Modern Technical Requirements Research Articles

УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ВИМОГ ДО ЕКСПЛУАТАЦІЙНОГО СТАНУ АВТОМОБІЛЬНИХ ДОРІГ

Introduction. This article considers the issue of improving the requirements for the operational condition of public highways and streets (hereinafter referred to as highways) and railway and tram crossings based on the analysis of current legal acts, regulatory documents, technical literature, which refers to the objects of standardization, taking into account the requirements for safety and environmental protection at all stages of the road life cycle, in particular operational maintenance. Problem Statement. A significant number of traffic accidents that occurred due to defects in the components of highways require improvement in the organization and conduct of inspections and surveys of highways with the establishment of compliance of a certain number of indicators with regulatory requirements. In addition, the resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly dated 31.08.2020 No. 74/299 «Improving road safety around the world» states that deaths and serious injuries as a result of road traffic accidents can in most cases be prevented on the basis of creating a safer highway infrastructure, which also contributes to the development of regulatory documents that establish modern technical requirements for the operational condition of highways

Modernization of the traction converter on the Ivolga electric train

Currently, the railways of the Russian Federation use high-speed electric trains Sapsan and Allegro, as well as high-speed trains Lastochka and Ivolga.Considered the possibility of replacing foreign-made converter components with domestic-made components.Compared the characteristics and specific indicators of the domestic traction converter BORDLINE CC1500 DC 3kV U 2000 037 A02 and the foreign frequency converter with a 3-level inverter MV9FT-31-781WAD-466+Z. A comparative analysis of the characteristics of the converters shows that the efficiency of the converter of domestic production is higher by 6.6 % with a significant decrease in specific indicators in terms of weight and dimensions.In order to increase the efficiency of the traction converter on the Ivolga electric train, it is proposed to replace it with a frequency converter with a 3-level inverter based on IGBT transistors MV9FT-31-781WAD-466+Z. A diagram of a frequency converter with a 3-level inverter based on IGBT transistors is presented.The weight and size indicators of these converters are the same, which makes it possible to produce this equipment from components of domestic production. The possibility of creating a modern traction converter based on domestic components is shown.Modernization of the traction converter on the Ivolga electric train using the domestic element base will make it possible to bring it into line with modern technical requirements and increase the efficiency of the electric train.

New Ceramic Tiles Produced Using Old Technology Applied on Historic Roofs-Possibilities and Challenges.

In the case of historic buildings, especially those under protection, it is important to replace elements of the roof covering, while maintaining current technical standards, to meet the requirements of the conservator. The authors of the article present alternatives to commonly used solutions, based on their experience with replacing historic building roofing with ceramic tiles made according to the production and firing technology of the nineteenth century. They emphasize that the correct/specialized restoration of existing tiles in a building makes it possible to preserve and reuse them, which is in line with the principles of historic preservation. However, due to the preservation of the roof tiles, it is not always possible to revitalize them. As a solution to the problem, the use of clay roof tiles manufactured according to 19th-century firing technology, including handmade methods, is presented, which preserves the geometry of the historic roof tiles. The approach presented by the authors meets both the requirements of conservation theory and the building standards for roofing elements. Although it is much more expensive than the solutions currently commonly used that result from modern technical requirements and tile-manufacturing technology, in the case of objects of significant cultural heritage, it is a solution that meets modern technical requirements while not compromising the original appearance of the monument.

Stage 3a environmental compliance of the 6-cylinder tractor engine

The development strategy of the Minsk Motor Plant, implemented within the framework of plant and state scientific and technical programs, is aimed at producing competitive products that meet modern technical requirements of international standards and quality. The mandatory requirement for the successful promotion of diesel engines on the off-road vehicle market is to ensure the required environmental performance, with low fuel consumption and low engine cost. The well-known technical solutions aimed to achieve environmental indicators of the Stage 3A level significantly increase the cost of diesel engines, therefore, the achievement of the required environmental standards without a significant increase in the cost of engines can be considered an urgent task. Purpose. Stage3A Environmental Compliance for 6 Cylinder Tractor Diesel. Methodology. Experimental studies were carried out for diesel engines equipped with: a Common Rail BOSCH accumulator fuel supply system with an injection pressure of 140 MPa, injectors with 7 nozzle holes; a direct-action fuel supply system with a MOTORPAL fuel pump providing a maximum injection pressure of 100 MPa, MOTORPAL injectors and AZPI with five nozzle holes; combustion chambers of two types with bowl diameters of 55 and 67.5 mm; cylinder heads providing swirl ratios 3–4 and 3.5–4.5; high pressure exhaust gas recirculation system. The tests were carried out at characteristic points of the NRSC cycle at three crankshaft speeds: minimum idle speed 800 min-1, maximum torque 1600 min-1, and maximum power 2100 min-1. Results. It turned out that it is possible to achieve Stage3A emissions standards on 116 kW diesel engines using direct fuel equipment and a semi-open combustion chamber, on 156 kW diesel engines using a Low Cost Common Rail fuel supply system and an open combustion chamber. Originality. The results of the combustion chamber shape choice, the parameters of the fuel-injection equipment, the swirl ratio of the inlet channels, valve timings and parameters of the exhaust gas recirculation system made it possible to organize diesel engine workflow of the Stage 3A ecological level. Practical significance. Construction elements of the six-cylinder diesel engines have been developed and introduced at the Minsk Motor Plant.

