Mode In China Research Articles

Spatial patterns of net greenhouse gas balance and intensity in Chinese orchard system.

Fruit production has been expanding due to the pursuit of healthier lifestyles in China. Determining the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions status of the orchard system could contribute to adopting appropriate measures to alleviate climate change pressure from the growing fruit production. In this study, the net GHG balance and GHG intensity (GHGI) in the Chinese fruit production were estimated at the regional level using a meta-analysis based on databases compiled from relevant publications during 2000-2019, including soil nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions or uptake, upstream carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions related to farm practices, and the change of soil organic carbon (SOC) storage from the life cycle perspective. Results showed that the net GHG balance and GHGI varied among six regions, with ranges of 6.4±0.3 to 10.0±0.6Mg CO2e ha-1yr-1, and 2.2±0.2 to 3.0±0.2kg CO2e kg-1, respectively. Synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilization was the largest source of overall GHG emissions from fruit production throughout China, accounting for 46% and ranging from 43% to 55% in the six fruit production regions. Fertilizer-induced N2O emissions were responsible for 22-31% of the total GHG emissions, and the N2O-N emission factor was identified as 0.7%. Also, power use for irrigation contributed a non-negligible 17% to the emissions on a national level, yet with large regional variations. In addition, fruit production in North, Northeast, Central, and East, and South China have relatively lower GHGIs than in Northwest and Southwest China. The estimated total GHG emissions from the Chinese fruit production were 102 Tg CO2e, with the contribution of SOC change to a decrease by 11% for the year 2018. Our results highlight an urgency to lower fruit production-related carbon emissions by extending optimized N fertilization and irrigation modes in China's orchard system.

High-speed railway and tourism development in China

High-speed railway (HSR) is a new and increasingly popular transportation mode in China bringing about a significant impact on the economy, including tourism development. This article investigates the effect of HSR on tourism development in China based on a time-varying difference-in-differences model. Cities connected by HSR in 2013 and 2014 are regarded as the treatment group, while those without HSR services until 2017 are placed in the control group. The empirical analyses cover a large panel dataset comprising 163 cities in 2009–2017. The empirical results suggest that both domestic tourism revenue and tourist number are positively affected by HSR, and the effect is stronger for the undeveloped or geopolitically less important regions such as the inland or prefecture-level cities. Other relevant determinants of tourism include the availability of airports and the number of hotels in the cities. Our research findings have important policy implications for tourism development in China with respect to HSR.

Exploration and Application of Double Track Teaching Mode of Jade Carving Course in Independent College: Taking Jade Carving Course of Guangzhou College of South China University of Technology as an Example

Based on the actual situation of jade carving course in Guangzhou College of South China University of Technology, through the comparison between the two track teaching mode and the traditional jade carving classroom teaching mode in China, this paper explores how the master studio and the university classroom can jointly cultivate the creative application ability of jade carving design talents. From the practice of curriculum teaching, we can conclude three construction stages of the two track teaching mode: 1.Early stage: With the help of master studios, we can cultivate students' jade carving skill and help the construction of jade carving laboratory; 2. Middle stage: Master studios and full-time teachers of the college jointly teach the jade carving design course; 3.Later stage: Multi course intersection to improve the overall teaching quality.Through the three-stage curriculum construction, the students' practical ability and expressive ability of the combination of skill and art, and teachers' jade carving creation level and teaching skill could be strengthened, and the construction of jade carving laboratory scould be improved. Finally, the orderly and healthy development of the jade carving technology creation course will earnestly be promoted.

Development and application of a life cycle energy consumption and CO2 emissions analysis model for high-speed railway transport in China

China's high-speed railway (HSR) is booming recently, the HSR's performance of energy conservation and carbon reduction has attracted much attention. This study developed a new life cycle model of energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on China's HSR by life cycle analysis (LCA), covering the stages of infrastructure, HSR train, and operation, based on the TLCAM (Tsinghua-LCA Model). A case of the Beijing–Shanghai HSR has been studied to show that the full life cycle energy consumption and GHG emissions of HSR transportation are 0.4 MJ km−1 per capita and 0.04 kg CO2e km−1 per capita, respectively, which are far less than aviation, gasoline vehicles, diesel vehicles, electric vehicles and public vehicles. With the cleaner power structure and the progress of HSR train technology, the energy consumption and carbon emissions of HSR in 2020 could be reduced by 20% compared to 2015. This study indicates that electricity generation mix structure and full load rate are important factors influencing the life-cycle energy consumption and GHG emissions of HSR transportation. It is recommended to improve the coverage of HSR network, accelerate train upgrades, improve the full load rate of HSR trains, and promote the low-carbon development of electricity supply to strengthen and realize the low-carbon advantage of HSR transport mode in China. HSR transportation can be used to achieve the low carbon transformation of China's transportation sector and improve oil supply safety situation.

