Existing design guidance indicates a peak heat release rate (HRR) of 5-8 MW for a single passenger vehicle or 15 MW for multiple vehicles. However, these recommendations are based on data from older vehicles which do not reflect modern trends in construction and consumer preferences. This work presents data from 9 additional fire tests of modern passenger vehicles recently conducted by the authors. These data are used to improve the validation basis of a model for the HRR of passenger vehicles. The model is then used to develop probabilistic design fires for the most challenging but realistic fire scenario for passenger vehicles based on their size. Data on vehicle sales are used to develop distributions on the size of vehicles. These distributions are then used with the model to evaluate distributions for the HRR and total heat released for the population of vehicles on the market. The analysis showed that greater HRRs of 10-16 MW are more representative of the hazard posed by modern vehicles. A solid flame heat transfer model, and a flux-time product ignition model, are used to evaluate the likelihood that a single vehicle fire will transition to a multiple vehicle fire. • The size of modern vehicles has increased year over year since the 1970s. • Larger vehicle fires produce greater peak HRRs and flux-time products. • Peak HRRs of modern vehicle fires are significantly greater than existing design guidance. • Ignition of adjacent vehicles is more likely with modern vehicle fires.

ABSTRACT As modern education trends emphasise deep understanding, critical thinking, and creativity, there is a need to re-evaluate the practice of memorising the Quran, which is increasingly being questioned. This article engages with this discourse by conducting a scoping review of empirical studies regarding the education-related effects of Quran memorisation. Following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, 36 empirical studies were identified and analysed. The findings indicate that Quran memorisation may best be conceptualised as a multifaceted educational phenomenon, with outcomes clustered into three key themes: cognitive enhancement and potential neuroplasticity, academic achievement, and psychospiritual character development. Framed within the liturgical literacy and neurobiological lens, these results suggest that Quran memorisation functions as embodied cognition and as a stimulation for synaptic connectivity rather than passive repetition. Furthermore, the review highlights a dominance of studies from the Indo-Malay region and a prevalence of quantitative observational designs. The article concludes that while the current mapping offers a positive outlook on the pedagogical value of memorisation, future research requires more rigorous experimental designs and broader geographical contexts to further substantiate these findings.

This article reflects upon and discusses modern trends in developing critical thinking in higher education institutions. In the contemporary globalized knowledge economy, the core mission of higher education is undergoing a fundamental transformation, shifting its primary focus from factual memorization toward the development of higher-order cognitive capacities. It examines the structured integration of digital technologies, advanced active learning methodologies, and cross disciplinary frameworks, while highlighting the necessary evolution of university educators from traditional information transmitters into sophisticated cognitive facilitators.

Cutting-edge developments in revolutionizing Chemical Technologies using hybrid trends in Modern and Solar Powered Wastewater treatment plants for conservation of water resources

Metoclopramide is used for prevention or treatment of emesis and gastroesophageal reflux in dogs. Historically, it has been administered three to four times a day. However, reports of adverse reactions associated with intravenous boluses raise concerns. A more modern trend is to administer the total daily dose as a constant rate infusion of 1 to 2 mg/kg/day. A loading dose prior to the infusion is often omitted, which can delay the onset of action. Adequate loading doses for these constant rate infusions are not known. We have reanalysed pharmacokinetic data from dogs receiving metoclopramide and modelled its behaviour when administered as a constant rate infusion, with and without loading doses. We have quantified the delay expected if loading doses are not administered and calculated appropriate loading doses designed to reach the target concentration while omitting unnecessarily high plasma levels. If a loading dose is omitted, a delay of 3.25 hours for reaching a steady state can be expected. Loading doses of 0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg are recommended for infusions of 1 and 2 mg/kg/day, respectively, in order to reach targeted plasma levels almost immediately.

