This article explores the verb as the semantic and grammatical core of the sentence and argues that verbal predicates have a broader meaning potential than their basic lexical semantics. Drawing on S.D.Kasnelson’s approach, it is shown that a verbal predicate not only denotes an event or state but also encodes a “sentence blueprint” through its valency structure (i.e., a set of semantic slots to be filled by arguments). The paper notes that modern linguistics lacks a universally accepted semantic classification of verbs; therefore, a paradigmatic perspective is employed, distinguishing verbs of activity, state, property, and relation on the basis of invariant meaning. The main focus is the classification of mental (cognitive) verbs into microfields, including verbs of sensation, desire, perception (general perception, visual perception, auditory perception, olfactory perception), attention, emotional experience and attitude, thinking, and memory. The analysis is supported by Uzbek and English examples drawn from literary sources. The study contributes to the systematization of the mental lexicon and provides implications for contrastive semantics, lexicography, translation, and language teaching

This article examines the concept of “woman” as a multidimensional construct in modern linguistics within anthropocentric paradigms. It explores how gender, understood as a socio-cultural rather than purely biological category, is represented, constructed, and negotiated through language. Drawing on interdisciplinary approaches—including cognitive linguistics, sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, and linguoculturology—the paper analyzes theoretical frameworks such as feminist linguistics, dominance and difference theories, and prototype theory. Special attention is given to linguistic asymmetries, gender stereotypes, and the evolution of gender-neutral language. The research demonstrates that the concept of “woman” is dynamic, culturally specific, and embedded in systems of social relations and power. Ultimately, the study highlights the crucial role of language in shaping gender identities and reflecting broader cultural and ideological processes.

This essay introduces the themed cluster of articles, ‘Towards a linguistic anthropology of AI’. The advent of artificial intelligence (AI), especially in large language models capable of producing coherent discourse mimicking conversational interaction, is exerting unprecedented pressure on prevailing concepts of language, personhood, and the human. This provides a challenge and opportunity for reflection, particularly for linguistic anthropology, that sub‐field centred on language as medium/practice of meaning‐making in social life. Moving beyond AI as communicating machine to explore communicative processes that structure AI as ideological imaginary and technological infrastructure, the articles in this cluster draw on linguistic anthropology to examine different facets of AI as people take it up, such as the features that invite users to endow chatbots with personhood (Keane), attempts to use AI to unlock animal communication (Handman), and research seeking linguistic biomarkers predictive of psychopathology (Semel). To contextualize the articles, this introduction offers some basic semiotic distinctions developed within linguistic anthropology needed to parse AI, with a focus on the concept of semiotic ideology. We then situate AI within a set of ideological genealogies – from Enlightenment visions of universal languages to the representationalism of modern linguistics – before turning to themes of transduction and semiosis beyond the human.

This article presents a theoretical and methodological analysis of contemporary Russian and international eye-tracking research in the field of grammar. The authors examine oculography (eye-tracking) as a method for obtaining objective data on cognitive processes of language information processing in real time, and systematize methodological approaches to studying grammatical phenomena using eye movement registration technology. The paper provides a detailed analysis of experimental studies in morphology (cognitive processing of case forms of Russian nouns by native speakers and bilinguals) and syntax (the influence of syntactic construction types on text perception, including the processing of complex sentences, participial and adverbial participial constructions, as well as the resolution of syntactic ambiguity). Special attention is paid to studies revealing the cognitive complexity of perceiving various syntactic structures. A comparative analysis of methodological research features by different linguistic schools and research centers is performed. The authors classify studies according to the focal grammatical aspects, the equipment, types of participants, and parameters to measure. The paper emphasizes the specifics of eye-tracking studies with different types of bilinguals, including Turkic-Russian bilinguals and CODAs (hearing children of deaf adults), which opens up new perspectives for understanding language interaction processes. The study reveals a significant role of eye-tracking in understanding cross-language interaction processes in grammatical construction processing. Experiments demonstrating the influence of the native language on the processing of syntactic structures in a non-native language are analyzed, which has important implications for bilingualism theory and foreign language teaching methodology. The authors point out that Russian studies, despite their relative novelty, demonstrate a high methodological level and consistency with global standards. The following areas are outlined as promising: creation of Russian-language eye movement corpora, expansion of the range of grammatical categories studied, integration of oculography with other neurocognitive research methods, and practical application of results to optimize language teaching and text readability assessment.

