Bacteria and archaea are under-characterized in palaeoecological studies, despite their ubiquity, high diversity, and tight integration with the abiotic, biotic, and human-influenced environments. The complexity of their assemblages and difficulties in separating living- from paleo-prokaryotes render research challenging. Here we present an ancient metagenomic time-series of prokaryotes from a sediment core of Lake Constance, spanning the last 13 500years of natural and anthropogenic impact. We mapped DNA to reference genomes and characterised the DNA damage of taxa as collectively increasing with time. By constructing co-abundance networks, we recognize major assemblage groups, containing both dead and living microbes, that show specific dynamics: Short-term and often low-abundance assemblages are linked to the Pleistocene-Holocene transition, floods, and human activities. Noticeably, certain lineages harbouring microbes common in human-impacted environments expanded during the Middle Ages and Modern time. Some abundant taxa associated with various freshwater and soil environments persisted through millennia. By extricating different sources and trajectories of change, we demonstrate the power of prokaryotic sedimentary DNA in revealing nature- and human-caused long-term eco-evolutionary consequences.

Geometry is the spatial language of the universe where pure logic meets the physical world. Creative thinking allows students to apply geometric principles to real-world challenges. Innovation in geometry is linked to spatial visualization. It allows students to bridge the gap between a formula and solving a complex, real-world problem. Innovative exploration in geometry builds a “gut feeling” for how objects interact in space. Bruner’s discovery model of teaching and learning is very fruitful in geometry because it shifts the focus from rote memorization of formulas to active, hands-on construction of knowledge, leading to a deeper understanding of spatial concepts. This learning approach when guided by an instructor allows students to explore, manipulate shapes, and identify properties themselves, fostering critical thinking, better retention and increased motivation. This model transforms the classroom from a place of “receiving information” to a laboratory of ideas. It also fosters resilience, allowing students to navigate, rather than fear, complex and unfamiliar geometric problem. The spiral curriculum and scaffolding technique in this model help students to handle higher level of cognitive demand revising topics and also facilitating a transition from visual, intuitive understanding to formal, deductive reasoning. The main objectives of this paper is why we follow Bruner’s guided discovery model for teaching-learning geometry at school level and how to implement it in a sophisticated and convenient way in teaching-learning geometry at school level as well as what will be the goal by using this model in modern time where complexity is increasing day to day. This paper is a conceptual/theoretical analysis that examines how Bruner’s Discovery Learning Theory can provide a transformative framework for geometry instruction at the secondary level.

Greece exhibits a continuous and exceptionally well-documented tradition of water management extending from prehistoric times to the modern era. This review critically examines the evolution of Greek hydro-technologies within their historical, environmental, and socio-political contexts, highlighting their enduring relevance to contemporary water resource management. Beginning with the advanced hydraulic systems of the Minoan civilization, the study traces the development, transformation, decline, and rediscovery of water management practices across successive periods, including the Mycenaean, Classical, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Venetian, Ottoman, and modern Greek eras. The analysis is based on a synthesis of archeological evidence, historical sources, and technical studies from approximately 200 documented sites throughout Greece. Particular emphasis is placed on water supply, drainage, sanitation, irrigation, and governance systems, as well as on periods during which hydraulic knowledge was partially lost and later reintroduced or adapted. Representative case studies illustrate the spatial and technological diversity of Greek hydro-technological solutions, ranging from monumental aqueducts and dams to decentralized cisterns, wells, and communal irrigation systems. The review demonstrates that Greek hydro-technologies consistently integrated technical innovation with environmental adaptation, social organization, and institutional regulation. This diachronic synthesis provides transferable lessons for modern water governance, infrastructure resilience, and climate adaptation, offering a conceptual framework for addressing contemporary challenges related to water scarcity, climate variability, and sustainable water management in Mediterranean and semi-arid regions.

Cardiac Rehabilitation Continues to Win in Modern Times.

This study aims to explore Abdullah Saeed's thoughts about Fazlur Rahman, namely Rahman’s critique of traditional Islam, Rahman's framework for interpretation, and an assessment of Rahman’s contribution. This study is a literature review using analytical descriptive methods with primary and secondary data sources from literature materials. The results of this study show that: first, Fazlur Rahman highlights that traditional Islam tends to be trapped in backwardness of thought due to stagnant interpretation and interpretation of sacred texts. He emphasized that thinkers and ulama should make serious efforts to adapt Islamic understanding to changing times and social dynamics; secondly, to understand the Qur’an correctly, we must understand the text in its historical context and relate it to universal values that can be applied in the context of modern times; and third, Abdullah Saeed appreciated Fazlur Rahman's great contribution to the world of contemporary Islamic thought. According to him, Fazlur Rahman opened a new path in the interpretation of the Qur’an with a more dynamic and progressive approach in the form of a method of interpreting the Qur’an that takes into account historical, social context, and universal values, allowing for a broader and more relevant understanding of how to convey the messages of the Koran in modern times.