RETRACTED: Agricultural operation mode selection and development mechanism in ecological fragile areas under the background of china’s rural revitalization

Ecological civilization construction and rural revitalization is a strategic decision made by the central government to solve the problems of ecological protection and rural sustainable poverty alleviation. At present, the dominant agricultural operation modes in China can be roughly divided into three types: family farm mode, agricultural enterprise mode and cooperative mode. Practice has proved that different agricultural operation modes have different effects. In ecological fragile areas, how to adopt agricultural operation modes can not only promote agricultural prosperity and increase farmers' income, but also protect the ecological environment and promote the coordinated development of ecology and economy needs further analysis. Based on the current rural revitalization strategy and ecological protection background, this paper analyzes the operation mechanism of agricultural operation mode from the principal-agent and ecological land rent theory, and analyzes the development dimensions of advantageous agriculture of various modes. On the basis of rural and farmers, this paper provides references for the selection of agricultural operation mode in different regions. There are many factors that need to be considered in the choice of agricultural operation mode in ecological fragile area. In the future, each region should conduct analysis and treatment according to its own actual situation.

Intra-group Debt Guarantees and Audit Pricing: Risk Diffusion or Risk Neutralization

From the perspective of the groups formed by listed companies and their subsidiaries, there may be “risk diffusion” effect and “risk neutralization” effect in the debt guarantee of listed companies to their subsidiaries, but it is regrettable that the existing studies have not made a distinction between them. However, under the risk-oriented audit mode in China, the risk level of the auditee directly affects the audit pricing behavior of CPA. In view of this, this paper examines the relationship between debt guarantees and audit pricing of listed companies within the group. The results show that: The debt guarantee for subsidiaries of listed companies within the group improves the audit pricing by enhancing the financial risk and operational risk of listed companies; further research shows that, compared with the debt guarantee of state-owned enterprises and guarantee mode, if the listed company is the debt guarantee of non-state-owned enterprises and joint and several liability, its debt guarantee for subsidiaries will enhance the audit pricing. When the financial level of listed companies is higher, the debt guarantee for subsidiaries will lead to the increase of audit pricing, and good internal control can inhibit the increase of audit pricing caused by the debt guarantee of listed companies. Therefore, this paper argues that listed companies should reasonably choose the way of debt guarantees, and comprehensively study and judge the possible risk points of debt guarantees for subsidiaries, so as to judge whether to guarantee the subsidiaries; the subsidiaries should comprehensively analyze their own resource endowment, financial ability and comprehensive governance ability, so as to prevent the transmission of credit risk to the parent company as far as possible, and curb the group as a whole; auditors should consider the risk points of debt guarantees of listed companies to subsidiaries and the complexity of obtaining audit evidence, and reasonably determine audit fees.The possible contributions of this paper are as follows: （1）From the perspective of group as a whole, studying the relationship between debt guarantees and audit pricing of listed companies within the group can provide a new theoretical explanation for the relationship between debt guarantees and audit pricing of listed companies to subsidiaries. （2）Mining the basic path of debt guarantees for subsidiaries of listed companies to improve audit pricing can reveal the deep logic of listed companies’ debt guarantee on subsidiaries’ audit pricing. （3）The investigation of cross-sectional characteristics of listed companies, such as the nature of property rights, the way of debt guarantees, the level of financialization and the quality of internal control, can provide important empirical evidence for understanding the constraints between debt guarantees and audit pricing. It is helpful for listed companies to prevent and control the risk of debt guarantees, and provide important decision-making basis for CPA audit pricing.

RETRACTED: A quantitative analysis of tennis physical education research based on CiteSpaceIII

As one of the main driving forces to promote the development of tennis in China, tennis research force is an important means to guide the scientific development of tennis. To understand the development characteristics of tennis sports teaching mode in China and its research trend, so as to provide theoretical basis for subsequent research and practice of reference, this research to our country sports core journals from 2005 to 2019 in the 420 tennis research paper as the research object, using literature method, econometric analysis method, with CiteSpaceIII analysis software support for identificated, research topics, such as citation characteristics were analyzed. The results of this paper show that the number of tennis-related posts increases in waves. The research category is mainly descriptive research, but the proportion of research topic types is unbalanced. Citation types are mainly periodicals, and the ratio of citation types is unbalanced.

