Modern Science Research Articles

AControversy On Tape: Oral History, Witnesses, and Mythmaking in the American Debate About Genetic Engineering, 1975-1980

In the 1970s, historians discovered oral history as anew approach to the history of modern science. One example of this trend is the Recombinant DNA History Collection, which was created by Charles Weiner (1932-2012) at MIT in 1975. Following the approach of "history in the making", the collection aimed to document events that were considered turning points in the history of science. The collection included oral history interviews, audio and video recordings, press clippings, and further material around recombinant DNA (rDNA). In addition to the 1975 Asilomar Conference, the collection focused on the controversy about rDNA research in Cambridge (MA) in 1976/77. When Mayor Alfred Vellucci heard from Harvard's plan to build alaboratory for rDNA experiments on aP3 containment level, he convened two public hearings at the City Council in the summer of 1976. After acritical assessment of potential hazards of rDNA research by acitizen board, Cambridge passed the first local ordinance for the regulation rDNA research in the United States. In the following, Iargue that the Recombinant DNA History Collection challenged the myth of neutral, objective, and disinterested science. Yet at the same time, it created new myths.

Recent advances in mesoporous silica nanoparticle: synthesis, drug loading, release mechanisms, and diverse applications

Despite significant advancements in pharmaceutical sciences, conventional drug delivery system remains limited by issues like poor permeability, toxicity, suboptimal efficacy, and inadequate targeting. These challenges pose substantial barrier to effective treatment for complex conditions like cancer, heart problems, chronic pain management, etc. Mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN), with their remarkable structural tunability and multifunctionality, have emerged as a transformative solution in the realm of drug delivery system. This review delves into the state-of-the-art synthesis methods of MSNs including physical, chemical, top down and bottom-up approaches with particular attention to the widely used Sol-Gel process. We also explore innovative drug loading strategies and controlled release mechanisms, underscoring how factors such as pore size, particle shape, and surface charge influence therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, we highlight the burgeoning applications of MSNs across multiple domains, ranging from anticancer therapy and gene delivery to emerging fields such as precision agriculture and environmental remediation. Recent studies demonstrate the versatility of MSNs in addressing both biomedical and ecological challenges, making them an indispensable tool in modern science. By synthesizing Collectively, this review aims to provide a comprehensive resource for researchers and practitioners, fostering continued innovation in the design and application of MSN-based nanotechnology.

Effect of photon quantum statistics on electrons in above-threshold ionization

Strong field physics and quantum optics, two prosperous fields in modern science, have recently been connected with each other. Here, we study the quantum effect of bright squeezed vacuum light and thermal light on above-threshold ionization. With quantum strong-field approximation theory, we reveal a decoherence phenomenon caused by the statistics of photons, in which above-threshold ionization could be degenerated into a classical-like picture under the effect of quantum light. This represents a direct transition from the wavelike nature to the particlelike behavior of photoelectrons. We also reveal the ionization enhancement effect of the bunched light in photoionization from the perspective of autocorrelation function g(n). The number distributions of electrons ionized by different quantum light fields are studied, and it is shown that the photon number distribution can be mapped onto the photoelectron number distribution. This finding enables the production of bunched electrons with strong-field ionization with quantum light. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Criminal Law Challenges and Response Strategies under the Trend of Juvenile Crime in China

The present study explores the issue of juvenile delinquency, a problem that has become increasingly evident in contemporary society. The causes of this phenomenon are multifaceted, including social changes, the development of modern science and technology, and the lack of legal knowledge among minors. The resulting increase in juvenile involvement in crime has led to significant challenges in the field of prevention. In China, the trend of juvenile delinquency is particularly pronounced, and the existing legal policies and penal measures have proven ineffective in addressing the issue. The purpose of this paper is threefold: firstly, to discuss the current situation and reasons for the aging of juvenile delinquency in China; secondly, to explore the application of juvenile delinquency in criminal law and the challenge to the existing criminal law system; and thirdly, to point out the inadequacy of the existing laws on juvenile delinquency in our country. It will also elaborate on how to build a better criminal law system to effectively deal with juvenile delinquency. In the first chapter, the paper provides a comprehensive overview of China's current laws on juvenile delinquency, with a comparative analysis of both domestic and international legislation. It also delves into the evolution of juvenile delinquency criminal punishment measures in China. The subsequent chapter will address the trend of underage crime, the current state of juvenile delinquency in the country, and the characteristics of juvenile delinquency. Additionally, it will highlight the deficiencies in the criminal law that pertain to underage juvenile delinquency. The rationality of lowering the age of criminal responsibility will also be discussed. The third chapter will synthesise a case with the countermeasures in China to analyse the response to juvenile delinquency. The discussion will span from the social and legal levels, proposing ways to prevent and stop juvenile delinquency and the process of aging.

