electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with concomitant electrochemical deposition of [HMo3VIMoVO12(CH3COO){NiII(H2O)5(OH)}] (2). Compound 2, a new molybdenum bronze, acts as an efficient and stable heterogeneous electrocatalyst for water reduction to molecular hydrogen. This work represents the first paradigm of a molybdenum bronze intercalating a transition metal-aqua ion.

Abstract Reduction of α-MoO3via “hydrogen spillover” process mediated by noble metal nanoparticles leads to a formation of hydrogen molybdenum bronze with plasmon-induced optical features. We herein report that Pd-loaded hydrogen molybdenum bronze effectively promotes the hydrodeoxygenation of aromatic ketones to the corresponding alkyl aromatics at room temperature and under atmospheric pressure of H2. The catalyst shows a further enhanced catalytic activity under the irradiation of visible light due to the plasmonic effect.

The accommodation of Luttinger liquid behavior and unique quasiparticles in the charge density wave (CDW) state has led to renewed interest in the low-dimensional molybdenum bronzes. Here, the authors report a comprehensive experimental study on the quasi-two-dimensional CDW oxide bronzes Mo${}_{4}$O${}_{11}$, in which the CDW instability is dominated by hidden Fermi surface nesting, resulting in magnetic field induced quantum oscillations. Different from the monoclinic $\ensuremath{\eta}$ phase, the orthorhombic $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ phase shows a flexible CDW transition with a nearly fully opened gap, as seen in nonlinear transport behavior related to the CDW sliding motion, which is only observed in quasi-one-dimensional systems.

Pseudocapacitance improvement of polymolybdates-based metal–organic complexes via modification with hydrogen molybdenum bronze by electrochemical treatment