Design of the Distribution Network for a “Collect-on- Delivery” Company in a Metropolitan Context using Simulated Annealing with Path Relinking

Parcel delivery service by collect-on-delivery (COD, a.k.a. cash-on-delivery) companies is a new distribution mode in China. The design of the distribution network of a COD company in urban areas is of great importance and a relatively new research direction. In this paper, we aim to model this distribution n etwork as a two-echelon location routing problem (2E-LRP) and propose a novel efficient optimization algorithm by combining simula ted annealing (SA) and path relinking (PR) to solve this NP combinatorial optimization problem. The experimental results are reported for 84 test problems from Nguyen's, Prodhon's, and Sterle 's benchmark. They indicate that the proposed SA-PR algorithm is competitive with other existing state-of-art algorithms for 2E-LRP from the perspectives of both quality of solution and computational time. Therefore, SA-PR is an effective metaheuristic to solve 2E-LRP problems, i.e., design distribution network of a COD company in a metropolitan context.

Physical versus economic water footprints in crop production: a spatial and temporal analysis for China

Abstract. A core goal of sustainable agricultural water resources management is to implement a lower water footprint (WF), i.e. higher water productivity, and to maximize economic benefits in crop production. However, previous studies mostly focused on crop water productivity from a single physical perspective. Little attention is paid to synergies and trade-offs between water consumption and economic value creation of crop production. Distinguishing between blue and green water composition, grain and cash crops, and irrigation and rainfed production modes in China, this study calculates the production-based WF (PWF) and derives the economic value-based WF (EWF) of 14 major crops in 31 provinces for each year over 2001–2016. The synergy evaluation index (SI) of PWF and EWF is proposed to reveal the synergies and trade-offs of crop water productivity and its economic value from the WF perspective. Results show that both the PWF and EWF of most considered crops in China decreased with the increase in crop yield and prices. The high (low) values of both the PWF and EWF of grain crops tended to cluster obviously in space and there existed a huge difference between blue and green water in economic value creation. Moreover, the SI revealed a serious incongruity between PWFs and EWFs both in grain and cash crops. Negative SI values occurred mostly in north-west China for grain crops, and overall more often and with lower values for cash crops. Unreasonable regional planting structure and crop prices resulted in this incongruity, suggesting the need to promote regional coordinated development to adjust the planting structure according to local conditions and to regulate crop prices rationally.

Application of SWOT-CLPV Model in China’s Hierarchical Medical Mode

Medical service system is a complex system composed of different interest related factors. The core of hierarchical medical mode is to deal with different levels and types of medical institutions to ensure the coordinated operation. In view of the reform of medical and health system, combined with the current situation of China’s medical system, this paper constructs the SWOT-CLPV model of hierarchical medical in China, sorts out the advantages, disadvantages, opportunities and threats of the hierarchical medical mode in China, further explores its inhibition, problem, leverage effect and vulnerability, and studies the development strategy of hierarchical medical.

Research on Time Bank’s Mutual-support Old-aged Care Mode Based on Blockchain Technology

With the development trend of aging and low fertility in China, disability and dementia increase year by year in the elderly population. The demand of long-term life care service for the elderly with disability and dementia brings great challenges to the service supply and funds of the traditional endowment insurance model. However, with the application of blockchain technology, the Time Bank’s mutual-support old-aged care mode can better solve the above problems. First, the author uses SWOT analysis to comprehensively analyze the advantages, difficulties, opportunities and challenges of the Time Bank’s Mutual-support for the Aged mode in China, then the blockchain technology is applied to this mode, finally the corresponding optimization scheme and suggestions are put forward.

Modeling Adoption Behavior of Prefabricated Building with Multiagent Interaction: System Dynamics Analysis Based on Data of Jiangsu Province.

In recent years, the development of prefabricated building (PB) mode in China has gradually attracted the attention of stakeholders. It is of great significance to explore the adoption behavior of PB mode by Chinese construction enterprises. Using the method of combining evolutionary game theory with system dynamics and considering the multiagent interaction of the government, construction enterprises, and consumers, as well as the influence of multiple factors, this paper constructs a model of construction enterprises' adoption behavior of PB mode. The purpose is to clarify the mechanism of Chinese construction enterprises' adoption behavior of PB mode and the evolution law of market share. The research results show the following. Firstly, government subsidy plays an important role in promoting the maturity of PB market, but it plays a relatively small role in the more mature and stable market. Secondly, the higher the initial acceptance probability of the construction enterprise, the greater the peak of the PB market share and the greater the volatility, but it has no differential impact on the balance of the PB market in the later stage. Thirdly, price factors and quality factors, respectively, have an important impact on the increase of the PB market share in the early and late stages of the formation of the PB market, but the delivery waiting time factor has no significant impact on the PB market share.