A Literature Review on Aamavata

Ayurveda is the science of life, which described various principles for the prevention and treatment of the diseases1. Aamavata is the one of the most important disease in Ayurveda. In this disease there is vitiation of Aama and Vatadosha which leads to pathogenesis in body. It can be correlated with Rheumatoid arthritis in modern science. It is the most common persistent inflammatory Arthritis, in this bilateral-symmetrical joints are affected. Mortality of the Rheumatoid arthritis increased due to increased risk of cardiovascular disease. In Ayurveda, Rheumatoid arthritis can be correlated with Aamavata. According to Ayurveda for the balanced digestion of food there is a requirement of the normal digestive heat (Agni) and many of the diseases occurs due to abnormal digestive system functions. When the Doshas & Dushyas, are vitiated due to their own causes, get combined with Aama termed as Sama state of that Dosha/ Dushya. Aamadosha is responsible for the development of the various diseases in the body

Connecting Physics Education and Students' Digital Literacy

Connecting physics education and digital literacy is a core element of modern science education. This paper focuses on how digital tools (e.g. simulations, interactive applications and data collection, etc.) can be integrated into school physics education. This is done to foster a deeper understanding of physics concepts while also developing students' digital skills. The understanding of theoretical science concepts is significantly improved, and the development of students' critical thinking or problem-solving skills is promoted. This supplement also provides specific recommendations on how teachers can effectively combine physics experiments with modern digital tools to prepare students for the digital challenges of today's world. In the digital age, it is essential for students not only to understand basic physics principles but also to be able to use digital tools to explore and apply them. Finally, recommendations are made for teachers to effectively integrate digital technologies into physics instruction and develop students in both directions.

AN AYURVEDIC PERSPECTIVE OF PANDUROGA W.S.R TO IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA IN CHILDREN -A REVIEW

Pandu roga was well known to Indian people since the Vedic period. In pandu roga, the colour of the body changes like pallor of skin, sclera, nail, and tongue due to Rakta, alpata means Haemoglobin level decreases than the normal level. It is related to two crucial dhatu known as Rasa Dhatu and Rakta Dhatu. We can correlate this disease to Iron Deficiency Anemia in modern science. Iron Deficiency anaemia is a global public health problem among young children and pregnant women. Iron Deficiency anaemia is often caused by blood loss or malabsorption. Iron Deficiency anaemia and pandu roga share very similar clinical features. The vitiated Doshas in Pandu Roga cause a disruption in tissue metabolism, which results in Dhatu Shaithilya. This article presents the Ayurvedic concept of pandu roga with correlation to IDA.

The human right to citizenship and the legitimacy of its restriction: theoretical aspect

The paper explores the main theoretical and legal approaches to understanding citizenship, its essence, legal nature, and significance for both the individual and the state. Special attention is given to the historical prerequisites for the formation of the right to citizenship, its historical origins, and its legal consolidation at the national and international levels. The article primarily focuses on the issue of restricting an individual’s right to citizenship, which is an important topic in modern legal science and international law. Various approaches to the possibility of citizenship deprivation as a measure of state coercion, its legal boundaries, and compliance with the principles of a democratic society are examined. The grounds on which a person may be deprived of citizenship are identified, with special attention given to crimes against the state, participation in terrorist activities and other actions that pose a threat to national security. The author studies international legal standards in the field of citizenship and emphasizes the importance of respecting human rights when making decisions on citizenship deprivation. The practices of certain states regarding the application of such mechanisms and their compliance with international legal norms, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Nationality, are analyzed. The conclusions of the article emphasize that the deprivation of citizenship is an extreme measure that should be applied only under clearly defined grounds and with full adherence to legal safeguards. The author justifies the need to balance the state’s right to protect its sovereignty with its obligation to respect human rights and freedoms to prevent arbitrary decisions and violations of international standards. It is concluded that the deprivation of citizenship is lawful in cases where individuals engage in actions aimed at undermining the state’s external or internal security or violating fundamental human rights. These actions include terrorism, organizing and actively participating in organizations and movements seeking to eliminate state sovereignty or violate territorial integrity, crimes against humanity, and other similar offenses.

