Modern Models Research Articles

Modern Models of Specialized Scientific Education and Features of Their Implementation in the Educational Environment of the Institution

Modern Models of Specialized Scientific Education and Features of Their Implementation in the Educational Environment of the Institution

Современные модели конституционного правосудия и их отличительные черты

The object of study in the article is the current models of constitutional justice used in various jurisdictions. The author examines the models of constitutional justice that are currently used by constitutional justice in various regions of the world. The relevance of the article is determined by the fact that the study of this issue makes it possible to choose the optimal model that allows effectively solving issues of national rule-making. For the Republic of Kazakhstan, this problem is very important in light of the creation in the country of a new model of constitutional justice, which requires scientific understanding taking into account the accumulated world experience in organizing constitutional justice. The purpose of the article is to study modern models of constitutional justice from the point of view of their main differences, advantages and disadvantages. Methods. The peculiarity of the methodology used is determined by the goal of a comprehensive study of existing models of constitutional justice. In this regard, the diversity of approaches, methods and means of understanding this form of legal process required reliance on comprehensive and systematic approaches. Conducting a study of the constitutional jurisdictional process required, firstly, the use of general scientific and proper legal methods, including methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, abstraction and generalization. Also in this work, a comparative legal method was used, which made it possible to carry out a comparative analysis of the models under study, identify their main characteristics, on the basis of which to formulate appropriate conclusions. In addition, in the process of working on the article, a country-specific legal approach was used, which made it possible to consider the features of national models of constitutional justice. Results. It has been determined that in the world practice of constitutional control, various models of constitutional justice are known. Based on the results of the study, it was determined that currently the most promising is the centralized (European) model. The conducted research allows us to say that the existing models of constitutional justice have both their advantages and disadvantages, however, in our opinion, the presence of a separate body that carries out constitutional justice is more preferable, since it ensures its autonomy, independence and objectivity in making decisions. decisions by professional judges who have the appropriate qualifications, authority and experience in considering complex issues related to rulemaking.

ОБГРУНТУВАННЯ ПОКАЗНИКА ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ РОБОТИ ЗАГОНУ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ РУХУ КОЛОН ПІД ЧАС МАРШУ

The article shows the necessity of improving the system of task performance by the detachment of ensuring the movement of columns during the march. The successful performance of combat tasks by units and units of the Armed Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is not possible without comprehensive support, in particular, without such an important type of operational (combat) support as engineering, which is organized for the purpose of timely and covert deployment of troops (forces), conducting maneuvers by them, creating the necessary conditions for the successful performance of assigned tasks, increasing the level of protection of troops (forces) and objects from the enemy's means of destruction, assigning losses to the enemy and complicating his actions. The engineering support of combat operations of units is inextricably linked with the implementation of a certain management procedure, the development of options for working out the received tasks and the purposeful use of engineering units. One of the important tasks of combat engineering support is the preparation and maintenance of troop (force) movement routes. Preparation and maintenance of troop movement routes (forces) is carried out in all types of combat operations, on the march and in the deployment of troops in place. The existing indicators for evaluating the level of efficiency of the use of machines do not allow for a generalized assessment of the level of effectiveness of tasks performed by the detachment ensuring the movement of columns during the march. Therefore, there was a need to obtain a dependency for evaluating the effectiveness of tasks performed by the unit to ensure the movement of columns during the march. In order to determine the efficiency of the convoy movement support unit, it is proposed to use the coefficient of performance of tasks by the column movement support unit during the march. Dependencies for evaluating the effectiveness of tasks performed by the squad to ensure the movement of columns during the march allow you to determine the influence of various factors on the efficiency indicator and outline ways to meet the specified requirements for modern models of engineering machines. A practical calculation was carried out.