This is a narrative literature review that explores how social media can be used to construct political images through the visual communication, synthesizing 52 peer-reviewed materials (2008-2025). The political communication of the modern times is dominated by visual content, which includes images, videos, memes and triggers 3.2 times more interactions than text among 5.2 billion users. Such platforms as Instagram (1.8-3.2% engagement), X (memes), Tik Tok (youth mobilization), and Facebook (reach) facilitate algorithm-enhanced, personal image creation. Semiotics (polysemous signs) and visual framing/image-bite politics (emotional encoding) and political branding/personalization theories are all integrated as theoretical backgrounds. Examples of case studies include India 2024 (Modi: [?]6.61Cr visual adverts, 100M+ followers), US (Fetterman authenticity, Trump spectacle) elections, citing platform specific strategies and traits of cross-cultural behaviours. There are positive impacts such as voter mobilization (43 per cent vote influence India youth) and parasocial bonding and heuristic decision-making. The challenges regarding the negative issues include visual misinformation (18% deepfakes), polarization (X: +34%), and algorithm echo chambers. India-Western differences emphasize the cultural symbol potency (85% vs 60%).

Anarchy & Community at Modern Times, 1851-1863

The Three Phases of Modern Times - Communitarian, Reform, and Long Island

Since the introduction of modern Western medicine to China, Chinese medical education, including dental education, had undergone profound changes, gradually shifting from the traditional family inheritance or apprenticeship model to the modern medical school education system. Chinese dentists actively engaged in educational practice, and successively established 8 dental schools during modern times (1909-1949). Among them, Shanghai Dental College, as the only institution successfully registered with the education department and continued to operate after the founding of People's Republic of China, held a special historical position. Currently, systematic research on the background and process of its establishment is still insufficient. This article reviews the background of the establishment and development process of Shanghai Dental College, focusing on the school construction process, facilities, course system, teachers and student training, to better understand the efforts of modern Chinese dentists in promoting dental education, and enrich the historical research of stomatology.

Islamic education has a long history of shaping human civilization through the integration of spiritual, intellectual, and social values. Throughout history, the Islamic education system has undergone a significant transformation from classical scientific traditions centered in mosques, madrasahs, and pesantren, to modern systems that emphasize the balance between religious and scientific knowledge. This transformation involves not only methodological changes but also a reconstruction of Islamic epistemology to address the challenges of modern times, including the digital era and globalization. This study employs a qualitative literature review approach, analyzing contemporary academic works published between 2019-2025. Findings indicate that modern Islamic education emphasizes the integration of knowledge (unity of knowledge), the strengthening of digital literacy, and the development of spiritual character aimed at communal well-being. The transformation of education in Islamic civilization is both a historical necessity and a philosophical evolution that must continue to align with global developments.

The philosophy of Si Tou Timou Tumou Tou has been ignored by various Minahasa communities in modern times. The essence of the philosophy is increasingly lost due to the attitude and actions of the Minahasa community, who live full of bringing each other down in order to gain self-esteem and personal dignity, attitudes that belittle others, showing off their social identity as being richer, being arrogant (not wanting more competitors), and fighting (which puts others at the lowest). The purpose of this study is to provide an understanding of Indonesian guidance and counseling for the Minahasa community or congregation, so that they maintain and convey Si Tou Timou Tumou Tou as a guideline for their daily lives that benefits others. This study uses a qualitative approach with thematic analysis of literature on Minahasa cultural values and pastoral care. The findings of this study offer a culture-based pastoral care model that can be adopted by GMIM and other religious institutions in Indonesia. Keywords: si tou timou tumou tou, indonesian assistance and counseling, GMIM

This paper analyzes the novel Los Llanos by Argentine writer Federico Falco through the concept of queer temporality, understood not only as a rupture from modern, postcolonial, and capitalist time, but more importantly as an interruption of chrononormativity (Freeman, 2010) and homonormativity (Duggan, 2003). Temporality is thus approached from a queer or sex-dissident perspective in at least two ways. First, the novel portrays the narrator’s stay in the countryside as a withdrawal from the accelerated temporality of urban life. Second, it explores the attempt to navigate a breakup and the end of a relationship once projected into the future through the shared project of building a home. In this context, both the act of writing the novel and cultivating a vegetable garden allow for a reflection on normative frameworks that exceed heterosexuality, and that may be understood as mechanisms of meaning-making that enact a form of violence and domestication upon the non-sense of desire and pleasure.

The Turkish economy has been affected by recurring populist cycles and resultant economic crises, which have, in turn, unfavorably influenced the growth performance of the country. Inspired by the Turkish experience, this study attempts to investigate the effects of changes in exchange rate on the growth performance of the Turkish economy by using the production function framework. The data is sourced from the World Development Indicators and Penn World Table. Modern time series techniques are utilized to estimate the production function. Our findings reveal that there is a long-term but unfavorable relationship between changes in the exchange rate and economic growth in Turkey over the 1980–2019 period. Beyond its macroeconomic implications, the findings highlight that persistent exchange rate instability undermines macroeconomic sustainability by distorting the price mechanism, weakening investment incentives, and reducing long-term productive capacity. In this context, exchange rate stability emerges as a critical prerequisite for achieving sustainable economic growth in emerging economies such as Turkey.

