Modern Warfare Research Articles

Dynamic Gaussian mutation beetle swarm optimization method for large-scale weapon target assignment problems

The weapon target assignment is a crucial issue for firepower resources optimization in modern warfare. Such a problem is complicated, multi-constrained, strongly nonlinear, NP-complete and the existing studies did not consider the suitability between different weapons and targets. In this paper, a novel weapon target assignment model is established that involves the weapon-target suitability and is closer to the real combat scenarios. Then, in view of that the conventional weapon target assignment methods are difficult to be applied in the large-scale problems efficiently, this work proposes a dynamic Gaussian mutation beetle swarm optimization algorithm with rule-based chaotic initialization. With the assistance of the dynamic parameter adjustment strategies and Gaussian mutation, the improved algorithm has fast convergence speed and high convergence accuracy, and it can solve the weapon target assignment problems with excellent optimization capabilities. Besides, the rule-based chaotic initialization strategy is embedded in this algorithm to generate high-quality population with better diversity. Finally, two comparative simulation cases of different initialization methods and algorithms for solving the large-scale weapon target assignment problems are designed. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach can provide more superior assignment schemes than its competitors with enhanced efficiency.

A chirplet‐based masking algorithm for smeared spectrum jamming suppression and signal separation

AbstractLinear frequency modulation (LFM) signal is a common radar signal in modern electronic warfare, and smeared spectrum (SMSP) can generate multiple false targets, causing jamming to radar detection. The authors propose a chirplet‐based masking algorithm that can solve the problem of SMSP jamming suppression and address a more complex problem: the separation of jamming signal and multiple LFM signals from intercepted mixed signal. First, the authors obtain matched chirp rates of the source signals through the changing tendency of the Rényi entropy. Then, the ridge of each source signal is extracted from the high‐resolution chirplet transform result using an image processing‐based algorithm. Finally, the jamming and LFM signals are accurately reconstructed through the time‐frequency mask to achieve separation. Even in the extreme case where multiple source signals with close chirp rates are overlapped, the proposed slope‐matching ridge extraction method and iterative update reconstruction method can still achieve commendable signal separation effects. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm performs well under extreme conditions of low signal‐to‐noise ratio, high jamming‐to‐signal ratio, and high sea state.

Multispectral metal-based electro-optical metadevices with infrared reversible tunability and microwave scattering reduction

Abstract The demand for advanced camouflage technology is increasing in modern military warfare. Multispectral compatibility and adaptive capabilities are increasingly desired features in camouflage materials. However, due to the strong wavelength dependence and limited tunability of electromagnetic wave responses, achieving simultaneous multispectral compatibility and adaptive capability in a single structure or device remains a challenge. By integrating coding metamaterials with infrared (IR) electrochromic devices, we demonstrate a highly integrated multispectral metal-based electro-optical metadevice. The fabricated metadevices enable the reversible tunability of IR emissivity (0.58 at 3–5 µm, 0.50 at 7.5–13 µm) and wideband microwave scattering reduction (>10 dB at 10–20 GHz). The excellent integration performance is attributed to the remarkable electromagnetic control capabilities of the coding metamaterials in a chessboard-like configuration and the IR electrochromic devices based on metal reversible electrodeposition. Furthermore, the monolithic integrated design with shared barium fluoride substrate and electrodes allows the metadevices to have a simple architecture, and the careful design avoids coupling between functions. Our approach is general enough for the design of various electrochromic devices and metamaterials for multispectral camouflage, offering valuable insights for the development of advanced adaptive multispectral camouflage systems.

