Modern Policy Research Articles

Patient Funds and Their Legal Status Through the Prism of the Historical Experience of the Precarpathian Region (1919–1939)

Based on archival, published historical documents, as well as other available information sources, the peculiarities of the legal status of patient funds that had been operated in the Precarpathian region during the Polish period in 1919–1939 years (the ІІ Republic of Poland, in polish II Rzeczpospolita Polska), were discussed in light of a prototypical health insurance system.
 It was found that modern domestic experience, although small, shows that the peculiarities of the legal status of patient funds, which operated in the Precrpathian region during the Polish period in 1919–1939 as a prototype of health insurance, have the potential to use positive historical experience and understanding of the problem of state regulation of medical activities.
 It is established that the legal status of patient funds, ie their position in the legal reality, is reflected in the constituent documents, and, particularly, in the main of them – in the statute of these organizations. The analysis of these documents allows determining the features of the regulation of their activities in relation with society and the state, the set of rights and responsibilities of both the organization in general and its members in particular.
 The vision of the present through a kind of prism of the past contributes to a better understanding of management processes and decisions, helps to understand the inner life of a certain historical period with all its manifestations and ideas, and helps to better understand modern state policy to build an effective system of health care in general and health insurance in particular.

Modern policy of the Russian Federation in the field of state borrowings

Modern policy of the Russian Federation in the field of state borrowings

What is needed to sustain improvements in hospital practices post-COVID-19? a qualitative study of interprofessional dissonance in hospital infection prevention and control

BackgroundHospital infection prevention and control (IPC) depends on consistent practice to achieve its purpose. Standard precautions are embedded in modern healthcare policies, but not uniformly observed by all clinicians. Well-documented differences in attitudes to IPC, between doctors and nurses, contribute to suboptimal IPC practices and persistence of preventable healthcare-associated infections. The COVID-19 pandemic has seriously affected healthcare professionals’ work-practices, lives and health and increased awareness and observance of IPC. Successful transition of health services to a ‘post-COVID-19’ future, will depend on sustainable integration of lessons learnt into routine practice.MethodsThe aim of this pre-COVID-19 qualitative study was to investigate factors influencing doctors’ IPC attitudes and practices, whether they differ from those of nurses and, if so, how this affects interprofessional relationships. We hypothesised that better understanding would guide new strategies to achieve more effective IPC. We interviewed 26 senior clinicians (16 doctors and 10 nurses) from a range of specialties, at a large Australian tertiary hospital. Interview transcripts were reviewed iteratively, and themes identified inductively, using reflexive thematic analysis.ResultsParticipants from both professions painted clichéd portraits of ‘typical’ doctors and nurses and recounted unflattering anecdotes of their IPC behaviours. Doctors were described as self-directed and often unaware or disdainful of IPC rules; while nurses were portrayed as slavishly following rules, ostensibly to protect patients, irrespective of risk or evidence. Many participants believed that doctors object to being reminded of IPC requirements by nurses, despite many senior doctors having limited knowledge of correct IPC practice. Overall, participants’ comments suggested that the ‘doctor-nurse game’—described in the 1960s, to exemplify the complex power disparity between professions—is still in play, despite changes in both professions, in the interim.ConclusionsThe results suggest that interprofessional differences and inconsistencies constrain IPC practice improvement. IPC inconsistencies and failures can be catastrophic, but the common threat of COVID-19 has promoted focus and unity. Appropriate implementation of IPC policies should be context-specific and respect the needs and expertise of all stakeholders. We propose an ethical framework to guide interprofessional collaboration in establishing a path towards sustained improvements in IPC and bio-preparedness.

