Molecular Breeding Research Articles (Page 1)

UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) were widely distributed in plants and played crucial roles in mediating glycosylation reactions associated with metabolic pathways. Although the UGT gene family has been characterized in numerous plant species, a systematic analysis in Populus trichocarpa still requires further refinement. In this study, 204 PtrUGT genes were identified through genome-wide analysis, revealing significant variations in protein length, molecular weight, and isoelectric point. Chromosomal mapping revealed an uneven distribution across all 19 chromosomes, with chr16 exhibiting the highest gene density. Furthermore, tandem duplication events were identified as the primary drivers of gene family expansion. Synteny analysis of P. trichocarpa identified 266 paralogous PtrUGT gene pairs, with significant enrichment on Chr16, which were highly conserved among closely related woody plants. Phylogenetic classification grouped the PtrUGTs into 19 distinct subgroups (A-S), with subgroup-specific motif conservation and gene structures. Promoter analysis uncovered abundant cis-regulatory elements associated with light, methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid, and stress responses, indicating functional diversification among the PtrUGT genes. Both RNA-seq and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed tissue-specific expression patterns and stress-responsive regulation, with certain PtrUGTs showing significant induction under drought, salt stress, or insect herbivory stress. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that the stress-responsive PtrUGT198 was present in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. This study provides a systematic characterization of the PtrUGT family, offering valuable insights for identifying genes related to stress resistance and facilitating molecular breeding strategies in poplar.

Sorghum is one of the major millet crops globally and is severely affected by various pests and diseases, with the shoot fly (Atherigona soccata) being one of the most damaging pests to sorghum production worldwide. This pest primarily targets sorghum seedlings, causing yield losses of up to 90 %. Despite adopting various management practices, host plant resistance remains the most effective, economical and environment friendly method for controlling this pest. Conventional breeding strategies, which rely exclusively on phenotypic selection, haveencountered significant challenges in developing cultivars with broad-spectrum resistance. In recent decades, significant efforts have been made to address these limitations by leveraging advancements in molecular breeding approaches, including Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping and Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS). These approaches have led to the identification of several resistant genotypes, QTLs and genes associated with shoot fly resistance in sorghum. However, progress in improving sorghum resistance to the shoot fly through molecular breeding remains limited. This review discusses the biology and impact of the shoot fly on sorghum, evaluates progress and constraints in molecular breeding for resistance, identifies existing research gaps and proposes future directions to enhance efforts in combating shoot fly resistance in sorghum.

Introduction Agricultural land degradation threatens food security and agricultural ecosystem sustainability, necessitating phytoremediation to address this problem. Ramie ( Boehmeria nivea L.), a cash crop known for its resilience in marginal environments and multiple ecological benefits, represents a promising candidate for this purpose. However, lack of varieties tolerant to poor soil limits this potential, necessitating genetic improvement. Methods This study was therefore designed to identify key genes involved in ramie’s adaptation to poor soil conditions and to further explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Leaf RNA from two ramie varieties, the tolerant Xiangzhu XB (XZ-XB) and the sensitive Xiangzhu 3 (XZ-3), was analyzed using high-throughput sequencing. Results After processing high-quality clean data, comparative transcriptome analysis revealed 1,908 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between XZ-XB and XZ-3, among which 1,116 were up-regulated and 792 were down-regulated in XZ-XB relative to XZ-3. Notably, four up-regulated DEGs displayed fold changes greater than 9,500, while four down-regulated DEGs showed fold changes exceeding 1,000. Functional annotation linked the DEGs to critical processes as transporter activity, proteases regulation, purple acid phosphatase activity, etc. The findings also revealed that tolerant genotype likely enhance survival under poor soil condition by down-regulating senescence-promoting genes and up-regulating stress-signaling pathways. Discussion Results of this study provide valuable genetic resources and candidate targets for molecular breeding of ramie varieties with enhanced resilience to nutrient-poor soils. By the help of molecular breeding, the process will be speed up to develop nutrients-deficiency resilient ramie varieties as a sustainable, plant-based strategy for restoring degraded agricultural ecosystems and enhancing land productivity.