Valorization of adsorbent spent is a modern trend to maximize the utilization of absorption waste. Analytical methods, inclusive Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), were applied to evaluate the adsorbent spent (Zn-Co-Fe/LDH @ heavy metal). We examined the mechanistic toxicological effects of heavy metals within an animal model (rats) via probit analysis to evaluate the safety and acute toxicity of the spent adsorbent. The acute toxicity was evaluated and documented for 24h, and it persisted for 14days. A diverse multitude of toxic impacts on a different of body organs and tissues is the consequence of the bioaccumulation of these heavy metals. The rodents were weighed daily, and a variety of observations, like mortality, injury, behavior, and any indications of disease, were conducted. The safety and toxicological analyses were conducted using Probit analysis. The acute toxicity evaluation revealed varying safety profiles for the spent adsorbents. Zn-Co-Fe/LDH-As exhibited the lowest level of toxicity with an LD50 of 370mg/kg and a calculated safe dose of 18.5mg/kg. In contrast, the highest toxicity was observed for Zn-Co-Fe/LDH-Pb (LD50 = 103.7mg/kg; safe dose = 5.2mg/kg), followed by Zn-Co-Fe/LDH-Hg (LD50 = 204mg/kg; safe dose = 10.2mg/kg). These results quantify the biological risk associated with metal-laden adsorbents and establish the safety benchmarks required for their sustainable valorization. Evaluations of biochemical parameters and hematological analysis were conducted at the conclusion of each investigation. Comparative to the controls, gross findings were obtained from the histopathological examination of the animals' vital organs, which included the heart, lung, kidney, liver, and stomach. Our safety and toxicological data demonstrated the safety of layered double hydroxide (LDH) efficacy in adsorption, as well as a lower level of toxicity for LDH/As after adsorption. The iron content within the Zn-Co-Fe/LDH framework remained structurally integrated; however, the observed hematological alterations suggest a potential interference with iron metabolism or heme synthesis following exposure to heavy-metal laden adsorbents.

The issue of protecting labor rights in the BRICS countries remains relevant due to differences in legal systems and approaches to resolving labor disputes. A comparison of national systems for protecting workers’ rights in Russia, Brazil, India, China, and South Africa reveals both common trends and unique features due to historical, economic, and legal differences. The BRICS member states in question acknowledge the existence of two main forms of protection, judicial and extra-judicial, but their organizational models and the relationship between them differ significantly. Brazil, India and South Africa have specialized labor courts, while Russia and China have not established such courts. Non-judicial mechanisms include the activities of labor inspectorates, trade unions, and alternative dispute resolution procedures, including conciliation, mediation and arbitration. Based on an analysis of the legislation and judicial practice of the BRICS countries under consideration, the strengths and weaknesses of national models were identified. Particular attention is given to the Russian system, with proposed areas for improvement taking into account international experience and modern trends in the development of labor law.

Remineralizing therapy is in demand among the population for the prevention of caries due to the safety, simplicity, affordability, and ease of use of modern remineralizing agents. For a long time, scientists have proposed a wide variety of formulations and forms for mineralizing hard dental tissue. Currently, one of the most common options is gel formulations, which combine several mineralizing agents without interaction or mutual deactivation.A modern trend in medicine is the use of biomimetic materials. Hydroxyapatite is such a biomimetic for enamel, which has led to a large number of studies on its use.In addition to the optimal biomimetic principle of medicine, the search is ongoing for innovative remineralizing agents that are as convenient to use as possible. Therefore, the development of innovative formulations is socially in demand, especially among young people. Materials and methods. A comparative prospective clinical study was conducted to evaluate the remineralizing, hyposensitivity, and anti-inflammatory effects of an innovative prophylactic agent in adult patients aged 18–30 years during oral hygiene treatment compared to a control group. Standard clinical indicators were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the hygiene products: the Dental Caries Intensity Index (DMF), the Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S), the Enamel Resistance Test (ERТ), the Gingival Inflammation Index (PMA), the Sulcus Bleeding Index (SBI), the Schiff Air Scale, and the Visual Analogue Pain Scale (VAS). Various salivary parameters were monitored during the study, including crystal formation, pH, fluoride, Ca, Mg, lactate, and IL-6. The study lasted one month. Results. Clinical and laboratory studies of the GLOBAL WHITE Remineralizing Gel-Pencil confirm the stated consumer properties: an increase in the level of enamel mineralization according to ERT by 36.48 %, an increase in the mineralizing potential of saliva according to microcrystallization data by 15.20 %, according to the level of salivary calcium by 20.72 %, a decrease in hyperesthesia of hard dental tissues according to the Schiff index by 45.16 %, an improvement in the condition of the periodontium during inflammation according to the PMA index by 22.48 %. The overall assessment of the organoleptic properties (including ease of application, taste, texture) was 8.86 ± 0.38 points on a 10-point scale.