Cerebral palsy (CP), a term coined by William John Little in 1843, represents a group of non-progressive motor disorders resulting from early brain injury. Beyond its medical characterization, there were early artistic depictions, such as Egyptian reliefs and medieval religious scenes, portraying individuals with asymmetric or contracted limbs mainly through symbolic or moral lenses. During the Renaissance and Baroque periods, artists including Dürer and Velázquez subtly represented physical diversity, though without explicit medical context. Literary portrayals evolved from mythological or moral allegory (e.g., Hephaestus, hagiographies) to empathetic narratives of individuality and inclusion, as seen in Tiny Tim, present in A Christmas Carol, written by Charles Dickens, and Draper's Out of My Mind. In modern times, artists and writers living with CP transformed disability into a means of self-expression and social critique.

COVID-19, which stands for Coronavirus Disease 2019, is a highly transmissible viral infection,caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1]. Its rapid dissemination prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to officially declare it a global pandemic on March 11, 2020 [2]. It was later recognized as one of the most significant global health and socioeconomic crisis of modern times, leading to 776.8 million confirmed cases and over 7 million confirmed deaths [2, 3].

In modern times, guaranteeing hygiene, security, and efficiency in elections remains a major challenge, especially in large-scale democratic systems. The traditional voting mechanisms based on physical contact, like ballot papers or touch-based voting machines, expose one to risks of contamination and electoral manipulation. This project demonstrates a touchless voting system with Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)-based user authentication aimed at surmounting these constraints using inexpensive and durable hardware. The system is powered by an ESP32 microcontroller and employs an RC522 RFID reader module for contactless verification of the voter’s identity. RFID technology works by remotely reading data on an RFID card to which every registered voter is allocated. When the card is held close to the reader, it sends a unique identifier, which is compared to a secure cloud-based database with voter information like name and address. Once verified successfully, the voter is allowed access to vote using ultrasonic sensors—each sensor representing a particular candidate and act as a switch—facilitating gesture-based interaction for an entirely contactless experience. The system has LEDs for visual acknowledgment and a buzzer for audible feedback when there is successful vote registration. Repeated voting from the same voter is also inhibited by the database through the voter status being updated once a vote has been cast. With real-time cloud connectivity, contactless RFID verification, and touchless input, the system suggested is able to enhance hygiene, security during elections, and ease in voting in today’s election environments.

The threshold at the church door traditionally marks the transition from the profane to the sacred. However, a strict separation of these realms did not exist until modern times. Only secular thinking marginalizes the sacred. The loss of sacred spaces as a result of the shrinking of Christian communities in Western Europe affects society as a whole. Their transformation into spiritual, cultural, or social meeting places benefits everyone, not least the Christian communities themselves.

Archaeological excavations have been underway since September 2023 in the southern inner courtyard (Innenhof) and within the Neue Residenz in downtown Salzburg. These investigations have uncovered remains from a wide range of periods—from modern times back to the 1st century AD—offering valuable insights into Salzburg’s ancient, medieval, and post-medieval history. The complete excavation of the nearly 2,000 m² has significantly improved our understanding of the urban settlement structure of Roman, medieval, and Baroque Salzburg, contributing to the reconstruction of the topography of the municipium of Iuvavum and, subsequently, of medieval and early modern Salzburg.

This study aims to provide a brief overview of the efforts made in recent decades to identify Hungarian and Transylvanian law students who visited Western European universities in the early modern time to uncover data related to their university stays and studies. Who were those who wasted their time and their own and their patrons’ money on acquiring “useless” legal knowledge at universities? “Useless” because, according to our current knowledge, there was presumably a huge gap between practical legal life, especially in private law relations in Hungary and Transylvania, and the legal thinking imbued with the European ius commune that could be acquired at universities. Those who attended foreign universities probably constituted only a negligible proportion of our legal scholars at the time. Another question is whether this numerical inferiority was not necessarily proportional to the “scientific” and possible practical influence of this group on the legal life of the time. Focusing primarily on the hundred years around the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, the study aims to provide some insight into the possible impact of legal knowledge acquired at foreign law schools on domestic “legal scholarship,” based on visitation data and on legal and political disputationes, defended at the universities.

Abstract Scientific and technological revolutions, including the isolation of alkaloids and the invention of machines, allowed the mass production and long-distance distribution of drugs from the early nineteenth century onwards. At the same time, drugs were found to keep industrial work processes going, by cutting hunger and fatigue and other conditions associated with the industrial lifestyle, including chronic pains, coughs, asthma, and depression. The seven chapters of the issue show the neglected relationship between drugs and the industrial situation, by combining different spatial scales: by zooming in on factories and other enclosed spaces, such as slave ships, colonial hospitals, laboratories, as well as the suburbs and garden plots that made up the everyday lives of drug-using working classes; and by zooming out to transnational business connections, resource-providing agricultural areas, and licit and illicit trade routes across national borders and continents.