The Development Process of Wushu Under the Influence of Wuju Selection System

Wuju, historically known as Wuke, was began in Tang Dynasty, the second year when Wu Zetian became empress. It was developed in successive dynasties. However, with the invasions of Western colonists in 19<sup>th</sup> century, the traditional martial arts were clearly no longer suitable for the needs of modern warfare, finally, it was abolished in the 27th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty. The abolition of Wuju system caused a fierce debate in the imperial court. Although there is still little research on the influence of Wuju to the development of martial arts in various dynasties, as the earliest main way to select martial arts talents, it has existed for more than 1,200 years in Chinese history and has improved the selection criteria for talents that are adept with both the pen and the sword. Wuju in Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, military martial arts and folk martial arts are the earliest martial arts system in China. The rise and fall, as well as combination of Wuju and martial arts have a profound impact on the history of martial arts. Therefore, the paper tries to explore to the development process of martial arts by explaining the five stages of Wuju: rise, development, imprisonment, prosperity and defeat, then provides a theoretical basis for future scientific research on martial arts.

Optimal Unmanned Combat System-of-Systems Reconstruction Strategy with Heterogeneous Cost via Deep Reinforcement Learning

The unmanned combat system-of-systems (UCSoS) in modern warfare is comprised of various interconnected entities that work together to support mission accomplishment. The soaring number of entities makes the UCSoS fragile and susceptible to triggering cascading effects when exposed to uncertain disturbances such as attacks or failures. Reconfiguring the UCSoS to restore its effectiveness in a self-coordinated and adaptive manner based on the battlefield situation and operational requirements has attracted increasing attention. In this paper, we focus on the UCSoS reconstruction with heterogeneous costs, where the collaboration nodes may have different reconstruction costs. Specifically, we adopt the heterogeneous network to capture the interdependencies among combat entities and propose a more representative metric to evaluate the UCSoS reconstruction effectiveness. Next, we model the combat network reconstruction problem with heterogeneous costs as a nonlinear optimization problem and prove its NP-hardness. Then, we propose an approach called SoS-Restorer, which is based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL), to address the UCSoS reconstruction problem. The results show that SoS-Restorer can quickly generate reconstruction strategies and improve the operational capabilities of the UCSoS by about 20∼60% compared to the baseline algorithm. Furthermore, even when the size of the UCSoS exceeds that of the training data, SoS-Restorer exhibits robust generalization capability and can efficiently produce satisfactory results in real time.

Optimizing ISR Capabilities: A Comparative Analysis of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Military drones, or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), have revolutionized modern warfare by offering a safer, more cost-effective alternative to manned aircraft for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions. This paper reviews three prominent reconnaissance drones: the IAI Heron, the Textron Shadow, and the EADS Barracuda RQ-4. It compares their capabilities, focusing on factors like altitude, endurance, payload capacity, and mission applications. The paper concludes by highlighting the importance of selecting the right drone for specific mission requirements and acknowledges the ongoing development of drone technology and the ethical considerations surrounding their use.

Acute Surgical and Rehabilitation Management of Complex Hand Burns in Combat Casualties

Burns are inevitable in modern warfare and have comprised between 5% and 20% of battlefield injuries. Involvement of the hands is the leading cause of postburn functional impairment. The purpose of this paper is to provide guidance on aspects of care necessary for the management of complex hand burns in a battlefield setting. Proper assessment and establishment of a comprehensive plan of care at the onset of injury help to ensure optimal functional outcomes in hand function. Basic treatment principles for the acutely burned hand include edema management; early wound coverage, including excision of the burn and skin grafting; early and aggressive hand therapy; and burn-scar contracture mitigation strategies.

Adaptive Whitening and Feature Gradient Smoothing-Based Anti-Sample Attack Method for Modulated Signals in Frequency-Hopping Communication

Adaptive Whitening and Feature Gradient Smoothing-Based Anti-Sample Attack Method for Modulated Signals in Frequency-Hopping Communication

Rationale for the creation of multispectral data-processing system shock reconnaissance UAVs for use in modern warfare

In recent years, in the technically developed countries of the world, special attention has been paid to the development of the theory and practice of warfare in a single information space, changing views on the training and use of armed forces in modern wars and conflicts. An important aspect in the combat management chain is the distribution and transmission of information to support the decisions of the command and control of the armed forces. The purpose of the work is to identify typical tasks solved using a multispectral information and computing system of a reconnaissance and strike unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The analysis of tasks and the target load of UAVs in modern wars is carried out. The data on modern UAVs are systematized, in particular, on the payload used, the features of combat use in military conflicts, the main disadvantages in the functioning of control systems to achieve specific combat tasks. The modern world concepts and technologies for the development of integrated UAV information systems are presented. The hierarchical principle of obtaining information in a multispectral system and its complex processing are considered. The result of the functioning of a set of sensors in complex information processing will be the possibility of forming solutions that reduce the amount of information transmitted through data transmission channels and simplify the operator's work.