Sekundarna prevencija kardiovaskularnih bolesti - od inicijalnih saznanja do implementacije individualnih terapijskih mera

Patients who have survived an acute myocardial infarction, as well as those with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, established or unequivocally confirmed by imaging techniques, represent a very high-risk group. This group of patients requires more aggressive treatment of risk factors, regular controls, and monitoring of the effect of therapy. The article aimed to point out the historical importance of risk factors and modern models for assessing residual risk by reviewing the literature. Recognizing the residual risk provides orientation and motivation for more aggressive implementation of secondary preventive therapy on an individual level in daily work with patients and the possibility of reaching the target values recommended by European guidelines.

Modern Models of Trade and Economic Relations Between Latin America, the EU and China

Modern Models of Trade and Economic Relations Between Latin America, the EU and China

From bias to black boxes: understanding and managing the risks of AI – an actuarial perspective

Abstract We explore some of the risks related to Artificial Intelligence (AI) from an actuarial perspective based on research from a transregional industry focus group. We aim to define the key gaps and challenges faced when implementing and utilising modern modelling techniques within traditional actuarial tasks from a risk perspective and in the context of professional standards and regulations. We explore best practice guidelines to attempt to define an ideal approach and propose potential next steps to help reach the ideal approach. We aim to focus on the considerations, initially from a traditional actuarial perspective and then, if relevant, consider some implications for non-traditional actuarial work, by way of examples. The examples are not intended to be exhaustive. The group considered potential issues and challenges of using AI, related to the following key themes: Ethical ○ Bias, fairness, and discrimination ○ Individualisation of risk assessment ○ Public interest Professional ○ Interpretability and explainability ○ Transparency, reproducibility, and replicability ○ Validation and governance Lack of relevant skills available Wider themes This paper aims to provide observations that could help inform industry and professional guidelines or discussion or to support industry practitioners. It is not intended to replace current regulation, actuarial standards, or guidelines. The paper is aimed at an actuarial and insurance technical audience, specifically those who are utilising or developing AI, and actuarial industry bodies.

СИСТЕМЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ТРАНСПОРТНЫМ ПОВЕДЕНИЕМ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ГОРОДСКИХ АГЛОМЕРАЦИЙ. ПАТТЕРНЫ ПОВЕДЕНИЯ, МЕТОДЫ ИХ РАСПОЗНАВАНИЯ

This paper examines the issues of studying decision support systems for passenger travel in terms of identifying patterns of such behavior, their classification and clustering. A review of the literature of domestic and foreign authors concerning the analysis of patterns of transport behavior of the population and their recognition is given. The relevance of studying the transport behavior of the population using the theory of patterns is substantiated. An approach to describing patterns of behavior from the point of view of the theory of macrosystems has been formed. Examples of mobile applications for route planning, modern models for studying transport behavior based on BigData technologies, neural networks, and parsing theory are given. The problem of formalizing the description of transport behavior has been solved in order to obtain a tool for analyzing the influence of control actions on transport behavior. The conclusion is made about the need for a generalized representation of transport behavior, and, consequently, its pattern, in the form of logical models. The purpose of the study is to compile a generalized representation of transport behavior and its patterns within the framework of the theory of macrosystems by compiling a digital pattern that can be displayed as a set of graphical schemes and as a subsequent logical description. The results obtained consist in a detailed review of the literature on the topic of decision support systems when making a trip, determining patterns of passenger behavior, and the influence of individual behavior on the behavior of the entire transport system as a whole. A toolkit for determining patterns based on the theory of macrosystems has been developed. The analysis of various methods of data processing and visualization of results used by researchers is carried out, which additionally serves to determine the possibilities of qualitative and quantitative description of transport behavior. At the same time, the set of states of the elements of the transport system, specific measurable and/or calculated values, their relation to the micro- or macro-levels of the description of the transport system were determined. It is determined that the most convenient and comprehensive tool for representing and studying patterns is the theory of transport macrosystems.

