Modified Eggshell Membrane Research Articles

Ionic liquid functionalized egg residues as efficient biosorbents for anionic orange G dye

ABSTRACT Ionic liquid functionalised egg residues were tested for their biosorption ability towards water soluble anionic ‘orange G’ dye. Egg residues after ionic liquid treatment were characterised via FTIR, SEM and TGA. Adsorption process was optimised by evaluating different experimental parameters including effect of adsorbent dose, contact time, agitation speed, temperature and pH. Modified egg shell membrane (MESM) exhibited higher efficiency for orange G dye adsorption followed by unmodified egg shell membrane (ESM) and powdered egg shell (PES). Equilibrium states were achieved in 1 hour for the different studied initial dye concentrations at acidic pH, 120 rpm and 30°C. Under optimum conditions >95% dye is removed with 27 mg/g adsorption capacity of MESM for 80 ppm dye solution. Study was further extended to find the best-fitted kinetic and isothermal model. It was found that the process follows pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isothermal model. Adsorbent was regenerated and reused without significant loss of efficiency. This research work presented that ionic liquid modified egg shell membrane is highly efficient with regard to its ecological perspective and cost effectiveness for the removal of toxic dye from wastewater.

Immobilization of Urease onto Modified Egg Shell Membrane through Cross Linking

Background:Immobilization is an approach in industry to improve stability and reusability of urease. The efficiency of this technique depends on the type of membrane and the method of stabilization. Methods:The PEI-modified egg shell membrane was used to immobilize urease by absorption and glutaraldehyde cross-linking methods. The membranes were characterized by FTIR and AFM, and Nessler method was applied to measure the kinetic of the immobilized enzymes. Finally, the storage stability (6 °C for 21 days) and reusability (until enzyme activity reached to zero) of the immobilized enzymes were investigated. Results:Based on FTIR, three new peaks were observed in both the absorption- (at 1389.7, 1230.8, and 1074.2 cm-1) and the cross-linking (at 1615-1690, 1392.7, 1450 cm-1) immobilized enzymes. The surface roughness of the native membrane was altered after PEI treatment and enzyme immobilization. The optimal pH of cross-linking immobilized enzymes was shifted to a more neutral pH, while it was alkaline in adsorption-immobilized and free enzymes. The reaction time decreased in all immobilized enzymes (100 min for free enzyme vs. 60 and 30 min after immobilizing by adsorption and cross-linking methods, respectively). The optimal temperature for all enzymes was 70 °C and they had a higher Km and a lower Vmax than free enzyme. The stability and reusability of urease were improved by both methods. Conclusion:Our findings propose these approaches as promising ways to enhance the urease efficiency for its applications in industries and medicines.

Adsorption of heavy metal with modified eggshell membrane and the in situ synthesis of Cu-Ag/modified eggshell membrane composites.

The objectives of this study were to remove heavy metals from wastewater through the biosorption method with modified biomass as an effective sorbent and to prepare metal/biomass composites with the same modified biomass as a direct template. Eggshell membrane (ESM) was selected and modified to adsorb heavy metals. Adsorption of metal ions on the modified ESM (MESM) might be attributed to electrostatic interaction, ion exchange and coordination effect with chelating ligands containing N and S on the surface of the MESM. The pH of the solution was a key factor affecting the adsorption. The Cu–Ag/MESM composites with uniform Cu–Ag NPs were prepared with MESM as matrices, and with Cu2+ and Ag+ adsorbed as metal sources. The Cu–Ag/MESM showed excellent catalytic performance in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in the aqueous phase. Because of the high stability of the Cu–Ag NPs supported on the macro-dimension supporter, Cu–Ag/MESM can be easily separated after the catalytic reaction and recycled.

Thermo-chemical modification of a natural biomembrane to induce mucoadhesion, pH sensitivity and anisotropic mechanical properties.

In the present study due to the distinctive mechanochemical/biological characteristics of natural biomembranes, we state the preparation, characterization and cytocompatibility of modified eggshell membrane (ESM) by citric acid (CA) for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. FTIR spectroscopy and CHNS analysis demonstrated the successful reaction of ESM with CA. Also, successful modification of the ESM was observed by the change in thermogravimetric analysis. SEM micrographs of neat ESM and ESM-CA gave further insight into membranes morphology and revealed that aligned oriented fibrous frameworks were prepared using thermo-chemical process. The ESM-CA displayed dense and orderly shapes with tailorable architectures to mimic the intended tissue. Moreover, mechanical analyzes for ESM-CA indicated anisotropic mechanical properties and proved that the ESM-CA could induce enhanced mucoadhesion, because of the existence of an enormous amounts of functional groups. It was found that by modification of ESM the swelling behavior was significantly changed. Indomethacin release from the ESM-CA showed enhanced pH sensitivity. The modified membranes have clearly presented adequate mucoadhesion, pH sensitivity and cell viability which can be tailored for potential use in controlled lipophilic drug delivery systems and tissue engineering.