LAMAS 4 IC - Laboratory approved metadata acquisition schemas for ion chromatography.

LAMAS 4 IC - Laboratory approved metadata acquisition schemas for ion chromatography.

Spectrofluorophotometric Analysis of Phytoconstituents, Biomarkers, Enzyme Kinetics and Trace Metals: A Comprehensive Review.

Spectrofluorophotometry is a highly sensitive and selective analytical technique widely employed in pharmaceutical, biomedical, and environmental sciences. This review provides a comprehensive application for detecting and quantifying phytoconstituents, biomarkers, enzyme kinetics, and trace metals. This technique offers detection of analyte in the femtomolar (fM) range. Phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and polyphenols were analyzed with high precision and accuracy, and the reported analytical method can be adopted for quality control analysis. Spectrofluorophotometry has been utilized to estimate biomarkers, which plays a critical role in disease diagnostics and therapeutic monitoring. It also facilitates the monitoring of enzyme kinetics, offering insights into metabolic processes and drug development. Additionally, its ability to detect trace metals through chelation and fluorescence quenching mechanisms proves vital for environmental and toxicological analysis. Despite challenges such as fluorescence quenching and environmental susceptibility, advancements in miniaturization, automation, and hybrid analytical techniques continue to enhance their capabilities. This review underscores the transformative impact of spectrofluorophotometry and its expanding role in modern analytical sciences.

Layered centrality tournament ranking: To rank nodes in multilayer networks

The assessment of node centrality in complex networks has been a central issue of great interest. With the continuous evolution of modern science, the single-layer network model is no longer sufficient to meet the current needs of complex networks. It is necessary to accurately identify important nodes in multilayer networks. In this paper, we propose a novel node centrality method called LCTR for multilayer networks. LCTR evaluates node importance by tournament ranking, which combines the node ranking information in both aggregated and expanded formations of a multilayer network. The concept of “tournament ranking” is borrowed from graph theory. Multiple experiments on different datasets reveal that the LCTR method significantly outperforms existing centrality methods.

Defects in oxide ultrathin films and 2D materials.

Defects, that are irregularities in crystal lattices, create special sites or regions of particular geometry, electronic structure and activity that influence the physical and chemical behavior of the materials in a significant way. Here we examine published work on defects in two-dimensional (2D) oxide systems. The latter have attracted interest and significance in many areas of modern science and technology in recent years. The defects are classified according to their dimensionality: point defects, line defects and 2D specific topological defects are considered. Key features of the different defect types are illustrated and discussed with selected prototypical examples.&#xD.

Are data papers cited as research data? Preliminary analysis on interdisciplinary data paper citations

Introduction. Research data sharing and reuse have become increasingly important in modern science, and data papers represent a new academic publication genre aimed at enhancing the visibility, sharing, and reuse of research data. However, whether citations to data papers reflect actual data reuse remains largely unexplored. This paper presents preliminary findings from a project designed to address this gap. Method. we conducted a content analysis to manually annotate 437 citation sentences from 309 research articles referencing 50 data papers published in Data in Brief, a chief academic journal that only publishes data papers. The data papers were sampled from five knowledge domains based on a paper-level classification system. Results. Our results show that most citations to all selected data papers (89%) are unrelated to the research data being described in the paper, instead focusing on the research findings or methodologies. This suggests that data papers are being cited similarly to traditional research articles, despite their unique purpose and content. Conclusion. These findings raise questions about the effectiveness of data papers as representations of research data within the scholarly communication system, as well as their utility in quantitative studies on data reuse.