ABM-BOx is a mission-critical transformation engine, built to fast-track genetic gains, boost climate resilience, and modernize outdated breeding programs into agile, data-driven, demand-responsive innovation platforms setting a global benchmark. Rice plays a central role in global food security as climate threats continue to rise. Fast-tracking genetic gains and developing climate-resilient, market-preferred varieties require a bold, system-wide transformation of rice breeding practices worldwide. Baseline diagnostics of more than 25 national rice breeding programs across the Global South revealed critical bottlenecks: obsolete breeding strategy and scheme, fragmented workflows, limited technology access, and poor integration of seed system. This highlights the urgent need of breeding modernization to tackle rising food security risks. We introduce Accelerated Breeding Modernization-Breeding and Operational Excellence (ABM-BOx), a globally scalable framework to transform rice breeding programs into modern, data-driven, impact-oriented systems. ABM-BOx operationalizes a paradigm shift by translating the breeder's equation into real-world impact through two synergistic engines: Breeding Excellence (BE) and Operational Excellence (OE). BE focuses on enhancing genetic gains through demand-driven breeding, strategic parental selection, recurrent population breeding, simulation-driven breeding scheme optimization, genomic selection, and predictive breeding. These strategies increase selection intensity, selectionaccuracy and shorten the breeding cycle. OE ensures speed, efficiency, and scalability through speed breeding-fieldbased platforms, smart breeding-digital tools, breeding informatics-AI-powered decision tools, strategic costing-optimizing investments, and resilient seed systems. Additionally, Capacity Reinforcement and Functional Transformation-Accelerated Breeding Modernization (CRaFT-ABM) strengthens institutional capacity by focusing on talent, infrastructure, governance, and networks. More than a framework, ABM-BOx is a mission-critical transformation engine that drives innovation, speed, and impact to empower rice breeding efforts globally.

Salt stress is a critical abiotic factor that impairs crop seed germination and limits agricultural productivity. Elucidating the mechanisms governing salt tolerance is essential for development of salt-tolerant crop varieties. In this investigation, 217 accessions of highland barley ( Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste Linnaeus ) were evaluated. Germination assays conducted under 200 mmol/L and 500 mmol/L NaCl conditions identified a salt-tolerant variety 37 and a salt-sensitive variety 44. By integrating transcriptome sequencing, 16S rRNA sequencing, and Na + /K + content analysis, we systematically investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying salt-tolerant germination in highland barley seeds. Our findings revealed that the salt-tolerant variety 37 maintained a high germination rate of 98% under 500 mmol/L NaCl stress, with lower Na + accumulation (4.24 g/kg) and a lower Na + /K + ratio (2.59) compared to the salt-sensitive variety 44 (Na + accumulation: 4.89 g/kg, Na + /K + ratio: 3.62). Analysis of 16S rRNA sequencing data showed a significant increase in the abundance of the endophytic bacterium Brevundimonas in salt-tolerant variety 37 under high-salt conditions, which was positively correlated with K + content. In contrast, the dominant bacterium Rhodococcus in salt-sensitive variety 44 exhibited a positive correlation with Na + content and the Na + /K + ratio. Transcriptome sequencing identified 1,467 and 1,644 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in salt-tolerant variety 37 and salt-sensitive variety 44, respectively. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that DEGs in salt-tolerant variety 37 were primarily associated with “potassium ion homeostasis” and “response to oxidative stress”. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified 5 co-expression modules, among which the MEyellow module was correlated with Na + content (r = 0.59). Ten core genes were identified, including WRKY transcription factor ( HORVU.MOREX.r3.3HG0268090 ) and receptor protein kinase (RPK; HORVU.MOREX.r3.4HG0331910 ). A total of 174 HvRPK genes were identified, distributed across 7 chromosomes with a predominant localization on chromosome 2. These genes exhibited functional conservation and were involved in salt stress signaling pathways. Phylogenetic, collinearity, and cis-element analyses further supported their regulatory role in salt stress responses. This study clarifies the key mechanisms underlying salt-tolerant germination in highland barley seeds, providing valuable insights and genetic resources for the molecular breeding of salt-tolerant crops.