The article presents a theoretical analysis of the evolution of approaches to the professional and personal development of a future specialist through the prism of the continuity of pedagogical traditions and current educational trends. Based on a systematic and comparative analysis, key traditional foundations and modern vectors of development are identified. It is proved that the effective training of a competitive specialist requires not the denial of traditions, but their synergistic enrichment with innovative practices. An integrative conceptual scheme has been developed, in which traditional values act as a semantic framework, and modern trends as a technological toolkit for building individual educational environments. The research results form the theoretical and methodological basis for designing educational systems adequate to the challenges of digital transformation and uncertainty.

This project examines the modern trends in software patenting in India both in Section 3(k) and the backlaw cases and the transformation of exams. It is followed by the ways in which the rules and policies governing computer-related inventions have shifted to more rigid exclusion schemes to a technical effect/technical contribution mode, as represented by the 2017 and 2025 Guidelines to Examining Computer-Related Inventions (CRI). Namely the Ferid Allani case and its impact on the way software-implemented inventions are treated at the Patent Office are specially highlighted. Based on the latest government releases and the IP India Annual Report 2024-25, the study contextualizes these changes of the doctrines into a bigger frame of record patent filings, increasing local involvement, and institutional changeover. The project investigates as to whether the present rules strike a balance between the exclusion of so-called computer programs per se and safeguarding actual software-enabled technical advancement, and concludes by providing some practical proposals on how the standards can be further clarified and transparency enhanced using only a slight amount of official statistics by employing a doctrinal approach. KEYWORDS: Software patenting, Section 3(k), Computer‑related inventions, CRI Guidelines 2025, Ferid Allani, Technical effect, Patent filing trends.

The article addresses current issues related to improving the efficiency and accuracy of evaluating the energy characteristics of transmission systems in tracked military vehicles. Modern trends in the development of armored vehicles lead to increased requirements for controllability, reliability, and energy efficiency, which limits the capabilities of traditional mechanical and hydrostatic transmissions. In this context, the use of hydrostatic transmissions is a promising direction, as they provide stepless control of the transmission ratio, design flexibility, and efficient power distribution between the vehicle tracks. At the same time, improving the accuracy of energy loss assessment in such transmissions is an important scientific and applied problem. The aim of the study is to develop and theoretically substantiate a methodology for determining the coefficients of volumetric and hydromechanical losses in a hydrostatic transmission based on an inverse approach to matching experimental and calculated values of hydraulic machine efficiency. To achieve this goal, the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is applied, enabling effective identification of the mathematical model parameters by minimizing the deviation between theoretical and experimental data. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the development of a methodological approach to determining the components of losses in hydrostatic transmissions, taking into account a wide range of operating conditions, which ensures improved accuracy of modeling their energy characteristics. The proposed methodology makes it possible to consider the influence of variable factors, such as pressure, working fluid flow rate, and speed parameters, which significantly increases the reliability of the results. The practical significance of the obtained results lies in the possibility of using the developed methodology to assess the energy efficiency of hydrostatic transmissions in the design and modernization of mobile machine transmissions. Implementation of the methodology in the form of specialized software or its integration into mathematical modeling environments allows automation of experimental data processing, improves the efficiency of obtaining results, and ensures convenience of its application in engineering practice

This article analyzes international standards and mechanisms for protecting the rights of migrants, including international treaties adopted within specialized organizations, regional international treaties, and bilateral treaties directly regulating migration, as well as modern migration trends in international law. In addition, important changes in these international treaties, legal gaps, problems (restrictions) requiring solutions, as well as compliance by states with the provisions of this treaty and shortcomings arising in the process of their practical application were studied. In this regard, in addition to the above, the opinions, suggestions and objections expressed by foreign and national scientists on the protection of migrants’ rights were studied and analyzed, and relevant proposals and comments were given on improving international legal norms.