A study of jamming resource allocation based on a hyperheuristic framework

There are massive data and rapidly changing battlefield situations in modern electronic warfare, which is a challenge to jamming resource allocation. It is difficult for the existing optimization algorithms to balance optimization capability and calculation speed at the same time. Above all, this study designs a fuzzy multiattribute evaluation model based on behavioral characteristics. The model comprehensively integrates the characteristics of signal behavior, motion behavior, and external intelligence and can effectively deal with unknown threat signals. Then, this study proposes an improved genetic selection electronic warfare operator (EWO) hyperheuristic (GAEWHH) algorithm. As an emergent optimization algorithm, the HH framework has not previously been applied to the problem of jamming resource allocation. This is a two-level algorithm framework that can isolate problem domains. The high level uses an improved genetic algorithm to search the heuristic space, and four EWOs based on the problem domain are designed for the low level to search the solution space. Combining different EWOs can change the population diversity, evolution direction, and algorithm complexity of the GAEWHH algorithm, which improves the algorithm performance to meet battlefield situation requirements. The experiment shows that for large-scale problems, the GAEWHH algorithm is better than the mainstream evolutionary algorithm in terms of optimization capability and better than Google OR-Tools in terms of calculation speed. In this way, the GAEWHH algorithm achieves a balance between optimization capability and calculation speed.

THE IMAGE OF RUSSIA AND ITS ARMY IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERN INFORMATION WARFARE

The article provides a general analysis of the nature of the new active phase of the Cold War of the West against Russia. The manifesto of this war was the report “The Russian Challenge” prepared by the British Chatham House. In the technologies of information warfare, psychohistorical weapons, social construction, and post-truth are singled out. One of the objects of defeat is the historical and spiritual image of Russia and its army. To do this, Russophobia is used, in the implementation of which the technologies of modern warfare are used. In addition, modern information warfare intrudes directly into the sphere of religious practices and traditional spiritual values, destroying the direct organic connection of a person with the world and his own kind. And behind the image of the West, there are subjects of globalization that seek to establish their own project of world order by dismantling nation-states and local civilizations. In order to survive, Russia must revive the practices of comprehending and embodying objectively existing meanings, taking into account its historical and spiritual experience and the nature of modern challenges and threats of a new information war.

Current mortality from war injuries-Anarrative review

The war in Ukraine has led to astrategic reorientation of the German Armed Forces towards national and alliance defense. This has also raised the need for medical and surgical adaptation to scenarios of conventional warfare. In order to develop appropriate and effective concepts it is necessary to identify those war injuries that are associated with arelevant primary and secondary mortality and that can be influenced by medical measures (potentially survivable injuries). The aim of this selective literature review was to identify war injuries with high primary and secondary mortality. Aselective literature review was performed in the PubMed® database with the search terms war OR combat AND injury AND mortality from 2001 to 2023. Studies including data of war injuries and associated mortality were included. Atotal of 33studies were included in the analysis. Severe traumatic brain injury and thoracoabdominal hemorrhage were the main contributors to primary mortality. Injuries to the trunk, neck, traumatic brain injury, and burns were associated with relevant secondary mortality. Among potentially survivable injuries, thoracoabdominal hemorrhage accounted for the largest proportion. Prehospital blood transfusions and short transport times significantly reduced war-associated mortality. Control of thoracoabdominal hemorrhage has the highest potential to reduce mortality in modern warfare. Besides that, treatment of traumatic brain injury, burns and neck injuries has ahigh relevance in reducing mortality. Hospitals of the German Armed Forces need to focus on these requirements.