International Legal Aspects of Mass Surveillance and Implications on Privacy

The development of modern information and communication technologies, in addition to numerous positive aspects, has also brought challenges to human rights, especially the right to privacy. The paper analyzes the relationship between the practice of mass surveillance and the right to privacy. The acute problem of abuse during the practice of mass surveillance at the international level was pointed out. An analysis of the existing legal framework at the international level was performed, as well as the practice of European institutions. Research has shown that international law does not support modern policies and practices of mass surveillance, which are especially used by the great powers. It has been established that states, especially great powers, resort to the argument that national security is endangered or that there is a danger of terrorism, to justify the practice of mass surveillance. Given the lack of universal legal regulations that would protect the right to privacy from abuse based on the practice of mass surveillance, the solution lies in concluding bilateral agreements or adopting non-binding legal norms. The normative method and legal-logical methods of induction and deduction were used in the research.

일본 인삼 재배의 쇠락 원인에 관한 연구

In Japan, where ginseng did not grow naturally, ginseng seeds obtained from Joseon were sown in Nikkozan fields according to Bakufu's plan, which resulted in success of ginseng cultivation. Bakufu supplied for the domestic demand by establishing both governmental and private cultivation system for the expanded cultivation of Otane ginseng(Joseon ginseng). In addition, large quantities of white and red ginseng were exported to the Qing Dynasty, that at one time, ginseng cultivation was so prosperous that it ranked 13th among Japanese exports. However, entering the Showa era after the Meiji Restoration, ginseng cultivation began to decline, and ginseng lost its value in the Japanese agricultural industry. In this study, the causes of the decline of the Japanese ginseng industry including the influence of Joseon ginseng on the Japanese ginseng industry were investigated. The main reasons for the decline of ginseng cultivation in Japan were its modernization policy, and failure to increase the value of Japanese ginseng. At the time, price competition in Japan’s ginseng industry was intensified due to the absence of a function to control supply and demand for production. Accordingly, as ginseng was processed mainly for low-end products, it was not possible to gain an edge in price competitiveness. In addition, after the Meiji Restoration, as the market for traditional herbal medicines decreased due to the modernization policy of introducing western medicines, Japanese ginseng cultivation finally entered the path of decline.

«SOFT POWER» AS A COMPONENT OF SOCIAL CAPITAL: UKRAINIAN CONTEXT

Abstract. The problems of using the «soft power» phenomenon for the protection and satisfaction of the national interests of Ukraine have been considered. It has been substantiated that «soft power» is not limited to the tools of affirmation of one-sided interests of this or that country in international relations; that is a means of improving society’s openness, increasing its internal and external attractiveness, that is the ability to offer social capital that meets general human needs in the post-modern society to the world. It is stressed that such elements of «soft power» as education, cultural infrastructure of the society, national intellectual resources are among the basic, fundamental pillars of the economy of knowledge, and shall, in their turn, be interpreted in the context of social capital development, the country’s human capacity growth, which is not sufficiently taken into account in the cultural and educational policy development so far. The economic and social components of «soft power» remain largely separated from one another. That is one of the core reasons for the paradox: staying in the group of fifty countries with the best systems of higher education in the world, Ukraine holds very modest places in the global rankings as far as the level of educational and cultural qualifications of its citizens are concerned. It has been pointed out that information technologies in current educational and cultural practices have extremely expanded the opportunities for those factors to influence human development, but, along with that, have created conditions for their transformation into a type of business activity, with substantial financial resources involved in it. Therefore, the issue of the methodology of estimating the economic contribution of educational, cultural, and creative industries into the country’s GDP is highly relevant, since it would help develop clear criteria for the state policy aimed at the development of those domains. The range of problems related to social costs of modernization of educational and cultural activity has been considered. The following conclusion has been substantiated: it is necessary to coordinate the process of modernization of the cultural domain and the educational system of Ukraine with the long-term social and economic development strategy as well as the technological structure of the national economy. The results obtained may be used for the determination of priorities in the state policy of educational and cultural infrastructure modernization. Keywords: soft power, culture, education, human development social capital. JEL Classification I31 Formulas: 0; fig.: 0; tabl.: 1; bibl.: 20.