Nowadays communication is one of the most in-demand human skills. Indeed, scientific and technological progress, various communication devices (smartphones, personal computers, the Internet) provides for the development of communicative skills. It allows us to communicate anytime, anywhere. It has caused an unprecedented spread in and influence not only on mass media, but also on the governmental language policy of Western English-speaking countries. The latter, being determined by inclusiveness, has become a basis for the formation of a tolerant and liberal society. Therefore, linguopragmatic neutralisation is seen as a significant socio-cultural and linguistic phenomenon ensuring effective cross-cultural communication and social balance. However, currently, linguopragmatic neutralisation phenomenon remains an understudied issue, since modern linguistics actually lacks instruments for neutralised linguistic tools typology. The purpose of the study is to identify the most productive ways of forming oppositions of linguopragmatic neutralisation in modern English-language media discourse. The corpus of English-language media contexts of 2020-2024 selected through continuous sampling and analysed with the help of definitional, functional, and contextual types of analysis, as well as through critical discourse analysis and semantic interpretation served as the material of the study. The analysis determined the most productive ways of linguistic units formation constituting linguopragmatic oppositions in terms of the phenomenon of neutralisation in the modern English-language media discourse. These linguistic units will contribute to systematisation of the phenomenon typological characteristics. We believe, the results of the study will eventually allow us to foresee the occurrence of new linguistic media-discourse units of this type.

The article examines the concept wizard within the English language worldview using the methodology of motivating signs analysis. The relevance of the study is determined by the growing interest of modern linguistics in concepts related to the magical and fantastic domains, while the concept of wizard has so far been addressed mainly in literary or discourse-based studies and lacks a systematic linguocultural description. The research problem lies in the insufficient exploration of the internal conceptual structure of wizard and its motivating signs. The aim of the study is to define the motivating signs of the concept wizard and to investigate the ways these signs are actualized in literary discourse. To achieve this aim, the following objectives are pursued: analysis of the etymology and dictionary definitions of the key lexical unit; identification of the motivating signs of the concept; examination of their realization in literary texts. The research material includes data from English etymological dictionaries as well as J. R. R. Tolkien’s works The Lord of the Rings and Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middleearth . The study employs etymological, componential, contextual, and interpretative methods of analysis. The results demonstrate that the motivating signs of the concept wizard are consistently actualized in literary discourse, not by forming new semantic foundations, but by elaborating and specifying those reconstructed from etymological data. The findings confirm the effectiveness of the motivating signs methodology. Prospects for further research include applying this approach to other concepts within the magical domain and expanding the textual corpus.

The article examines lacunarity as a linguistic, semantic, and linguocultural phenomenon manifested in asymmetries between languages at the lexical, grammatical, phraseological, and pragmatic levels. The study aims to clarify the theoretical status of lacunarity in modern linguistics and to show how lacunar relations operate in contrastive analysis, translation, lexicography, and intercultural communication. The research is based on descriptive, comparative, and interpretive methods and synthesizes findings from lexical semantics, translation studies, and multilingual lexical database research. The analysis demonstrates that lacunarity should not be reduced to the simple absence of a word in one language. Rather, it reflects deeper mismatches in conceptual segmentation, communicative priorities, cultural salience, and grammatical encoding. Particular attention is paid to the distinction between lexical gaps and referential gaps, to specification and generalization mismatches, and to the problem of equivalence in translation. The article argues that lacunarity is not a defect of language but a normal consequence of the selective way in which languages lexicalize experience. It is further shown that lacunarity has methodological value: it reveals culturally marked concepts, tests the limits of bilingual equivalence, and exposes the need for explanatory, contextual, and compensatory strategies in translation and lexicography. The conclusion states that lacunarity is one of the most productive analytical categories for understanding how linguistic systems differ while remaining mutually interpretable in discourse.