Drone: The key to the next era of war

With the rapid development of the economic level, the weapons, equipment, and military combat capabilities of countries worldwide are gradually increasing, and unmanned combat systems will inevitably become the main development direction of future wars. This article takes the application of drones in the Russo-Ukrainian War as an example, aiming to analyze the changes brought about by using drones in modern warfare.

Novel Selective Maintenance Approach to Ensure Mission Reliability of Armored Vehicles Considering Multiple Deployment Roles in Distinct Operating Profiles

Given the gravity of the element of surprise in modern warfare, military forces worldwide are constantly attempting to achieve and maintain operational readiness of their critical military equipment. Selective Maintenance (SM) is considered an effective approach for achieving system operational readiness. Effective use of the SM approach for military equipment requires considering various military-specific factors such as multiple deployment roles, distinct operating profiles, human reliability, and the use of refurbished or non-OEM spares. This makes the SM approach for military systems very challenging. This paper presents an approach that formulates the SM problem intending to achieve and maintain the required level of operational readiness for predefined future missions from a military viewpoint. This approach employs a novel methodology that estimates the mission reliability of military equipment while modeling the combined impact of several important military-specific factors. This complex yet necessary integration of various military-specific factors makes the present approach accurate and apt to the exact modus operandi of the armed forces. The developed approach is demonstrated for the maintenance of armored vehicles deployed on distinct missions under different operating conditions. Numerical investigations illustrate the efficacy of the present approach and highlight its advantages over the conventional maintenance approach.

Considerations for the assessment of blast exposure in service members and veterans.

Blast exposure is an increasingly present occupational hazard for military service members, particularly in modern warfare scenarios. The study of blast exposure in humans is limited by the lack of a consensus definition for blast exposure and considerable variability in measurement. Research has clearly demonstrated a robust and reliable effect of blast exposure on brain structure and function in the absence of other injury mechanisms. However, the exact mechanisms underlying these outcomes remain unclear. Despite clear contributions from preclinical studies, this knowledge has been slow to translate to clinical applications. The present manuscript empirically demonstrates the consequences of variability in measurement and definition across studies through a re-analysis of previously published data from the Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Study 34. Definitions of blast exposure used in prior work were examined including Blast TBI, Primary Blast TBI, Pressure Severity, Distance, and Frequency of Exposure. Outcomes included both symptom report and cognitive testing. Results demonstrate significant differences in outcomes based on the definition of blast exposure used. In some cases the same definition was strongly related to one type of outcome, but unrelated to another. The implications of these results for the study of blast exposure are discussed and potential actions to address the major limitations in the field are recommended. These include the development of a consensus definition of blast exposure, further refinement of the assessment of blast exposure, continued work to identify relevant mechanisms leading to long-term negative outcomes in humans, and improved education efforts.

Reintegration of cyber veterans: challenges and strategies for post-war transition.

Battles in the cyber domain often lack visibility compared to the physical domain, which can lead to insufficient appreciation of its actors' achievements by the general public and society. Nonetheless, it has become a crucial area of modern warfare in which cyber professionals defend the nation's critical infrastructure, support other military operations and achieve military objectives that could not be attained in other domains. Although cyber combatants might not have as high a risk of injury or death as those on the front lines, they still can face traumatic events and suffer from the same types of issues after the war as any other veteran. Earlier studies on war veterans have shown they have elevated risks of mental health issues, substance use, social problems and financial difficulties which might push some individuals towards a path of crime. The cyber domain is also not limited by time or place, which has given rise to cyber volunteerism in which skilled individuals around the globe decide to assist their own country or friendly nations. This publication aims to identify the challenges cyber veterans might face when transitioning back to civilian life and develop appropriate strategies to facilitate their reintegration. It also raises the awareness of the hundreds of thousands of volunteers who can develop similar problems after the war. Without proper awareness, support and dialogue, some of these individuals can also drift towards harmful social implications such as cybercrime.