IMPROVEMENT OF PERSONNEL POLICY IN PUBLIC SERVICE

The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that there is a need to transform the personnel policy and personnel technologies in the public service. At this, it is necessary to revise the elements of personnel policy for the public sector. To improve the efficiency of personnel technologies in the state civil service of the Chuvash Republic, we propose to use the experience of the civil service and personnel department of other regions. The purpose is a detailed analysis of modern state personnel policy in the public service. The scientific novelty of the work represents proposals for improving the personnel policy in the public service, taking into account other regional practices. The author studied the practice of compliance with the legislation on the civil service in various areas, compiled a table on the problems of personnel policy in the civil service and measures to solve them. At this, the database "Best personnel practices in the state civil and municipal service" (2015–2019) was reviewed. The experience of organizing complex work on personnel management in Leningrad region is interesting. To develop the personnel policy in the public service, it was proposed to introduce the sector of corporate culture and social and labor relations not only in the public service in the Chuvash Republic, but in other regions as well. Currently, the approach to personnel policy in the public service is too formal. There is a tendency to change the approach to personnel policy in the public service in terms of its flexibility and there is a need to improve it. This is evidenced by the various practices of implementing the personnel policy in the public service at the regional levels. Thus, the approach to personnel policy may be different, one of which is proposed in this article.

Traditional Building Materials in Coastal Dhofar: A Sustainability Perspective

Traditionally stone architecture has been built in the Dhofar region in Southern Oman. However, modernization policies under the reign of Sultan Qaboos since the 1970s have led to the replacement of traditional building materials with industrial ones. As research on the manufacturing methods and usage of traditional materials is limited, many buildings are at risk of disappearing. This study aims to clarify the functions and properties of the three principal materials, khatri, nurah, and yeb', used as both joint and finishing materials in the coastal areas of Dhofar. According to interviews with local traditional masons, khatri is used as a joint and wall-finishing material, nurah as a wall-finishing material, and yeb' as a floor-finishing material. Particle-size tests revealed that the particles become finer in the order of: khatri, nurah, and yeb'. Furthermore, XRF and XRD reveal that nurah had a higher calcium content compared to khatri and yeb'. The combination of interviews and engineering experiments indicate that the manner in which local masons use these three materials is highly dependent on their physical properties. This can be reasonably explained based on the climate: Dhofar experiences more rainfall than Northern Oman during summers. These findings can aid in the improvement and continuous use of traditional building materials and contribute to a sustainability.

Genesis of the Republic of Belarus Language Policy

The problems of language policy are multifaceted, they allow for variability of approaches to assessing its effectiveness and compliance with the national-ethnic model of social relations. The importance of the formation and development of legal instruments for regulating the linguistic landscape and protecting the language is confirmed by the presence of an impressive number of international normative acts. However, the main legal mechanisms in this area are in the plane of responsibility of national legislation. In this regard, the experience of the Republic of Belarus, which, in contrast to other union republics of the former USSR, has managed to preserve state bilingualism seems to be interesting. The research was carried out on the normative legal acts regulating the modern state language policy of Belarus. The methodology of the work included general scientific methods of generalization and systematization, logical and comparative analysis. Until the 1990s, the modern Belarusian language did not have the formal status of the state language (the Constitution of Soviet Belarus only enshrined the norms of its use on a par with Russian in all spheres of official business communication). At the turn of the 1980s and 1990s, the problems of regulating language issues were included in the political agenda. The first legislative acts of sovereign Belarus consolidated the state monolingualism and were focused on a forced transition to Belarusian-language communication. Belarusianization in the country was the most effective in the sphere of general secondary and preschool education, but it could not completely oust the Russian language from the socio-political discourse and, of course, everyday communication. The promotion of the national language grew into a political slogan that was not supported by the public: at the 1995 referendum, amendments to the Constitution were adopted to give the Russian language the status of a state language. These changes were reflected in other normative acts. The experience of building the language policy of the Republic of Belarus is unique for the postSoviet space: the country, which is at the forefront of the nationalist positions of monolingualism in the early 90s of the last century, managed, during a period of independence and sovereignty that was short by historical standards, to go through a fairly serious way of harmonizing the language situation, legally normalizing the processes social communicative interaction and retaining the features of national linguistic identity. The modern linguistic landscape of Belarus is characterized by the obvious dominance of the Russian language in almost all spheres of communicative interaction. At the same time, the Belarusian language as the language of the titular nation functionally plays the role of not so much a means of communication as a symbol of national self-identity.