The study highlights the problem of developing creativity in future specialists in the G11 mechanical engineering specialties in the process of studying fundamental disciplines, namely higher mathematics. The views of scientists on the definition of the concept of «creativity» are analyzed and it is stated that creativity is a component of competence. Summarizing the above views on the concept of «creativity», the authors define the creativity of the future as an integrated quality of the personality, which is manifested in the ability to innovative technical thinking, generating new technical ideas, applying mathematical and natural science knowledge in non-standard situations, designing and improving technical objects taking into account modern trends in the development of science and technology. The potential of the discipline «Higher Mathematics» as a means of developing creativity is determined, methods and techniques that contribute to the activation of creative thinking in the process of mathematical training are considered. It is determined that for the development of students in higher mathematics classes, it is important to create a creative educational environment and characterize it. The authors have identified the structural components of creativity (motivational, cognitive, reflective) and characterized each component of the studied concept. We present systematized examples of tasks on the theme «Limits», specially designed to develop the creativity of students of mechanical engineering specialties.

The rapid progression of the Internet of Things (IoT) has significantly transformed how interconnected devices operate, exchange information, and enable automation across various domains. Although introduced in the late 20th century, IoT builds upon earlier advancements such as embedded systems, wireless communication, and standardized networking protocols. In its early stages, IoT systems relied heavily on centralized infrastructures for managing operations, particularly software updates, due to limited device capabilities. Traditional update mechanisms, including centralized servers and Over-The-Air (OTA) approaches, introduced critical challenges such as single points of failure, vulnerability to cyber threats, poor scalability, and lack of transparency in verification processes. As IoT ecosystems continue to expand, these issues increasingly affect system reliability and data integrity, highlighting the need for a decentralized and secure update management approach. To address these limitations, the proposed system integrates blockchain technology with InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) to establish a distributed, tamper-resistant framework for managing updates. Ethereum-based smart contracts are used to handle user registration, maintain update records, and process transactions in a transparent and immutable manner. For enhanced security, the system utilizes Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme (ECIES) combined with Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (CP-ABE) to safeguard update content, which is then stored in IPFS using content-addressed storage for decentralized access. A Django-based web interface enables smooth interaction for users, while a Tkinter-based simulation environment models IoT device behavior and update dissemination guided by blockchain data. By removing centralized dependencies and incorporating secure, verifiable processes, the system improves reliability, trust, and scalability, aligning with modern trends in decentralized IoT architectures.

Understanding relative sea-level (RSL) change since the early industrial period to the present is essential to contextualise modern trends and improve future projections. However, existing databases of Common Era RSL reconstructions contain ages derived from outdated radiocarbon calibration curves, limiting inter-comparability and integration with instrumental records. We present the Post-1800 CE Sea Level Database (P-1800SLD), a global, chronologically consistent compilation of high-resolution RSL reconstructions spanning 1800–2025 CE. The database provides a centralised dataset of 14C, 210Pb and chronostratigraphic marker data compiled from previously disparate sources. It contains 932 modelled or directly dated sea-level index points (SLIPs) from 41 sites (95% are modelled SLIPs derived from microfossil-based reconstructions) adhering to quality-based criteria. SLIP ages have been recalibrated using IntCal20 or SHCal20 and modelled using a Bayesian framework. Most updated SLIP ages agree with those originally published. Validation against tide-gauge records shows strong agreement for water levels (average r2 = 0.82; average RMSE = 0.10 m). Detailed meta-data are included in the database to support future updates and alternative modelling approaches.