Simple DFS and AOA simultaneous measurement scheme without directional ambiguity with co-frequency self-interference signal cancellation

A photonic method based on a dual-polarization dual-parallel Mach–Zehnder modulator (DPol-DPMZM) for the simultaneous measurement of the Doppler frequency shift (DFS) and angle of arrival (AOA) of microwave signals is proposed and demonstrated by simulation. The upper arm of each sub-DPMZM is driven by the echo and self-interference signals from the antenna, while the lower arm is driven by the reference signal 1 and reference signal 2. The phase and amplitude of the reference signal 1 are adjusted to match the interference signals for achieving the self-interference cancellation (SIC). At the central office (CO), the DFS and AOA can be acquired in real time without directional ambiguity by processing the two downconverted low-frequency tones in the photocurrent. The simulation results show that the presence of the SI signal will seriously interfere with the observation of the SOI frequency and waveform, and the self-interference cancellation depth of about 42 dB can be obtained after the SIC. The measurement errors of the DFS without direction ambiguity are within 0.2 Hz. After the Hilbert transformation of the intermediate frequency (IF) signal, the AOA can be measured from −87.31∘ to +87.31∘ with errors less than 3.9°. The system has a large bandwidth, excellent real-time performance, and better invisibility, and is expected to be used in modern electronic warfare systems.

Implementation of the emerging and disruptive technologies as the key to technological superiority in modern warfare

The relevance of article is due to the fact that in the conditions of confrontation between countries different in terms of resources, strength of the army and number of weapons, military superiority over the enemy are achieved by using asymmetric and hybrid actions with using innovative high-tech weapons and C4ISR. The search for innovative approaches to the management of troops, new methods of using both traditional types of weapons and new ones created onunconventional physical principles, the introduction of the emerging technologies is an urgent need for the development of the Ukraine defense capabilities - the key to technological superiority in modern warfare. Today, most of the developed countries pay considerable attention to scientific research on the emerging and disruptive technologies, strive to maintain advantages in this field. Based on this, the research of promising scientific and technical trends and determining the potential of their application in military affairs is an important scientific and practical tasks that must be solved. The leading approach to solving this problematic issue is the use of the results of the analysis of scientific publications, reports of leading international security institutions, the use of statistical methods of scientometric and patent analysis, as well as the assessment of the level of attention or expectations. The article presents the results of a systematic analysis of existing technological trends, the most significant new and breakthrough technologies, as well as an assessment of their impact on the sphere of security and defense. A certain author's view on the possibilities of using such technologies is offered. The materials of the article are of practical significance for specialists who are responsible for the formation of directions of scientific and scientific-technical activity, the introduction of innovations and the emerging technologies in the activities of the defense-industrial complex.

ANALYSIS OF THE POSSIBILITIES OF USING IOT FOR MILITARY PURPOSES

The most notable change in the era of modern warfare is that information has become the most effective weapon of all. Situational awareness, based on collected information, has become the core of every military operation. Information operations, an integrated network of sensors, weapon systems and platforms have become a force multiplier. New technologies, tools and processes have established the concept of network-centric warfare.
 The concept of the Internet of Things is one of the answers to these questions. Internet of Things is widely developed throughout the world, particularly in civilian and military applications.
 Objects and things can be recognized and used to make contextual decisions by aggregating information and sharing with other objects.
 Using Internet of Things technologies, the State can work more efficiently and effectively by integrating sensor systems, actuators and control systems with current military and civilian infrastructure.
 The purpose of the article is to analyzte the possibilities of using Internet of Things technologies for military purposes, as well as to identify related security challenges and potential countermeasures, focusing on devices and technologies used in the military sphere.

The Evolution of Modern Warfare Through the Prism of the Russian-Ukrainian Conflict: A Comprehensive Analysis

The Evolution of Modern Warfare Through the Prism of the Russian-Ukrainian Conflict: A Comprehensive Analysis