Formation of innovative industry development

In the current conditions of economic development, the formation of innovative sectoral development is provided on the basis of the global implementation of human capital. In the situation of economic crises due to the instability of the external environment, human capital is the only source and resource for innovative changes in economic processes. Therefore, we propose to consider the indicator "human capital" as the basis for major innovative changes in the growth of modern Russian economy, which has been investigated in this article. The actualization of modern innovation policy, which includes guidelines for the development of the Russian Federation towards an innovation-technologically developed path, has determined the particular importance of the "human capital" indicator. The authors have highlighted the methodology for investigating the synergy of these research aspects. In the paper a conclusion is drawn, that taking into account imperfection of existing conceptual positions concerning a role and value of the human capital in the course of forming of innovative branch development for the purpose of increase of innovative activity of all participants of branch economic system and maintenance of influence on intensive development of branches and complexes, it is necessary to provide objective revision of traditional approaches of branch development research. The given research will allow increasing innovative activity of all participants of branch industrial-economic system. At the same time, human potential acts as the main driving force and asset of ensuring sustainable and intensive sectoral development, determines the opportunities of sectoral production and economic systems for the formation of diversification directions The structural and logical scheme of ensuring innovative sectoral development, which includes the stages of innovative development, such as the stage of forming prerequisites for innovative sectoral development, the stage of realization of human potential in the industry, the stage of realization of aggregate.

Отраслевые аспекты развития старопромышленных регионов Российской Федерации

The relevance of the problem is that the policy of modernization of the country’s industrial complex has attracted attention to the problems of old industrial regions – territories where highly specialized industries associated with “outgoing” technological patterns are concentrated. The object of the study is the old industrial regions of the European part of Russia. The study aims to study the dynamics of the sectoral structure of old industrial regions and identify their contribution to the economic development of the respective federal districts. Foreign researchers of old industrial regions and their Russian colleagues associate the problems of functioning of territories of this type with the difficulties of introducing innovations into production processes, as well as with the specifics of their participation in global socio-economic processes. The study’s methodology is based on a systematic approach to the study of old industrial regions and the use of economic and statistical analysis. This allows us to specify the most critical trends in the dynamics of their sectoral structure and on this basis assess their contribution to the development of the federal districts of the European part of Russia. It is shown that due to the specifics of the industry structure, it is increasingly difficult for old industrial regions to ensure competitiveness in comparison with other types of regions, in particular, resource and service territories. It is proved that the old industrial regions of the European part of Russia with a more diversified economy, particularly Vologda and Nizhny Novgorod regions, make a more significant contribution to the development of the federal districts in which they are located, compared with other regions of this type. In order to increase the role of old industrial regions in the development of federal districts and the country as a whole, the necessity of intensifying the participation of the state in the processes of diversification of their regional economies is justified, which consists in the formation of an institutional environment in which regions of this type will be able to achieve competitive advantages. The sources will be not traditional, but new abilities and resources that allow oldindustrial regions to introduce innovations into traditional branches of the regional economy more actively.