Comprehensive Evaluation Study of the Owners under the General Contracting Mode of the Project

How do owners balance the management and encouragement of general contractors under EPC mode not only affect the project construction effect, but also hinder the promotion of EPC mode. Referring to the theory of evaluation and the thought of performance evaluation, this paper puts forward a set of novel comprehensive evaluation methods from five aspects: comprehensive evaluation index system, comprehensive evaluation method system, grading rules, method and index weighting and comprehensive evaluation. Through the construction of a reasonable comprehensive evaluation framework, it aims to coordinate the commonly used management forces and means of existing engineering construction, objectively and reasonably evaluate the general contractor’s behavior and project construction effect, solve the practical problem of difficult owner supervision under EPC mode, and promote the popularization and application of EPC mode in China.

Research on the Integration Development Mode of China’s Media Industry and Capital Market

With the rapid development of Internet and digital technology, China’s media industry has been developing rapidly in this context, but at the same time, it also exposed some practical problems such as the shortage of funds. The effective integration with the capital market is the future development trend. Therefore, this paper establishes the research on the integration development mode of China’s media industry and capital market. This paper makes an in-depth study on the current media industry and capital market. Through this study, it is believed that the current media industry in China has reached the bottleneck of development, and the shortage of funds has restricted the sustainable development of enterprises. The capital market is also optimistic about the market prospect of media industry, but it is subject to the current open policy and market environment. In view of this situation, this paper analyzes the structure of the media industry and the main forms of the extra industry capital entering the media industry. It is believed that the biggest reason for the media industry’s demand for capital comes from the fact that many media enterprises have changed from the original public institutions into self-financing enterprises without the financial support of the government. In this paper, combined with the main characteristics of China’s media industry, as well as the current capital market environment, integrated with advanced financial management concepts, put forward the development of media financing mode with Chinese characteristics, which makes up for the shortcomings of the current media financing mode.

Experience in the construction of social first aid service system: the on-demand training of "Baoan Mode"

At present there is a lack of standardized first-aid training mode in China. It is an important issue in the construction of social first aid system that how to arrange the first aid training and popularization in a planned and reasonable way according to the limited training resources. Under the guidance of Shenzhen City Baoan District government, the "Baoan Mode" of social emergency grid management has been promoted and achieved good results. The characteristics of "Baoan Mode" emergency system are "government leading, department cooperation, expert guidance, science and technology support, and social participation", and it could effectively shortened the emergency radius. As a result, the "Baoan Mode" was unanimously approved by the emergency medicine, media and government. The public first-aid "on-demand training" is to adopt scientific methods to identify the needs of public first aid training in various regions, and then organize and implement training of first aid knowledge and skills in line with the current situation of local society. The pecific measures include (1) establishing a local cardiac arrest database; (2) analyzing the cardiac arrest database to clarify the target population and content of the training; (3) establishing the local public training registration management system. In China's current national conditions, on-demand training is conducive to the rational use of training resources, a planned and reasonable arrangement of public first-aid training. Based on the experience of "Baoan Mode" initiated by the research team of the authors, this paper discusses the "demand training" theory in social first-aid training, aiming to provide reference for the construction of social first-aid training system in China at present.

Understanding electric bike riders’ intention to violate traffic rules and accident proneness in China

As electric bicycles (e-bikes) have emerged as an important transportation mode in China in the past decade, e-bike-related accidents have increased drastically. Research suggests that the main cause of most of these accidents is traffic rule violations by e-bike riders and that some e-bike riders have a higher propensity to experience accidents (i.e., higher accident proneness) than otherwise similar individuals. To facilitate the design of safety policies, it is important to understand the factors that influence both e-bike riders’ intention to violate traffic rules and accident proneness. For this purpose, an extension of the theory of planned behavior framework (E-TPB) was developed by incorporating seven new latent psychological factors (descriptive norm, moral norm, perceived risk, self-identity, legal norm, conformity tendency, and past behavior) into the original TPB framework (O-TPB). Using self-reported survey data from over 2000 e-bike riders collected in Shanghai, China, structural equation models for the E-TPB and the O-TPB were estimated. The model estimation results show that the E-TPB provides a more intuitive explanation of e-bike riders’ intention to violate traffic rules and accident proneness and has superior predictive power compared to the O-TPB. The model estimation results also show that descriptive norm, conformity tendency, and past behavior are important factors that affect both e-bike riders’ intention to violate traffic rules and accident proneness. These findings can be used by policymakers to design safety policies such as reward programs for safe riding behavior, e-bike rider education initiatives, and behavior modification interventions to improve road safety.