MXene debris modified eggshell membrane as separator for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries

A functional separator (MXene/ESM) to suppress the lithium polysulfides shuttling via coating MXene debris on one surface of a biodegradable eggshell membrane (ESM) is designed to enhance the electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries. The excellent electronic conductivity of the porous MXene debris, and the good mechanical strength, superior thermal stability as well as large electrolyte infiltration of ESM make MXene/ESM an ideal separator for high-performance Li-S batteries. The strong chemisorption induced from both Ti-S bond formed between Ti atom in MXene and the lithium polysulfides by the Lewis acid-base interaction and affinity of O and N containing functional groups on ESM to the lithium polysulfides greatly prevents the shuttling effect of the polysulfides. Compared with a commercial polypropylene separator, the Li-S battery with the MXene/ESM separator containing a KJC/S cathode and a Li metal anode displays greatly improved cycling stability with a capacity retention of 74% after 250 cycles at 0.5 C, while the Li-S battery with a polypropylene separator remains only 11%. The rate performance of Li-S battery with the MXene/ESM separator has also been enhanced compared to that with a polypropylene separator. Specifically, the Li-S battery with the MXene/ESM separator has a discharge capacity of 1321 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, 1112 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, 1003 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C and 948 mAh g−1 at 1 C.

Eggshell membrane as a novel bio sorbent for remediation of boron from desalinated water

This study investigated the use of eggshell membrane (ESM) as a bio-sorbent and the effect of temperature, pH, and initial concentration on its efficiency. Furthermore, by altering the chemical composition, modified eggshell membrane (MESM) was prepared, and its efficiency was compared with the ESM. Results showed that the adsorption of boron preferred an acidic condition; pH 6 at 35 °C. In addition, the positive value of ΔH° suggested that the reaction favored endothermic pathway, while the negative value for ΔG° further suggested that the adsorption process was spontaneous. Furthermore, the ESM could adsorb 97% of boron, while MESM was able to adsorb 95%. From the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), different functional groups were recorded on the surface of the ESM and MESM, and they played key role in the boron adsorption mechanisms. Linear Freundlich model was suggested to best describe the experimental data with 99.4% correlation coefficient.

Evaluation of a mixed anionic-nonionic surfactant modified eggshell membrane as an advantageous adsorbent for the solid-phase extraction of Sudan I-IV as model analytes.

The coadsorption of mixed anionic-nonionic surfactants, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate with Triton X-100, on the surface of eggshell membrane was investigated based on adsorption isotherms to improve the solid-phase extraction performance of eggshell membrane toward organic contaminants. Results showed that even though excess Triton X-100 might inhibit the adsorption of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, a low dosage of Triton X-100 can significantly improve sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate modification and enhance the extraction efficiency of eggshell membrane from 73.7 to 100.4% because of the formation of mixed hemimicelles. The highest recovery was achieved at 2:8 (Triton X-100/sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate mass ratios), and multiple mechanisms involving π-π interactions, hydrophobic effect, and π-π electron donor-acceptor interactions contributed to the strong extraction affinity. When mixed, the Triton X-100 and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate modified eggshell membrane packed cartridge coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography was applied for the simultaneous determination of trace Sudan I-IV, and low detection limits (0.16-0.26ng/L) were achieved with satisfactory linearity (R2 >0.999) in 10-10000μg/L. For real samples, Sudan II and III in one chilli sauce sample were found at 4.3 and 1.7μg/kg. Sudan I-IV recoveries at three spiked levels were 87.4-102.9% with precisions <6.8%. Comparison with commonly used solid-phase extraction adsorbents and methods further reflected the superiorities of the proposed adsorbent in sensitivity, retention ability, and applicability.

Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of Polyphenols in Tea and Wine with Differential Pulse Voltammetry and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Utilizing Tyrosinase and Gold Nanoparticles Decorated Biomembrane

This paper reports a biocompatible sensor based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and enzyme tyrosinase (Tyr) modified egg shell membrane (ESM) on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as an effective analytical tool for the detection of polyphenols. AuNPs were synthesized on the membrane from gold chloride solution (HAuCl4) without the application of toxic reducing agent. The sensor exhibited excellent linear relationship (r > 0.99) with micromolar concentrations of analyte and high sensitivity in differential pulse voltammetry for gallic acid (GA), caffeic acid (CA) and catechin hydrate (CH). The detection limits were found to be 1.707 μM, 0.752 μM and 0.714 μM for GA, CA and CH respectively (S/N = 3) at three different anodic potentials vs Ag/AgCl reference electrode (pH 6). Results showed good sensor reusability without loss of sensitivity. Modified membrane without AuNPs was also analyzed to detect polyphenol content by simple colorimetry. The modified sensor was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The developed sensor was successfully employed for detection of polyphenol content in commercially available tea and wine samples and results compared to traditional methods e.g. HPLC. The sensitivity values (193.9, 82 and 73.4 nA μM−1 cm−2 for CH, GA and CA) were high enough making the method a promising tool for practical gradation of real samples.

Application of Ferritin Modified Eggshell Membrane in Heavy Metal Ion Uptake and Recovery

A ferritin mutant A1C with 24 free SH groups on its outer surface was prepared, which was successfully cross-linked to hen eggshell membrane outer layer (ESM-OL) by a disulfide linkage as characterized by SEM and TEM. Generally, this ferritin conjugated ESM-OL (Ft-ESM-OL) exhibited a significantly higher activity of heavy metal ion uptake as compared to ESM-OL alone under the same experimental conditions. For example, the adsorption capacity of Ft-ESM-OL for U6+ and Fe2+ were 21.16% and 18.4% higher than that of natural ESM-OL, respectively. On the other hand, the recovery capacity of Fe2+ by Ft-ESM-OL was 8.11 mg/g ESM, a value 67.9% higher than that of natural ESM-OL. Thus, this newly ferritin-modified ESM-OL greatly improved the adsorption and recovery efficiency of heavy metal ion as compared to ESM-OL alone.

A label‐free immunoassay using eggshell membrane as matrix and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) as light‐scattering enhancer

A label-free immunoassay system using eggshell membrane as a matrix was developed. A common spectrofluorometer was used to collect light-scattering signals. The rabbit anti-human IgG (Ab) was first immobilized on the eggshell membrane with glutaraldehyde. Then, based on the immunoreactions and electrostatic interaction, the target human IgG antigen (Ag) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) were captured on the eggshell membrane. It was found that the light-scattering signal resulting from the PDDA immunotargeted on modified eggshell membrane was related to the concentration of target antigen. Under the optimal conditions, the light scattering intensity is directly proportional to the concentration of Ag in the range of 5.00-500 ng/mL (r = 0.995) with the limit of detection of 2.31 ng/mL [signal:noise ratio (S:N) = 3]. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of IgG in human serum, and the results were in agreement with those obtained by a general immunonephelometric method.

Polyethyleneimine modified eggshell membrane as a novel biosorbent for adsorption and detoxification of Cr(VI) from water

The polyethyleneimine (PEI) functionalized biosorbent which uses an eggshell membrane (ESM) as a model was synthesized based on the cross linking reaction between aldehydes in glutaraldehyde and functional groups such as amines and amides in ESM. The as-prepared biosorbent (PEI–ESM) strongly interacted with chromium(VI). After modification, the dynamic uptake capacity of the PEI–ESM increased by 105% compared with the control, and the maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) can reach about 160 mg g−1 with an initial pH of 3.0. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm was applicable to fit the removal process. Kinetics of the Cr(VI) removal were found to follow a pseudo-second-order rate equation. The results obtained by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis (XPS), performed on the as-prepared biosorbent before and after Cr(VI) adsorption, suggested that some of adsorbed Cr(VI) anions were reduced to Cr(III) in Cr2O3 or Cr(OH)3 during the sorption process, demonstrating that the PEI–ESM could detoxify Cr(VI). The developed biosorbent promises advantages such as low cost, high adsorption capacity, Cr(VI) detoxification, and environmental friendliness.

On working steam expansively in marine engines

This study investigated the use of eggshell membrane (ESM) as a bio-sorbent and the effect of temperature, pH, and initial concentration on its efficiency. Furthermore, by altering the chemical composition, modified eggshell membrane (MESM) was prepared, and its efficiency was compared with the ESM. Results showed that the adsorption of boron preferred an acidic condition; pH 6 at 35 °C. In addition, the positive value of ΔH° suggested that the reaction favored endothermic pathway, while the negative value for ΔG° further suggested that the adsorption process was spontaneous. Furthermore, the ESM could adsorb 97% of boron, while MESM was able to adsorb 95%. From the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), different functional groups were recorded on the surface of the ESM and MESM, and they played key role in the boron adsorption mechanisms. Linear Freundlich model was suggested to best describe the experimental data with 99.4% correlation coefficient.