The Theory of Max Weber as a Methodology of Sociological Analysis for Understanding the Foreign Policy of Modern China

Introduction. The multi-vector strengthening of China leads to a lively international expert discussion. This article examines the possibilities of applying the methodology developed by M. Weber to the analysis of modern Chinese foreign policy. Despite the fact that M. Weber's studies were published more than a hundred years ago, his approaches, when correlated with modern realities, do not lose their relevance today.Methodology and sources. The research is based on the methodology proposed by M. Weber and its potential for analysis of the modern foreign policy of the PRC.Results and discussion. The influence of Confucianism on China’s foreign policy increased with the coming to power of Xi Jinping. So, China demonstrates a desire for a legalcharismatic type of domination (according to M. Weber), subordinating its will to other actors of international relations, and as one of the tools to ensure legitimacy to its domination uses the socialist values formulated in 2012. The desire for rationalization (according to M. Weber) is reflected, among other things, in the priority of the technological development of the PRC, the development and implementation of artificial intelligence as its (rationality) pure form in the modern sense.Conclusion. Analysis of the potential of M. Weber's methodology in relation to sociological research peculiarities of the PRC's foreign policy strategy shows that in the implementation of international policy China is inherently gravitating towards legal-charismatic domination (according to M. Weber), endowed with a rational character and possessing three types of rationalization. At the same time core socialist values are one of the tools to ensure the legitimacy of domination.

Understanding Complexity in Charging Infrastructure through the Lens of Social Supply–Demand Systems

Since the first release of modern electric vehicles, researchers and policy makers have shown interest in the deployment and utilization of charging infrastructure. Despite the sheer volume of literature, limited attention has been paid to the characteristics and variance of charging behavior of EV users. In this research, we answer the question: which scientific approaches can help us to understand the dynamics of charging behavior in charging infrastructures, in order to provide recommendations regarding a more effective deployment and utilization of these infrastructures. To do so, we propose a conceptual model for charging infrastructure as a social supply–demand system and apply complex system properties. Using this conceptual model, we estimate the rate complexity, using three developed ratios that relate to the (1) necessity of sharing resources, (2) probabilities of queuing, and (3) cascading impact of transactions on others. Based on a qualitative assessment of these ratios, we propose that public charging infrastructure can be characterized as a complex system. Based on our findings, we provide four recommendations to policy makers for taking efforts to reduce complexity during deployment and measure interactions between EV users using systemic metrics. We further point researchers and policy makers to agent-based simulation models that capture interactions between EV users and the use complex network analysis to reveal weak spots in charging networks or compare the charging infrastructure layouts of across cities worldwide.

Роль старопромышленнных регионов в пространственном развитии Российской Федерации

The urgency of the problem under consideration is since the policy of modernization of the industrial complex of the Russian Federation has drawn attention to the problems of old-industrial regions - territories where highly specialized industries associated with “outgoing” technological structures are concentrated. The work aims to analyze the contribution of old-industrial regions to the spatial development of federal districts and macroregions. As a result of the study, it was found that the most significant contribution of regions of the old-industrial type to the development of the Siberian, Ural, and Far Eastern federal districts, and in the leading regions, it is mainly provided by the industry of the second technological order - metallurgy, the predominance of which in the sectoral structure of regional economies casts doubt on the possibility of ensuring their competitive advantages in the context of the entry of the sixth technological order based on nano- and biotechnologies. It was stated that, in general, the contribution of the old-industrial regions to the development of the corresponding federal districts could not be considered significant. Using the example of the Northwestern Federal District, it is shown that the current system of statistical observation does not make it possible to diagnose the contribution of regions of various types, in particular, old-industrial territories, to the socio-economic and spatial development of federal districts and macroregions of the country. Solving the problem of increasing the contribution of old-industrial regions to the development of the Russian Federation requires strengthening the non-resource and service sectors of their regional economies, increasing the share of deep processing in the main industrial sectors, and implementing large-scale projects in the transport sector.