Civic identity and multiculturalism: in search of a modern model of the nation

Civic identity and multiculturalism: in search of a modern model of the nation

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ МОДЕЛИ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ПЕРСОНАЛОМ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ

The personnel management of organizations is included in the management system. In the modern conditions, use of the various personnel technologies and personnel management models aimed at fuller realization of the labor and creative potential in order to achieve the common economic good and meet the personal needs of employees is becoming relevant in global management practice. When choosing the personnel management model, the management of organizations is guided by the level of humanistic development of society, the principles underlying organizational culture, the level of development of the technological base of organizations, and trends towards the success of their project development. The purpose of the scientific article is to summarize knowledge and practices about modern models of the personnel management. The methodology of scientific research is based on the study of the principles, techniques and methods of building modern models of the personnel management, corresponding to optimal combination with the field of activity of organization. The methods of the modern personnel management models represent the comprehensive program of their efficiency in the prevailing economic conditions based on analytical data on the parameters of application to various situations. HR management models of organizations are nothing more than strategies or approaches that organizations apply to optimize the work of their staff, including aspects such as hiring, training, performance evaluation, motivation and retention of staff. The main results of the scientific research are based on evaluation of analysis of generalized data on existing modern models of the personnel management, and their implementation in activities of organizations. The path of development that the theories of the personnel management have taken demonstrates the constant increase in influence of the human factor on organization of the labor processes. To ensure effective interaction at all levels, complex models of the personnel management of organizations are used.

A Survey on Deep Neural Network Pruning: Taxonomy, Comparison, Analysis, and Recommendations.

Modern deep neural networks, particularly recent large language models, come with massive model sizes that require significant computational and storage resources. To enable the deployment of modern models on resource-constrained environments and to accelerate inference time, researchers have increasingly explored pruning techniques as a popular research direction in neural network compression. More than three thousand pruning papers have been published from 2020 to 2024. However, there is a dearth of up-to-date comprehensive review papers on pruning. To address this issue, in this survey, we provide a comprehensive review of existing research works on deep neural network pruning in a taxonomy of 1) universal/specific speedup, 2) when to prune, 3) how to prune, and 4) fusion of pruning and other compression techniques. We then provide a thorough comparative analysis of eight pairs of contrast settings for pruning (e.g., unstructured/structured, one-shot/iterative, data-free/data-driven, initialized/pre-trained weights, etc.) and explore several emerging topics, including pruning for large language models, vision transformers, diffusion models, and large multimodal models, post-training pruning, and different levels of supervision for pruning to shed light on the commonalities and differences of existing methods and lay the foundation for further method development. Finally, we provide some valuable recommendations on selecting pruning methods and prospect several promising research directions for neural network pruning. To facilitate future research on deep neural network pruning, we summarize broad pruning applications (e.g., adversarial robustness, natural language understanding, etc.) and build a curated collection of datasets, networks, and evaluations on different applications. We maintain a repository on https://github.com/hrcheng1066/awesome-pruning that serves as a comprehensive resource for neural network pruning papers and corresponding open-source codes. We will keep updating this repository to include the latest advancements in the field.

Default Prediction for Russian Food Service Firms: Contribution of Non-Financial Factors and Machine Learning

The food service industry's instability due to COVID-19 and sanctions has heightened the need for developing an efficient tool to assess default risks in this industry. Default prediction modelling relies heavily on how well a model fits the specific environment. Due to that, some adjustments have to take place in order to adapt the classical default prediction models to the Russian food service industry. We build hypotheses that adding non-financial factors and employing modern prediction methods can increase the accuracy of the models significantly. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of non-financial factors' inclusion and modern modelling methods on the accuracy of default prediction for the food service industry in Russia. Tests for a sample of 1241 firms for the period from 2017 to 2021 have shown that creating a prediction model with modern methods, such as Random Forest and XGBoost increases the accuracy of the prediction from 70% to about 80%, compared to standard Logit model. The addition of non-financial factors to the models also increases the accuracy slightly, which however, does not provide a significant effect. The most important metrics in predicting default turned out to be Current Liquidity Ratio and the ratio of Working Capital to Total Assets. The most important non-financial factors are Total Assets and Age. Our results correspond with existing research in this field and form a new knowledge layer due to being applied to a specific industry. The results can be used by banks or other counterparties that interact with food service industry firms in order to assess their credit risk.