Preparation and characterisation of IAEA-603, a new primary reference material aimed at the VPDB scale realisation for δ13 C and δ18 O determination.

NBS19 carbonate, a primary reference material (RM) for the Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) scale realisation introduced in 1987, was exhausted in 2009, and no primary RM was available for several years. This study describes the preparation and characterisation of a new RM, IAEA-603 (Ca-carbonate, calcite of marble origin), which shall serve as a new primary RM (replacement for NBS19) or primary calibrator aimed at the highest realisation of the VPDB scale for δ13 C and δ18 O values, including the VPDB-CO2 δ18 O scale. IAEA-603 preparation and characterisation (value transfer) against NBS19 were performed by addressing the major modern technical requirements for the production and characterisation of RMs (ISO Guide 35). IAEA-603 was produced in a large quantity, and the first batch was sealed into ampoules (0.5 g) to ensure RM integrity during storage; four other batches were sealed for long-term storage. The most accurate method of CO2 preparation for isotope mass spectrometry was used, namely carbonate-H3 PO4 reaction under controlled conditions. The assigned values of δ13 C = +2.460 ± 0.010‰ and δ18 O = -2.370 ± 0.040‰ (k = 1) are based on a large number of analyses (~10 mg aliquots) performed at IAEA and address all the known uncertainty components. For aliquots down to 120 μg, the δ18 O uncertainty remains unchanged but shall be doubled for δ13 C. The uncertainty components considered are as follows: (a) material homogeneity (within and between the 5200 ampoules produced), (b) value assignment against NBS19, (c) storage effects and (d) effect of the 17 O correction. The new primary RM IAEA-603 replaces NBS19 in its use as the highest calibrator for the VPDB δ13 C and δ18 O scale, including the VPDB-CO2 δ18 O scale. The use of IAEA-603 will allow laboratories worldwide to establish consistent realisation of the scales for δ13 C and δ18 O values and metrological comparability of measurement results for decades. The VPDB scale definition based on NBS19 stays valid.

Modeling the horizontal movement of bulk material in the system “conveyor – rotary mixer”

In this work, we consider methods for analytical construction of the profile of rotor blades mixer, as well as mathematical modeling of their work on moving and mixing bulk material on a conveyor to increase process efficiency mixing raw materials and optimizing its operating costs. In addition to increasing the effectiveness of the mixing process and lower operating costs, the goal of implementation the proposed methods is the consciousness of production with the least possible errors that would meet modern technical requirements and be adapted to consumer tasks. In this regard, the aim of this work was to determine rational parameters and geometric characteristics of the profile of the rotor mixer blades contributing to improving the quality of mixing the metallurgical charge transported on a conveyor belt. To achieve the goal by modeling, which is a key method of the fourth concept industrial revolution, using the developed mathematical model analyzed the movement of a particle of material along a conveyor belt with its subsequent interaction with the blades of the working body of the rotary mixer.

Energy saving in power supply systems

Problem. Over the past 20 years, the potential of cost-effective and highly cost-recovery energy saving in Ukraine has been practically consumed. Therefore, putting into practice some new ways and methods of saving all kinds of energy is necessary. The right choice for energy-efficient reorganization of industry, energy, housing and communal services determines the future of Ukraine. In order to use electric energy by consumers, it is necessary not only to generate it by power plants, but also to transfer to a particular consumer. The total length of electric networks in Ukraine is extensive but, unfortunately, they don’t always meet modern technical requirements. This leads to significant energy losses while transferring from manufacturer to consumer. Goal. To analyze technical ways of using electric energy, methods and means of saving energy and resources efficiently. Methodology. The analytical research methods on the development and application of systems and ways of energy saving and efficient use of energy resources have been applied. Results. The analysis of technical ways to use efficiently electric energy, methods and means of saving energy and resources has been carried out. The technical ways to use efficiently electric energy and the main measures (activities) for its saving have been analyzed. It is noted that in order to save energy resources and the funds for their use significantly, the following steps are required: state energy saving management; creation of an energy saving legislative framework, implementation of energy saving technologies. The specialty (specialization) "Energy saving technologies" has been offered to introduce into the educational process of higher engineering educational establishments of Ukraine. Originality. The research methods for developing and applying the methods of systems and ways of energy saving and efficient use of energy resources have been further developed. The application of object and activity-oriented-model for energy saving management has been considered. Practical value. The most forward-looking system has been proved to be a two-level automated system for controlling and managing the required power consumption. The possible ways of reducing losses in power supply systems have been estimated. Key words:power supply system; energy losses; ways of energy saving; electric power; electric networks; electricity saving.