Протестная активность современной молодежи в контексте институционализации цифровой политики

Introduction. The article is devoted to identifying and interpreting the reasons and forms of protest activity of representatives of the youth cohort in the context of the institutionalization of modern digital society and digital policy. The common and specific features of the protest activity of Russian and foreign youth in the context of the content and level of their digital culture are characterized. The attention is focused on the dominant trends in the transformation of the practices of protest behavior in online and offline formats, taking into account the restrictive measures caused by the spread of COVID-19. Methods. The work was prepared within the framework of political science discourse using modern scientific theories and concepts. The authors rely on the main provisions of the activity-activist approach (A. Giddens, V. Yadov), the concept of “traumatic changes” (P. Sztompka) and “network society” (M. Castells). At the same time, the characterization of digital transformations and innovations (society, politics, culture) is carried out in the context of the ideas of “digital counterculture” (C. Gere), domestic researchers analyzing the consumer behavior of youth in the digital environment (T. Beregovskaya, S. Grishaeva). The work uses theoretical and empirical methods for analyzing the results obtained by leading domestic and foreign research centers, as well as with the direct participation of the authors in the implementation of grant activities. Results. An attempt is made to conduct political science analysis of the modern approaches to understanding the phenomenon of youth protest activity, its dominant forms in the context of the institutionalization of digital policy and the transformation of value orientations in the new structure of “digital culture”. The relationship between the protest activity of representatives of domestic and foreign youth, the practices of their destructive/constructive protest behavior using digital technologies in order to legitimize/ delegitimize the political regime is traced. Highlighted the real and potential resources of the authorities and administration, civil society institutions to minimize destructive factors that contribute to the strengthening of protest (civil, political, etc.) activity of various groups of young people in the context of the spread of the global pandemic. The results of theoretical and empirical studies that reveal the regional specifics of institutional forms of protest activity in modern Russia are interpreted. Discussion. The question of the forms and technologies of transformation of protest activity, taking into account the substantive characteristics of the digital culture of youth, its inclusion in the system for ensuring the stable and safe development of the Russian Federation, remains poorly studied. Authors’ contributions. S.A. Pankratov developed the theoretical basis of the research and carried out the general scientific edition of the article. S.I. Morozov analyzed the dominant tendencies of youth protest activity. S.D. Gavrilov interpreted the results of theoretical and empirical studies characterizing the process of institutionalization of digital policy.

Digitalization of logistics company business process in conditions of industry 4.0

The article defines that the digitalization of logistics business processes is, if not obligatory, then a very necessary process that allows company reach a new level. Keeping customers in growing competition, providing quality services, reducing the cost of logistics allows company to do the job correctly and efficiently. So the introduction of modern technologies in the logistics company is an integral step towards scaling up and growth. The essence of the company activity digitalization is not to digitize any channel, individual production operation or a separate business process, but in a complex approach to the transformation of the company, covering all areas of the company and all areas of economic activity. The need for the logistics industry to adapt to this new digital age in order to evolve has been proven. Enterprise business process digitalization tools are more flexible tools due to their user interface customization capabilities and integration capabilities with most advanced systems. New purpose – automation of business processes with the use of smart technologies allows company to simplify the load when performing their daily tasks to each employee. The aim of the article is to develop proposals and recommendations for improving the management of the company's logistics business processes by their digitalization. It is claimed that due to the modern policy of increasing digitalization in the company AsstrA Ukraine, there is an increase in indicators and quality of work performance, increasing the level of job satisfaction among employees, which is the key to further growth of the company. It is noted that digital technologies allow to automate supply chain management processes, which reduces operating costs, facilitates simpler and faster billing methods, improves customer service and develops an important new era for building ideal and competitive supply chains.