Broadband transmission-reflection-integrated metasurface capable of arbitrarily polarized wavefront manipulation in full space

In modern science and technology, on-demand control of the polarization and wavefront of electromagnetic (EM) waves is crucial for compact opto-electronic systems. Metasurfaces composed of subwavelength array structures inject infinite vitality to shape this fantastic concept, which has fundamentally changed the way humans engineer matter–wave interactions. However, achieving full-space arbitrarily polarized beams with independent wavefronts in broadband on a single metasurface aperture still remains challenging. Herein, the authors propose a generic method for broadband transmission-reflection-integrated wavefronts shaping with multichannel arbitrary polarization regulation from 8 to 16 GHz, which is based on the chirality effect of full-space non-interleaved tetrameric meta-molecules. Through superimposing eigen-polarization responses of the two kinds of enantiomers, the possibility for high-efficiency evolution of several typical polarization states with specific wavefronts is demonstrated. As proofs-of-concept, the feasibility of our methodology is validated via implementing miscellaneous functionalities, including circularly polarized (CP) beam splitting, linearly polarized (LP) vortex beams generation, and CP and LP multifoci. Meanwhile, numerous simulated and experimental results are in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions. Encouragingly, this proposed approach imaginatively merges broadband polarization and phase control into one single full-space and shared-aperture EM device, which can extremely enhance the functional richness and information capacity in advanced integrated systems.

Interplay Between Traditional and Scientific Knowledge: Phytoconstituents and Their Roles in Lung and Colorectal Cancer Signaling Pathways

Natural plant products have been used for cancer treatment since ancient times and continue to play a vital role in modern anticancer drug development. However, only a small fraction of identified medicinal plants has been thoroughly investigated, particularly for their effects on cellular pathways in lung and colorectal cancers, two under-researched cancers with poor prognostic outcomes (lung cancers). This review focuses on the lung and colorectal cancer signaling pathways modulated by bioactive compounds from eleven traditional medicinal plants: Curcuma longa, Astragalus membranaceus, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Althaea officinalis, Echinacea purpurea, Sanguinaria canadensis, Codonopsis pilosula, Hydrastis canadensis, Lobelia inflata, Scutellaria baicalensis, and Zingiber officinale. These plants were selected based on their documented use in traditional medicine and modern clinical practice. Selection criteria involved cross-referencing herbs identified in a scoping review of traditional cancer treatments and findings from an international survey on herbal medicine currently used for lung and colorectal cancer management by our research group and the availability of existing literature on their anticancer properties. The review identifies several isolated phytoconstituents from these plants that exhibit anticancer properties by modulating key signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR, RAS/RAF/MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin, and TGF-β in vitro. Notable constituents include sanguinarine, berberine, hydrastine, lobeline, curcumin, gingerol, shogaol, caffeic acid, echinacoside, cichoric acid, glycyrrhizin, 18-β-glycyrrhetinic acid, astragaloside IV, lobetyolin, licochalcone A, baicalein, baicalin, wogonin, and glycyrol. Curcumin and baicalin show preclinical effectiveness but face bioavailability challenges, which may be overcome by combining them with piperine or using oral extracts to enhance gut microbiome conversion, integrating traditional knowledge with modern strategies for improved outcomes. Furthermore, herbal extracts from Echinacea, Glycyrrhiza, and Codonopsis, identified in traditional knowledge, are currently in clinical trials. Notably, curcumin and baicalin also modulate miRNA pathways, highlighting a promising intersection of modern science and traditional medicine. Thus, the development of anticancer therapeutics continues to benefit from the synergy of traditional knowledge, scientific innovation, and technological advancements.

Optical Centroid Orbiting Metrology

AbstractOptical interferometry has dramatically advanced the development of modern science and technology. Here the study introduces an interesting centroid evolution phenomenon of orbital angular momentum (OAM) interference fields with broken rotational symmetry, and establishes a new interferometric paradigm by fully exploiting centroid orbiting information. The centroid positions and geometric trajectories can provide more detectable information in a 2D plane to sense interferometric perturbations, compared with the conventional interferometry. The study first investigates centroid orbital evolution under inclined angle perturbation that allows for ultra‐sensitive angle distinguishment with arc‐second resolution. The study also shows centroid ellipse evolution under optical spatial phase perturbation that enables geometric characterization of arbitrary OAM superpositions on modal Poincaré spheres. Furthermore, the study demonstrates the environmentally robust nanoscale displacement measurement with polarization synchronous detection, particularly the high‐resolution, fast, and large‐range linear movement monitoring using commercial four‐quadrant photodetectors based on centroid orbiting angle detection. This centroid orbiting metrology may open new opportunities to advance metrological technologies beyond the conventional interferometry.