Адаптація системи фінансового планування та бюджетування до сучасної моделі розвитку університетів

The aim of the article is to develop an adapted system of financial planning and budgeting to the modern model of university development, focused on achieving strategic development priorities in the context of expanding the financial autonomy of higher education institutions (HEIs). On the basis of the above defined aim, the following tasks were performed: a critical analysis of literary sources was carried out from the position of identifying traditional and results-based approaches to university budgeting; the traditional model of financial planning and budgeting of the university is defined; a system of financial planning and budgeting adapted to the modern model of university development was elaborated. The work uses such research methods as analysis, synthesis, systematization, coefficient and visualization methods for the development of both the traditional and the adapted system of financial planning and budgeting. The main results of the study are: definition of the traditional model of financial planning and budgeting of the university, explanation of the relationship between its components, substantiation of its ineffectiveness in the conditions of transition to a new economic model of university development, focused on expanding financial autonomy. The specified hypothesis became the basis for the development of an adapted system of financial planning and budgeting, which is based on orientedness towards results, achievement of strategic priorities for the development of higher education institutions, identification of responsibility centers responsible for the diversification and growth of budget revenues, with the simultaneous opportunity to participate in their distribution for motivation personnel potential, creation of comfortable working conditions along with an appropriate material and technical support. This approach integrates all types of financial planning in an integrated manner, while strategic financial planning as a vector of the university’s development is based on it. The results of the study are more relevant for public universities.

Analysis of the road safety in the EU countries and the impact of PBM on its improvement

Abstract The occurrence of a large number of road fatalities necessitates making improvements in road safety conditions. Governments and experts of European countries have been involved in this activity by investing efforts to increase security as well as achieve the goals of the European Commission (EC) to reduce fatalities by 50% by 2030.They aim to achieve road traffic without any fatalities occurring by 2050. Including a series of innovations for safety in the auto industry, deploying ITS technology, enforcing stringent legal regulations, emphasising on higher education of all traffic participants and undertaking other such important actions help achieve the set goals. Furthermore, adequate road maintenance with the use of modern models will definitely contribute to improving road safety. Moreover, it is necessary to regularly monitor road safety indicators and react accordingly on time. This paper presents a current state safety analysis from the perspective of road fatalities and road maintenance investments (RMIs) in the European Union (EU) and in European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries. The main objectives of this paper are to analyse road safety aspects and emphasise on the relation existing between road fatalities and RMI. Concurrently, the objective of this paper is to verify the possible influence of the performance-based maintenance (PBM) model on improving road safety in the European Union. As part of the research, 27 EU member states and 3 EFTA members were analysed in the period 2010–2021. The results indicate a connection between road fatalities and RMI. Thus, this particular one is almost linear at the average EU level and that PBM models can directly contribute to improving traffic safety and indirectly by savings in maintenance costs.

Международная торговля водными биологическими ресурсами со странами Северо-Восточной Азии