Analysis of Factors of High-tech Industries Growth: A Case Study of the Late USSR

Explanation of the role high-tech industries play in ensuring sustainable economic growth is significant in the contemporary environment. Also, it is relevant in theoretical discourses of modernization, neo-industrialization, and industrial policy that are similar in their structure. The purpose of the study is to assess the factors of dynamics of the most high-tech industries and the entire Soviet industry when having faced economic growth slowdown, with emphasis on institutional and technological components. The key hypothesis is that in the high-tech industries in the 1960s and 1980s, the institutional environment appeared to be a more significant factor than the technological level. The variety of the sources utilized includes calculations and estimates from the research literature and selected indicators from the official statistics. The econometric analysis of the data is based on an exogenous growth model in the form of the Cobb- Douglas production function, augmented with human capital in Mankiw, Romer, Weil (1992), modified in Didenko, Grineva (2020) by introducing variables that proxy for institutional and general technological dynamics. In this paper, we test it using lagged variables in per capita and rate-of-change terms. The marginal rate of technical substitution of physical by human capital, measured in such a way and indicating the flexibility of management of factors of production, exposed a stable level both in the entire industry of the USSR and its high-tech branches. At the same time, our key hypothesis found weak support.

Internal Control and Its Application in Public Management: a Literature Review

Currently, having a transparent and orderly public institution is related to the public policy of modernization of the state, which is not easy because it requires managers who have the will to implement an internal control system that allows the efficiency and effectiveness of the acts of the entities. The internal control in recent years has greater relevance seeking that the state entities are strengthened through new processes and changes of actions that allow transparency and achieve the objectives set and have an efficient management with a level of security of their administrative acts. The objective of this research is to study the simplification of actions and administrative transformations in public management through internal control. The methodology used for the literature review was descriptive, a search was made through the Scopus database, obtaining general data of 24 records, a not very significant number for the topic addressed, which has been subjected to bibliometric analysis that allowed to determine that the growth of publications from 1977 to 2020 has had an insignificant growth, having been accentuated in 2 publications from 2019 to 2020, likewise the greatest number of researches have been carried out in undefined countries, followed by Portugal, United Kingdom and United States, being the article the publication medium that has the greatest significance and the area that stands out most in publications is the social sciences followed by the economic sciences. Likewise, the Vos viewer was used to obtain the study map and the heat map of the Internal Control and Public Management theme. From the analysis, the theories related to the paradigms of internal control and public management have been analyzed, which will lead us to understand the changes or actions that public entities have or have had.

Socialist agricultural villages in Sersou (Western Algeria) rural areas’ modernization with urban landmarks

The Sersou, the granary of wheat in western Algeria and the most dynamic area of the state (wilaya) of Tiaret, has seen its urban network expand under the effect of population growth and industrial as well as agricultural development. Its space was densified, by a dozen "agricultural socialist villages" in the 1970s. As part of a national policy of modernization and rural development, ̎ the agrarian revolution ̎. These agricultural villages were built to support the work of the land and improve the living conditions of rural populations. This contribution wants to revisit these villages after more than forty years of existence to see how they are organized, appropriated and inserted into the urban network. It also wants to analyze through this example the outcome of a policy of modernization of the Algerian countryside, which has aroused so much debate and criticism since its implementation.

Global cooperation in Open Science policies and procedures to ensure the sustainable development of society

One of the important mechanisms of world transformation in the context of the formation of sustainable development of society is the achievement and provision of innovative, inclusive, fair and high-quality models of development and institutionalization of science. The process of formation and implementation of a new modern policy in the field of science foresees the implementation of the paradigm of Open Science. The analysis of the key documents of the European Research Area and the European Higher Education Area, which define the policies and procedures for the development of Open Science, allowed to characterize the understanding of its features, goals, characteristics and indicators. The key provisions of the EU policy on the development of Open Science include the following: recognition of the priority of open research; ensuring the earliest possible exchange of knowledge and research data; promoting the involvement of research partners from industry, government and community groups; compliance of publications with the requirements “open as much as possible, closed as necessary”; recognition and reward of participation in research of citizens and end consumers; ensuring compliance with intellectual property rights. Active promotion of the ideas of Open Science through appropriate policies and procedures strengthens global cooperation and corresponds to the principles and goals of sustainable development of society, focused on improving the quality of human life in a favorable socio-economic environment and environmentally friendly, healthy, diverse environment.