Design of Time-Synchronized Switch Based on Zynq

In the context of the rapid development of modern science and technology, time synchronization technology has become a critical support in the fields of communication and scientific research. Especially in large-scale research projects such as the China Spallation Neutron Source, the accuracy of time synchronization directly affects the precision of experimental data and the reliability of experimental results. White Rabbit (WR) technology surpasses the sub-microsecond precision limitations of traditional PTPs by precisely controlling and calibrating the delays between master and slave clocks, achieving sub-nanosecond time synchronization that meets the stringent timing accuracy requirements of 5G networks and quantum communications. To meet the demands for high precision, high flexibility, and broad applicability, a switch with WR functionality has been designed based on the Zynq platform. This design not only reduces the number of required components and the complexity of the soldering process but also allows for simple AXI bus communication between the PS and PL ends, thereby decreasing the development time and cost of both software and hardware. The hardware design includes power circuits, clock circuits, and SFP interface circuits. The time synchronization module encompasses the design of the RTU, NIC, SoftPLL, and PPS modules, as well as the design of the AXI to Wishbone bridge. Testing has shown that this switch can achieve sub-nanosecond level time synchronization accuracy.

Innovation Integration and Empirical Research of Computer Technology in the Field of Applied Physics

With the rapid development of computer technology, the integration of computer science and applied physics has become an important force driving the progress of modern science and technology. In particular, the application of computer technology in areas such as experimental design, simulation and analysis, and data processing has significantly improved the efficiency and accuracy of research. This paper explores the direction of integration between computers and applied physics, focusing on innovative applications of computer technology in fields like quantum physics and materials science. Through specific empirical research cases, it demonstrates the driving role of computer technology in advancing applied physics research and engineering applications. By combining theory and practice, this paper aims to provide insights for further integration of computer science and applied physics, and to look ahead to future research prospects.

Countering disinformation: organizational and legal aspect

The article analyzes the concept of disinformation through the prism of legal regulation; as a social phenomenon in the modern information society. It is determined that disinformation is information that is not true, which is addressed to both the general public and a specific addressee, aimed at changing the worldview, evoking the desired reaction and having a (known) negative context. It is stated that an integral companion to the dissemination of disinformation is the goal that the subject of its dissemination wants to achieve, which can usually have several objectives, first of all, misleading those to whom it is broadcast (a specific person or impersonally), and then usually the next result that the attacker wanted to achieve is obtaining personal data, changing public opinion (expected reaction) in society during elections, information warfare, gaining access to finance, etc. It is emphasized that disinformation is formed and disseminated intentionally. An important regulatory act in the field of information security and legal regulation of certain aspects of disinformation is the Information Security Strategy adopted by the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine, which defines current challenges and threats to Ukraine’s national security in the information sphere, strategic goals and objectives aimed at countering such threats, protecting the rights of individuals to information and personal data protection. It is concluded that disinformation is a neologism in modern legal science and has a negative nature, purpose and consequences of the message received or disseminated. It is proposed to consider disinformation as information (data) or a message which is fully or partially false, distorted, taken out of context for a negative purpose (it can be anything: psychological influence, changing the behavior and opinions of the subject of influence, obtaining bank card data, access codes/passwords, obtaining money, destabilizing society, discrediting authorities, etc.) It is formulated that countering disinformation depends on many factors, including: regulatory, institutional, organizational, educational, principled position of the population of Ukraine regarding the desire to master the skills of recognizing and preventing its influence, psychological stability, information hygiene, etc.

:A Centaur in London: Reading and Observation in Early Modern Science

:<i>A Centaur in London: Reading and Observation in Early Modern Science</i>