The aim of the article is to discuss the formed system of aquatic biological resources trade relations with the countries of Northeast Asia in the implementation of the regional development strategy of the Far Eastern Federal District. The article substantiates the relevance of using a new model of international trade of aquatic biological resources, which would take into account the development needs of the region and industry. It is shown that the changing conditions of the international market for aquatic biological resources, foreign economic sanctions, the established profile of trade relations as a supplier of raw materials, the discrepancy between the export strategy and the needs of the domestic market to provide the population with fish products require the use of innovations in the management of foreign trade of aquatic biological resources. The object of the study is international trade relations concerning aquatic biological resources between the territories of the Far Eastern Federal District and the countries of Northeast Asia. The focus of the study is the regional and foreign economic policy of the territories of the Far Eastern Federal District. The study presents the main directions of scientific work in the field of conceptual justification of the current stage of economic relations with the countries of the Asia–Pacific region. Strategic documents defining trade and economic relations between the territories of the Far Eastern Federal District and the countries of Northeast Asia were analyzed, and a conclusion was made about the relevance of developing a regional concept for the production and export of aquatic biological resources. The commodity and country structure of food exports from the Far Eastern Federal District is analyzed. The characteristics of the modern model of interregional trade of the aquatic biological resources of the territories of the Far Eastern Federal District with the countries of Northeast Asia are presented. In conclusion, the question is raised about the necessary organizational and economic innovations that ensure an increase in the economic effect for the economies of the regions supplying products to foreign markets, and the tasks that need to be solved to improve the efficiency of trade relations with Asia–Pacific countries are identified.

Modern models of teaching regional history at school

Modern models of teaching regional history at school

A forest management system based on sustainable development

The article substantiates the necessity of changes in the forest management system on the basis of sustainable development. The implementation of an interdisciplinary approach in the study convincingly demonstrates the increasing importance of the forest in connection with its ecological, economic and social functions at the local, national and global levels. Based on the analysis of scientific sources and official international documents approaches to the definition of the essence of sustainable (sustainable, established) forest management, balanced development of forestry, namely as: 1) harmonious combination of ecological, economic and social functions of the forest ; 2) sustainable development of forest ecosystems and the landscape as a whole; 3) integrated application of measures for the use, reproduction, formation, conservation and protection of forests, taking into account the interests of all stakeholders; 4) rational use of forest resources (capacity). The concept of forest management as a modern model of development of the forest sector of the state economy on the initiative of entrepreneurial and public entities is concretized. Forest management is considered from the perspective of the ecosystem approach. Negative trends in forest management in Russia after the beginning of large-scale administrative reform in the country are analysed. The scheme of the main stages in the development of forest policy is proposed. The scheme of the main stages of forest policy development is proposed. The results of the study can be used by scientific organizations engaged in forecasting the development of sectoral economies, forest companies in the formation of economic relations in forestry. The research can be continued in the direction of assessing the ecosystem services of forests and their inclusion in the system of economic relations.

UPGRADING PRE-SERVICE FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS’ PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCES BY MEANS OF THE 4C’S EDUCATIONAL MODEL IN XXI CENTURY

This research is aimed at studying the process of professional and pedagogical preparation of pre-service foreign language teachers for the implementation of the 4C’s model of education in secondary school. The aim of the article is to present the results of the study of trends, directions and pedagogical conditions of effective organisation of the process of preparing students of the educational program 6В01730- “Foreign Language: two foreign languages” for the implementation of the 4C’s concept of education at school, to offer scientifically-based recommendations on the subject of professionally-oriented formation of flexible skills in future teachers. In order to study the problem, a control survey and questionnaire survey of students on the level of their knowledge and perceptions in the aspect of 4C’s concept, its implementation in school practice was conducted with the participation of 169 students of the educational program 6В01730 -“Foreign Language: two foreign languages”. The method of expert evaluation revealed the formation of pre-serviceteachers’ methodological and technological skills of teaching and training schoolchildren in 4C’s skills. Educational program, educational-methodical com-plexes of disciplines of the training direction “Foreign language teacher”, methodical recommendations on the organisation of the educational process in order to form 4C’s competences were used as research materials. In the course of analysing the university practice, information was obtained about the current trends, directions and gaps in the preparation of future foreign language teachers for teaching and train-ing students in 4C’s skills. The key directions of pedagogical efforts and pedagogical conditions were identified, the integrated use of which increases the possibilities of effective design and organisation of the educational process in the university aimed at the formation of professionally- oriented 4C’s compe-tences in students of educational program of pedagogical direction. The obtained results contribute to the development of modern models of training teachers of a new formation in higher education institu-tions of different countries. Also, the described approaches and models will allow university teachers, teachers’ retraining and professional development courses to design and implement innovative content and methods of developing 4C’s competences in students.