Empirical Analysis of Relieving High-Speed Rail Freight Congestion in China

This paper discusses how to promote high-speed rail (HSR) freight business by solving the congestion problem. First, we define the existing operation modes in China and propose the idea of relieving congestion by reserving more carriages of HSR passenger trains for freight between cities with large potential volume or small capacity. Second, we take one HSR corridor as a case to study, and use predictive regression and integrated time series methods to forecast the growth of HSR freight volume along the corridor. Finally, combined with forecast results and available capacity during the peak month of 2018, we offer suggestions on the mode adoption in each segment during the peak month from 2019 to 2022. Results demonstrate: (1) Among all 84 Origin-Destination (OD) city flows, the percentage of those monthly volumes over 1 ton increases from 17.9% in 2018 to 84.6% in 2022, and those over 30 tons rise from 3.6% to 26.2%. (2) Among the segments between seven main cities in the HSR corridor, T-J should be given priority to operate trains with reserved mode; the segment between X and J deserves to reserve most carriages during the peak month in the future. Specifically, our model suggests reserving 5.3–10.1 carriages/day for J-X, and 4.8–16.3 carriages/day for X-J during the peak month from 2019 to 2022.

Planning approach of urban blue-green space based on local climate optimization: A review

Local climatic problems are widespread in cities under high-density and high-intensity construction mode in China, including heat island effect, poor ventilation, and frequent haze wea-ther. Urban blue-green space is vital for mitigating wind and heat, and for improving air quality, and therefore has become a hotspot of urban planning and design research dealing with climatic problems. Here, we reviewed the climate effects of urban blue-green space. In particular, we summarized the research progress of planning approaches to cool island landscape features optimization, cooling island configuration, ventilation corridor network connection and ventilation corridor interface control based on the levels of planning layout and network construction. We proposed a basic framework of urban blue-green space planning optimizing local climate by combining intelligent simulation platform, evaluation index system, planning and design guide, and guarantee mechanism for implement, aiming to provide key evidence for urban climate adaption and design.

Spatio-temporal pattern and driving mechanisms of cropland circulation in China

Land circulation is the transfer of land management rights without change of contracting and ownership rights. This is an effective solution for alleviating land fragmentation, facilitating the transfer of surplus rural labor, and improving rural income. Based on the provincial-level survey data from the Ministry of Agriculture of China, this study analyzes the spatio-temporal pattern of cropland circulation based on the cropland circulation rate (CCR), and explores the driving mechanism of cropland circulation from the perspectives of population, economy, agricultural investment, and legalization. The results showed that the CCR exhibited a polarized spatial pattern of “high value in the east and low value in the west” across China. Moreover, we observed significant spatial agglomeration of CCR, with Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai as centers of high CCR values and Sichuan and Gansu as centers of low CCR values. Furthermore, the spatial disparity of CCR showed an obviously narrowing trend during the period from 2014 to 2018. As for the circulation modes of cropland, the dominant mode in China is leasing (sub-contracting), which is easy to implement and directly increases farmers’ incomes. This paper further found that the critical driving forces of cropland circulation can be summarized as follows: transformation of rural labor to non-farming occupations, improvement of rural income, and legalization of land circulation markets. It should be noted that many off-farm workers have not given up their management rights for cropland, which is due to the following reasons: unstable job opportunities and insufficient social benefits of off-farm workers, low income from land rent and agricultural production, and lack of legal framework for land circulation. Therefore, urban-rural binary household registration (hukou) and migrant worker employment systems in China should be gradually reformed to accelerate the non-farming transformation of rural labor. Preferential policies for industrial investment can be made to attract more factories to operate in rural areas, which will bring more non-farming jobs to local famers and directly increase their incomes. Moreover, financial subsidy policies, land tenure system reform, and farmland consolidation strategies should also be launched to make land circulation more profitable for both land-givers and land-receivers. Finally, laws and regulations could be perfected and enforced to improve the legalization level of the land circulation market.

Research on the Cultivation of Talents for the Integration of Production and Education of Computer Software Technology Based on the Concept of CDIO

According to the development and reform of CDIO concept in China in recent years, we can know that it can greatly improve the scientific quality and systematic quality of talent training mode in China’s education industry[1]. At present, the continuous improvement and innovation of computer software technology makes our education industry constantly appear the hope of reform. Some experts believe that the industrial economy of computer software technology has a bright future. According to the application of the combination of industrial economy and education, we can find that in theory, the application of CDIO concept can help the integration of production and education of computer technology and establish a perfect talent training mode. This paper will provide the corresponding conclusions.