The recent revolutionary shifts in the global economy have generated new prospects for the growth and development of national economies through technological innovation while also exacerbating issues of macroeconomic instability, social inequality, and poverty. At present, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have catalyzed the advancement of the majority of national economies. The subject of the study is the conditions and determinants affecting the sustainable development of SMEs in Cameroon. The purpose of this research is to identify the key factors of development and suggest a comprehensive model of the sustainable development of the SME sector in Cameroon, taking into account the structural features of the national economy. The relevance is determined by modern trends of globalization and technological innovations affecting national economies, especially developing countries such as Cameroon, along with its vital economic and social problems. The scientific novelty involves developing a cognitive model that examines the cross-impact of factors influencing the development of SMEs, based on the theory of fuzzy sets, and substantiating practical mechanisms to enhance the effectiveness of government policies supporting SMEs. The authors used methods of systems approach, expert assessment method, fuzzy set theory, cognitive modeling, comparative analysis, and statistical methods of data verification. The authors concluded that there is structural dualism in Cameroon’s economy in the disproportion between the high-tech financial sector and archaic forms of entrepreneurship. A fuzzy cognitive map has been developed, indicating seven important influential factors with maximum centrality, including the level of production infrastructure development and the success of anti-corruption strategy, among others. The necessity for a program-targeted strategy has been substantiated, focusing on the establishment of a sustainable investment climate, the development of public-private partnerships, and the enhancement of the financial culture within the business environment. The existence of systemic contradictions has been proven, namely regarding the exclusion of SMEs from investment growth in infrastructure.

Active learning (AL) aims to maximize model performance while minimizing annotation costs. With the rapid adoption of deep learning, AL approaches have evolved to meet contemporary demands. We systematically examine the literature published from 2018 to May 2025, focusing on four key trends: batch-mode selection, transfer learning integration, multi-strategy querying, and extension to diverse application domains. In addition, we summarize classical AL approaches. While observations show that combining AL with deep learning significantly enhances data efficiency, a critical limitation remains: the lack of standardized evaluation protocols across studies hinders precise comparisons. Nevertheless, we find that AL is well-aligned with modern trends, and we offer insights into underexplored opportunities to guide future research within the machine learning community.

The study of population expectations is a popular direction in modern economic research. Expectations influence decisions to made: choice of place of residence, professional sphere, educational trajectory for oneself and children, investment directions, etc. Research aimed at analyzing and assessing inflation expectations of the population has become widespread in international and domestic practice. Analysis and assessment of population expectations also touch upon issues of migration, professional choice and satisfaction with the work performed or income received. In this article the authors analyze modern trends in the study of rural population expectations, show the tools and methods used by foreign and Russian scientists to assess rural population expectations, and define the tasks that can be solved by studying rural population expectations. The article suggests key population categories that are interesting from the standpoint of expectations analysis, the directions of expectations and decisions that they influence in each target category, as well as possible tools relevant to analyzing expectations of different categories of population.

ABSTRACT In this paper, we analyse the development of education and pedagogical thought in Montenegro in the final decades of the nineteenth century, on the basis of archival material and relevant historical literature. Interpreting and analysing education in Montenegro, as one of the factors in the trends of modernization at the end of the nineteenth century, is only possible, to a greater or lesser extent, when linked to the overall social, political, demographic and economic circumstances, which, all taken together, created the conditions for changes within education itself.

The article provides a comprehensive theoretical and practical analysis of contemporary approaches to teaching art history for first-cycle (Bachelor's) students majoring in "Vocational Education (Design)." The author argues for a fundamental revision of the traditional educational paradigm, focusing on the transition from reproductive learning of art history facts to the implementation of interactive, visuallyoriented, and immersive methodologies. The study thoroughly examines the role of integrating modern digital tools (VR technologies, online platforms, cloud services) and project-based learning in the formation of professional competencies of future teacher-designers. It is established that studying art history in the second year serves not only as a general educational component but as a strategic tool for developing visual literacy, analytical thinking, and the capacity for creative reflection. Particular attention is paid to the "comparative analysis" technique, which allows students to draw parallels between classical artistic forms and modern trends in graphic, industrial, and environmental design. The paper presents the results of an empirical study conducted among students, confirming a positive trend in the formation of professional motivation and aesthetic taste when using innovative teaching models. The scientific novelty of the research lies in substantiating the synergistic connection between art history training and the future pedagogical activity of a designer, where art history becomes the foundation for creating original visual content and methodological support for the educational process. The findings emphasize that the modernization of art history teaching contributes to the development of "soft skills," which are crucial for the competitiveness of graduates in the European educational and creative labor market.