Saint Petersburg magnetic observatory: from Voeikovo subdivision to INTERMAGNET certification

Abstract. Since June 2012 the Saint Petersburg magnetic observatory is being developed and maintained by two institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) – the Geophysical Center of RAS (GC RAS) and the Saint Petersburg branch of the Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation of RAS (IZMIRAN SPb). On 29 April 2016 the application of the Saint Petersburg observatory (IAGA code SPG) for introduction into the INTERMAGNET network was accepted after approval by the experts of the first definitive dataset over 2015, produced by the GC RAS, and on 9 June 2016 the SPG observatory was officially certified. One of the oldest series of magnetic observations, originating in 1834, was resumed in the 21st century, meeting the highest quality standards and all modern technical requirements. In this paper a brief historical and scientific background of the SPG observatory foundation and development is given, the stages of its renovation and upgrade in the 21st century are described, and information on its current state is provided. The first results of the observatory functioning are discussed and geomagnetic variations registered at the SPG observatory are assessed and compared with geomagnetic data from the INTERMAGNET observatories located in the same region.

CFD-Modeling of the Multistage Gasifier Capacity of 30 KW

Single-stage fuel gasification processes have been developed and widely studied in Russia and abroad throughout the 20th century. They are fundamental to the creation and design of modern gas generator equipment. Many studies have shown that single-stage gasification process, have already reached the limit of perfection, which was a significant improvement in their performance becomes impossible and unprofitable.The most fully meet modern technical requirements of multistage gasification technology. In the first step of the process, is organized allothermic biomass pyrolysis using heat of exhaust gas and generating power plant. At this stage, the yield of volatile products (gas and tar) of fuel. In the second step, the layer of fuel is, the tar is decomposed by the action of hot air and steam, steam-gas mixture is formed further reacts with the charcoal in the third process stage. The paper presents a model developed by the authors of the multi-stage gasifier for wood chips. The model is made with the use of CFD-modeling software package (COMSOL Multiphisics). To describe the kinetics of wood pyrolysis and gasification of charcoal studies were carried out using a set of simultaneous thermal analysis. For this complex developed original methods of interpretation of measurements, including methods of technical analysis of fuels and determine the parameters of the detailed kinetics and mechanism of pyrolysis.

Methodological aspects of the study branch of science histology (as electron microscopy) under the formation of a new technological order (Russia, the second half of the XX century - the beginning of the XXI century)

After analyzing the obtained during the investigation, the information we can talk about the existence of several major periods in the development of electron microscopy of the XX century in Russia. The first period is descriptive, on the basis of works on the history of certain biological sciences, cytology, histology, as well as the basic approach to the presentation of their main methods [E.M. Vermel, 1970; R.F. Kapustin, A.A. Gorbach, 2014], which states that no matter how improved the microscope, he would not allow to penetrate the secrets of cell morphology, if not at the same time to improve the technique of material processing, machinery manufacturing “microscopic sample» [Z.S. Katsnelson, 1963]. Destinations many studies have allowed through the use of modern methods of microscopy to link all stages of development of an organism with certain cell structures [L.Y. Blyakher, 1968]. The next period is associated with the development of technologies in the improvement and dissemination of electron microscopy. There has been a real surge of new directions in mikropostroenii are absorbed microscopes that meet all modern technical requirements [B.K. Ioannisiani, 1960; M.P. Panfilov, 1970]. Out of electron microscopy in the sphere of large-scale production and export to the world markets, identified the third stage of development of electron microscopy. Methodological analysis of the results allows us to determine the following main tendencies of development: use of nanoelectronics, the ability to explore the structure of organisms; in the formation of a new technological order play an important role public investment in microscopy, which form the basis of the spread of this method in the world and Russian economy [S.Yu. Glazyev, 2009]; scientific justification for ways to optimize physical resources and production processes, which are of a purely applied character, its practical importance can be manifested in the following forms: nanoelectronics, nanomaterials, nanobiotechnology and nanoequipment [S.Yu. Glazyev, 2010]. Thus, such a timely practical development can provide investment and the leading position of this sector in the crest of the wave of a new economic order.

Safety Requirements and Modern Technical Requirements in Human Information Systems in Amman Hotels

This study aimed to demonstrate the availability of Safety requirements and modern technical requirements in human information systems in Amman hotels. an the most important results of this study is the availability of security and safety requirements in human information systems In Amman hotels and The adequacy of the information that it provided .and show that all departments are not connected by appropriate and effective communication networks in adequate form . Also sophisticated operating systems are not in use in adequate form for the devices that are used in human information systems, and modern computers are not available for employees who contribute in human information systems implementation. The study recommended Amman hotels to increase the employee's awareness about the information security and safety. Also make a connection between all departments by more appropriate and effective communication networks in adequate form. And use more sophisticated operating systems in adequate form for the devices used in human information systems. Finally make modern computers available for employees who contribute in human information systems implementation.

Body Design of a Tracked Carrier

This paper describes the design of the light-class all terrain tracked carrier's body, developed by order given by STC Spectehnika MAMI. This design meets the modern technical requirements as well as terms of esthetics and ergonomics.