DnaJ proteins are established regulators of multiple physiological processes in plants, but their systematic identification and functional characterization in cotton remains largely uncharacterized, particularly regarding their roles in floral developmental regulation. In this study, based on genome-wide analysis of Gossypium hirsutum L., 372 DnaJ genes were systematically identified and phylogenetically classified into four distinct clades (I–IV). These genes exhibited non-uniform chromosomal distribution. Structural analysis revealed clade-specific variations in intron numbers and conserved motifs. Cis-acting element profiling indicated the roles of DnaJs in modulating biosynthetic and metabolic regulation during both vegetative and reproductive development in cotton. Transcriptomic analysis highlighted tissue-specific expression patterns, with GhDnaJ316 showing preferential expression in anthers and filaments. Functional validation via VIGS-mediated silencing confirmed GhDnaJ316 as a negative regulator of floral transition, accelerating budding by 7.7 days and flowering by 9.7 days in silenced plants. This study elucidates the genomic architecture of GhDnaJs, demonstrates GhDnaJ316’s critical role in floral development and provides insights for molecular breeding in early-maturing cotton.

BackgroundThe MBD gene family participates in key biological processes such as plant growth and development, hormonal signaling transduction, and stress response through epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. Broomcorn millet, an important drought-tolerant, barren-tolerant, and photoperiod-sensitive miscellaneous grain in northern China, the characteristics and functions of its MBD genes remain unclear.ResultsIn this study, 11 members of the MBD gene family were identified. Collinearity analysis revealed that the PmMBD gene family primarily expanded through fragment duplication, with some members showing collinearity to genes in rice, wheat, and maize. The promoter regions of PmMBDs contain various cis-regulatory elements associated with developmental regulation, hormone responses, and stress responses, which may be closely related to their diverse regulatory functions. Transcriptome data and qRT-PCR analysis revealed that PmMBD1, PmMBD2, PmMBD6, and PmMBD8 showed high expression levels in roots and leaves during the heading and jointing stages. qRT-PCR analysis under abiotic stress conditions revealed that PmMBDs exhibited significantly elevated expression in roots following ABA, salt, and PEG treatments.ConclusionsThe results of this study will help to further study the function of PmMBDs and provide important candidate gene resources and theoretical basis for the subsequent improvement of stress resistance and yield traits of broomcorn millet by molecular breeding methods.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-025-12183-8.

Lycium ruthenicum Murr. (Black goji), a medicinal and economically valuable crop rich in bioactive compounds, remains genomically understudied despite its expanding cultivation. To overcome limitations of traditional markers in genetic diversity analysis and molecular breeding, we employed specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) to develop genome-wide SNP markers and elucidate the genetic structure of 213 L. ruthenicum accessions from natural and cultivated populations in Alxa, China. We identified 827,630 SLAF tags and 33,121 high-quality SNPs uniformly distributed across 12 chromosomes, establishing the first high-density SNP database for this species. Population genetic analyses revealed three distinct genetic clusters with <60% geographic origin consistency, indicating weakened isolation due to anthropogenic germplasm exchange. The Qinghai Nuomuhong population exhibited the highest genetic diversity (Nei’s index = 0.253; Shannon’s index = 0.352), while low overall polymorphism (average PIC = 0.183) likely reflects SNP biallelic limitations and domestication bottlenecks. Notably, SNP-based clustering showed <40% concordance with phenotypic trait clustering (31 traits), underscoring environmental plasticity as a key driver of morphological variation. This study provides the first genome-wide SNP resource for L. ruthenicum, enabling marker-assisted breeding and highlighting the need for standardized germplasm management to mitigate genetic erosion.

The regulatory mechanism of brassinolide (BR) signaling in cucurbitaceae crops remains incompletely understood. Previous research demonstrated that the rice genes GW5 and GW5L modulate seed morphology via the BR pathway. However, the conservation of their orthologs in watermelon and their evolutionary trajectory are yet to be elucidated. In this study utilizing the watermelon 97103v2 genome, we identified 15 GW5-LIKE genes. Through structure, phylogenetic tree construction, collinearity, promoter and spatiotemporal expression analysis, we determined that ClGL1 to ClGL3 are the most closely related to GW5 and GW5L. Subsequently, two crucial materials were acquired: the inbred line Jing L6M harboring the homozygous mutant Clgl1, and the near-isogenic line Changhong, a Jing L6M backcross containing the wild-type allele ClGL1. Apart from the disparity in fruit morphology, a clear difference in seed shape was observed between the two. Furthermore, exogenous BR treatment demonstrated that ClGL1 positively regulated the BR signal, aligning with the positive impact of GW5 and GW5L. In conclusion, ClGL1 modulates the morphology of watermelon fruit and seed by enhancing BR signaling, which provides a key gene and theoretical basis for BR signaling evolution and molecular design breeding in Cucurbitaceae.