Антипедагогіка як постмодерністський проєкт

The article is devoted to revealing the essential characteristics of antipedagogy in the context of postmodern discourse. It has been shown that the representatives of this pedagogical movement called for the abandonment of education as a purposeful process of personality formation, considering it totalitarian and aimed at depersonalization. The ideas of postmodernism, which contributed to the formation and development of antipedagogy and alternative education, have been presented in the article as follows: changing the status of knowledge in society; extrastructural, non-linear way of organizing integrity, which excludes rigid centralization, orderliness, and symmetry; a special modernity model, in which life orientations and values are not imposed on a person. It has been proved that the spread of these ideas on education and pedagogical science helped to substantiate the basic provisions of antipedagogy. The provisions are related to the refusal of the purposeful personality formation according to a certain pattern, imposition of worldview schemes, life guidelines and values, the requirement to establish symmetrical relations, equal dialogue between a teacher and a student. It has been emphasized that antipedagogy was not narrowed to criticism of traditional school education and pedagogical science, but offered alternative pedagogical methods based on the principle of spontaneous autonomy of a child. The methods contribute to the self-development and self-determination of a student. The ideas of antipedagogy and its constructive potential are implemented in alternative educational institutions.

Formation of an effective model of personnel management of a trading enterprise under martial law

The article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations of the formation of personnel management models of trade enterprises, it is found that the main components of HR models include the purpose of the company's activity, planning and management systems, economic and financial results of activities and their effectiveness, organizational and production structures, personnel management system, criteria for evaluating performance indicators and the relationship with the company's external environment. An analysis of personnel management problems of a trade enterprise was carried out. It was determined that among the peculiarities of work in trade activities, the influence of various social-psychological and safety factors on the work behavior and efficiency of personnel, including the challenges of martial law, occupies a significant place. A Swot-analysis of the factors affecting the effects of stressful situations on the performance of trade employees, which affect not only their work behavior and attitude to work, but also the company's activities, was carried out. Recommendations are provided for building a personnel management model taking into account the specifics of the trade enterprise. The modern model of personnel management in trade business should take into account the motivational capabilities of the enterprise. Weaknesses can be identified and actions can be suggested to improve the company's HR processes in martial law using the SWOT analysis method. The application of innovative personnel management technologies in a trade enterprise, including methods and tools of motivational management, time management, stress management, and modern reward systems becomes a key factor in ensuring the competitiveness of a trade enterprise under martial law. The results of the implementation of an effective complex model of personnel management of a trading company provide not only an increase in labor productivity, but also an incentive for continuous professional growth, development of stress resistance, preservation and development of the personnel potential of a trading enterprise in crisis conditions.

Concepts of an ideal city in the history of philosophy.

This article reviews the primary ideas that have been proposed about the «ideal city» from the time of ancient civilization to the present, and it draws key findings that are important for comprehending the details of contemporary urban development. The article pays a lot of attention to the social essence of the dynamics of the city, ideas about the ideal organization of urban space and its infrastructure. The comparison of modern models of the ideal city with the views of Plato, Aristotle, Al-Farabi and other thinkers and scientists on the ideal city testifies to the importance of these ideas. The authors consider the evolution of ideas about the geometry of urban space, conditioned by certain socio-ethical, aesthetic, mythological and religious priorities, basic scientific concepts and prevailing worldviews, as well as practical tasks of ensuring the safety of the city. Projects of urbanization and social reconstruction, where the ideas of spiritual and moral transformation of man and society prevail, for all their utopianism, cannot sink into the past. They encourage thinking about the possibility of building models of urban and social reconstruction that meet millennial aspirations for security, justice, the common good, and comfort. The article draws attention to the growing negative consequences of the urbanization process, the need for a serious justification of the policy of formation and development of megacities, its implementation taking into account the principle of multifactoriality.