Understanding early embryonic development is fundamental for unraveling plant cell differentiation and organogenesis. Here we integrate multiomics data from 403 upland cotton ovules to identify 2,960 metabolic quantitative trait loci and 24,485 expression quantitative trait loci. A key locus, ME_A07, influencing 252 known metabolite levels and expression of 4,293 genes, with the MYB gene GhTT2_A07 identified as central regulator, potentially regulated by a 520 kb inversion. GhTT2_A07 orchestrated both primary and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, influencing agronomic traits. Another locus, ME_A06, driven by the MYB gene Proanthocyanidin Regulator (GhPAR), modulates proanthocyanin content and suggests an ecological adaptation. GhTT2_A07 and GhPAR exhibit both shared and distinct expression profiles, contributing variably to fiber quality and yield. These findings highlight the critical role of MYB genes in the early development of cotton ovules and fibers, offering comprehensive multiomics resources that advance cotton research and molecular breeding.

Genomic selection and reproducibility: are complex models distracting us from true scientific validity in the presence of genotype-by-environment interaction?

The vast majority of recurrent somatic mutations arising in tumors affect protein-coding genes in the nuclear genome. Here, through population-scale analysis of 14,106 whole tumor genomes, we report the discovery of highly recurrent mutations affecting both the small (12S, MT-RNR1) and large (16S, MT-RNR2) mitochondrial RNA subunits of the mitochondrial ribosome encoded within mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Compared to non-hotspot positions, mitochondrial rRNA hotspots preferentially affected positions under purifying selection in the germline and demonstrated structural clustering within the mitoribosome at mRNA and tRNA interacting positions. Using precision mtDNA base editing, we engineered models of an exemplar MT-RNR1 hotspot mutation, m.1227G>A. Multimodal profiling revealed a heteroplasmy-dependent decrease in mitochondrial function and loss of respiratory chain subunits from a heteroplasmic dosage of ~10%. Mutation of conserved positions in ribosomal RNA that disrupt mitochondrial translation therefore represent a class of functionally dominant, pathogenic mtDNA mutations that are under positive selection in cancer genomes.

The spur-type trait is an important breeding goal for apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) cultivar, due to its advantages in yield and orchard mechanical management. MdWRKY50 encoding a transcription factor were identified to have dramatically lower expression in spur type. RNA interference of it leads to significantly shortened internodes in transgenic apple plants, while its overexpression resulted in opposite phenotype. The shortened internode of transgenic apple with RNA interfered MdWRKY50 was in good correlation with the bioactive gibberellin (GA) level. Furthermore, MdWRKY50 was proved to directly binds to the promoter of MdGA3ox, encoding a rate-limiting biosynthetase in GA biosynthesis, as confirmed by Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR) and Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA). This binding up-regulated the expression of MdGA3ox. The low expression of MdWRKY50-MdGA3ox regulatory pathway is conserved across six spur-type apple cultivars in contrast to the high expressions across six standard-type apple cultivars. Our findings established a MdWRKY50-MdGA3ox module regulating GA-mediated internode elongation and coorelating with spur-type formation, which might contribute to the molecular breeding of spur-type cultivars adapted to high-density, mechanized apple orchards.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-025-07496-5.

Gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus Kunth) is a promising forage alternative for Brazil’s Cerrado regions, attracting increasing research interest due to its potential to complement or replace widely planted species such as Urochloa and Megathyrsus. Despite the release of three cultivars, significant improvements in dry matter (DM) yield and forage quality are needed to fully realize its agronomic potential. This study aimed to evaluate genetic variability, estimate narrow sense heritability, and predict expected genetic gains for DM yield and key forage quality traits in two gamba grass populations derived from the cultivars BRS Sarandi and Planaltina. Trials were established in spring 2017 in Planaltina, DF, and evaluated during February–March 2018 and January–March 2019. Crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose (CEL), and hemicellulose (HEMIC) were quantified alongside DM yield. BRS Sarandi exhibited higher CP (12.3% vs. 9.8%) and lower NDF (57.1% vs. 63.4%), ADF (36.2% vs. 41.5%), CEL (20.8% vs. 23.7%), and HEMIC (20.9% vs. 21.9%) compared to Planaltina, while DM yield did not differ significantly between populations (4.57 t·ha−1 vs. 4.50 t·ha−1 per harvest, p > 0.05). Heritability estimates for individual harvests ranged from 0.31 to 0.68 for DM yield and 0.28 to 0.62 for quality traits, whereas multi-harvest models across years yielded lower estimates (0.07–0.27). Expected annual genetic gains were modest, with the highest predicted increase for CP (0.45% per year) and the largest decrease for NDF (−0.78% per year), reflecting the quantitative nature of trait inheritance and strong environmental influence. This study provides novel insights by simultaneously comparing two populations for multiple harvests and quantifying both yield and detailed forage quality traits, offering practical guidance for gamba grass breeding strategies. Results indicate that breeding programs should prioritize multiple selection cycles, precise phenotyping, genotypic and potentially genomic selection to accelerate improvement in both DM yield and forage quality, overcoming the constraints of low heritability and multi-trait selection.

Wool traits such as fiber diameter, fiber length, and greasy fleece yield are economically significant characteristics in sheep breeding programs. Traditional genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified relevant genomic regions but often fail to capture the non-linear and polygenic architecture underlying these traits. In this study, we implemented a two-stage machine learning (ML)-based GWAS framework to dissect the genetic basis of wool traits in Central Anatolian Merino sheep. Phenotypic records were collected from 228 animals, genotyped with the Illumina OvineSNP50 BeadChip. In the first stage, feature selection was conducted using LASSO, Ridge Regression, and Elastic Net, generating a consensus SNP panel per trait. In the second stage, association modeling with Random Forest and Support Vector Regression (SVR) identified the most predictive models (R2 up to 0.86). Candidate gene annotation highlighted biologically relevant loci: MTHFD2L and EPGN (folate metabolism and keratinocyte proliferation) for fiber diameter; COL5A2, COL3A1, ITFG1, and ELMO1 (extracellular matrix integrity and actin remodeling) for staple length; and FAP, DPP4, PLCH1, and NPTX1 (extracellular matrix remodeling, proteolysis, and sebaceous gland function) for greasy fleece yield. These findings demonstrate the utility of ML-enhanced GWAS pipelines in identifying biologically meaningful markers and propose novel targets for genomic selection strategies to improve wool quality and yield in indigenous sheep populations.

Background/Objectives: Bacterial blight (BB) represents one of the most devastating diseases threatening global rice production. Exploring and characterizing disease resistance (R) genes provides an effective strategy for controlling BB and enhancing rice resilience. Common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) serves as a valuable reservoir of genetic diversity and disease resistance resources. In this study, we identified and functionally characterized a novel NLR gene, YPR1, from common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon), which exhibited significant spatial, temporal, and tissue-specific expression patterns. Methods: Using a combination of conventional PCR, RT-PCR, bioinformatics, transgenic analysis, and CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing approaches, the full-length YPR1 sequence was successfully cloned. Results: The gene spans 4689 bp with a coding sequence (CDS) of 2979 bp, encoding a 992-amino acid protein. Protein domain prediction revealed that YPR1 is a typical CNL-type NLR protein, comprising RX-CC_like, NB-ARC, and LRR domains. The predicted molecular weight of the protein is 112.43 kDa, and the theoretical isoelectric point (pI) is 8.36. The absence of both signal peptide and transmembrane domains suggests that YPR1 functions intracellularly. Furthermore, the presence of multiple phosphorylation sites across diverse residues implies a potential role for post-translational regulation in its signal transduction function. Sequence alignment showed that YPR1 shared 94.02% similarity with Os09g34160 and up to 96.47% identity with its closest homolog in the NCBI database, confirming that YPR1 is a previously unreported gene. To verify its role in disease resistance, an overexpression vector (Ubi–YPR1) was constructed and introduced into the BB-susceptible rice cultivar JG30 via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. T1 transgenic lines were subsequently inoculated with 15 highly virulent Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) strains. The transgenic plants exhibited strong resistance to eight strains (YM1, YM187, C1, C5, C6, T7147, PB, and HZhj19), demonstrating a broad-spectrum resistance pattern. Conversely, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of YPR1 in common wild rice resulted in increased susceptibility to most Xoo strains. Although the resistance of knockout lines to strains C7 and YM187 was comparable to that of the wild type (YPWT), the majority of knockout plants exhibited more severe symptoms and significantly lower YPR1 expression levels compared with YPWT. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings demonstrate that YPR1 plays a crucial role in bacterial blight resistance in common wild rice. As a novel CNL-type NLR gene conferring specific resistance to multiple Xoo strains, YPR1 provides a promising genetic resource for the molecular breeding of BB-resistant rice varieties.

Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) is a globally important vegetable crop whose fruit glossiness serves as a key quality trait influencing consumer preference and market value. This review summarizes the measurement methods, influencing factors, and molecular regulatory mechanisms of pepper fruit surface glossiness, as well as the correlation between post-harvest changes in carotenoid content and fruit surface glossiness, aiming to provide references for the molecular breeding of high-gloss pepper cultivars. Pepper fruit glossiness is primarily determined by cuticle structure and composition. The content and arrangement of cuticular crystals significantly affect the specular reflection and diffuse reflection on the fruit surface. The ordered arrangement of long-chain alkanes enhances the anisotropy of specular highlights, reduces the contrast of diffuse reflection, and forms a high-gloss surface. In contrast, the imbalance of wax components or disordered accumulation of crystals leads to increased light scattering, resulting in a matte phenotype. Furthermore, carotenoid content strongly correlates with L*, a*, and b*, critically influencing fruit color intensity and hue. Currently, there are still several issues in the research on pepper glossiness, including the lack of standardized measurement methods, unclear gene regulatory networks, and unknown pathways related to post-harvest gloss maintenance and environmental responses. In the future, we should promote the combination of multiple technologies to establish unified measurement standards; integrate multi-omics to identify key genes; develop targeted preservation technologies based on the law of fruit gloss degradation; and breed pepper cultivars with high glossiness and good storage performance.

Evaluating genomic breeding programs for a small dairy cattle population with widespread use of private bulls.

Osmanthus fragrans is a traditional and famous woody fragrant flowering plant in China with high ornamental value, edible value, and economic value. Due to the long juvenile period, complex reproductive system, and high heterozygosity of O. fragrans , it is difficult to develop new cultivars via traditional crossbreeding methods. Therefore, molecular breeding via genetic engineering, that is, the use of genetic transformation technology, is targeted to improve the traits of O. fragrans . In this study, we established an Agrobacterium -mediated genetic transformation system of O. fragrans by optimizing tissue culture regeneration system of Osmanthus , and using stem segment of O. fragrans sterile seedling as transformation receptor. The culture medium that is optimal for seed buds emergence is Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) + 3.0 mg/L 6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BA) + 0.10 mg/L α-Naphthylacetic acid (NAA), which results on an average bud emergence percentage of 96.53%. For stem differentiation, the optimal culture medium is B5 medium (B5) + 0.5 mg/L Thidiazuron (TDZ) + 0.05 mg/L NAA, which results on an average bud emergence rate of 75.93%. The most suitable medium for shoot rooting is 1/2 MS + 2.0 mg/L NAA, which results on an average rooting rate of 31.48%. An overexpression vector was constructed with the O. fragrans flower color-related gene OfGGPPS1 as an objective gene, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used to transform O. fragrans histoculture seedlings. Quantitative analysis of the transformed plant bodies revealed high expression of the target gene, indicating successful transformation. Therefore, this method can be used for the study of gene function in O. fragrans and provides a reference for the exploration of gene function in other plant species.

Genome-wide analysis of R2R3-MYB transcription factors in Chrysanthemum seticuspe and C. morifolium and their roles in response to high-light stress.