The paper examines the historical and functional evolution of commentary as a discursive phenomenon. The relevance of this research stems from the dominant focus of modern linguistics on online commentary, while its genesis and diachronic functional transformation remain understudied. This creates a methodological gap that hinders an in-depth analysis of contemporary digital practices. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that modern online commentary is the product of a long evolution, rather than a fundamentally new phenomenon generated by the digital environment. This study aims to identify stable discursive mechanisms through an analysis of changes in its functional content. The study aims to provide a holistic picture of the development of key commentary functions. The methodological basis is a dialectical approach that examines development through contradictions. A combination of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and linguistic methods is employed, including dialectical, relational and linguapragmatic analysis, focusing on speech acts in context. Elements of discourse analysis are also employed to compare historical and contemporary forms. The study established a continuity between classical and online commentary and identified the range of its historically established functions: from the interpretation of sacred and educational texts and polemical criticism to a communication tool, expression, gamification, and destructive and commercial practices. The online environment has updated and transformed these functions, adding new features, demonstrating the adaptability of basic discursive models. The conclusion emphasizes that understanding this evolution provides a research basis for a comparative linguapragmatic and axiological analysis of modern online commentary, allowing us to predict its further functional development in the context of the evolution of online communication. The findings have practical implications for methods of digital discourse analysis and the study of the dynamics of online communication genres.

The principle of the arbitrariness of the linguistic sign proposed by Ferdinand de Saussure has been one of the foundations of modern linguistics. According to this principle, the relationship between signifier and signified is conventional, and there is no natural link between the sound of a word and the concept it represents. This article explores an alternative perspective proposed through what the author calls the opening methodology of Primigenial Linguistics, which suggests that certain language sounds may be associated with primary emotional structures. Through the opening methodology and the primordial emotional dictionary suggested in this study, it is proposed that words be analyzed as configurations of emotional forces represented by the letters of the alphabet. This approach makes it possible to reconsider the principle of arbitrariness, suggesting that some elements of language may reflect universal emotional experiences. The article reviews the theoretical foundations of structural linguistics, presents the proposal of Primigenial Linguistics, and discusses its possible implications for the study of language, human communication, and the development of AI-assisted linguistic analysis tools.

This article discusses the theoretical essence, terminological status and interpretation of the concept of concept in various scientific schools within the framework of the anthropocentric paradigm in modern linguistics. It analyzes the concept as a complex mental unit formed at the intersection of language, thought and culture. The author reveals the substantive boundaries and scientific status of the concept based on cognitive linguistics, linguoconceptology, linguocultural studies and discursive-pragmatic approaches. Also, the definitions given to the concept in foreign, Russian and Uzbek linguistics are comparatively examined, and its different aspects from the categories of “concept” and “meaning” are explained. As a result of the research, it is established that the concept is an integrative expression not only of the cognitive process, but also of national-cultural experience, values, images and communicative needs. The article emphasizes the multilayered structure of the concept and its importance as an operational methodological unit for linguistic research.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the stages of formation and development of terminology in the field of materials science from both historical and comparative perspectives. The study traces the evolution of materials science terms in close connection with the advancement of scientific thought, technological progress, and socio-cultural factors influencing scientific language. Particular attention is paid to the gradual transformation of terminology from early descriptive naming practices to highly standardized and systematized term structures used in modern scientific discourse. In addition, the article examines the periodization of term formation as interpreted by the Russian, English, and Uzbek schools of scientific terminology. Each tradition is analyzed in terms of its theoretical foundations, methodological approaches, and linguistic mechanisms of term creation. The Russian terminology school is discussed in relation to its emphasis on systematization and conceptual hierarchy, the English school in terms of internationalization and borrowing processes, and the Uzbek school with regard to term adaptation, nationalization, and linguistic modernization. The development of materials science terminology is explained step by step, highlighting key historical stages such as the initial borrowing of general scientific vocabulary, the emergence of specialized terms during industrial and technological revolutions, and the contemporary phase characterized by interdisciplinary integration and terminological globalization. Comparative analysis reveals both shared tendencies and language-specific features in term formation, including word-formation models, semantic shifts, and translation strategies. Overall, the article demonstrates that the formation and development of materials science terminology is a dynamic and continuous process, shaped by scientific innovation, linguistic norms, and cultural context. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of terminological evolution and offer valuable insights for terminology studies, translation theory, and the standardization of scientific language across different linguistic traditions.

This article examines the key challenges and development directions of modern linguistics. Focus is placed on the processes of digital language transformation, the influence of the internet on linguistic norms, and the cognitive and sociolinguistic aspects of communication. The author emphasizes the need for an interdisciplinary approach to the study of linguistic phenomena in the global information space.

Lexicography is one of the key branches of linguistics that focuses on the systematic description of language units and their representation in dictionary form. In recent years, the rapid development of digital technologies has brought about profound transformations in this field. Traditional printed dictionaries are increasingly being replaced by electronic and interactive platforms, offering broader opportunities for users. In modern linguistics, lexicographic research is developing in close connection with corpus linguistics, computational linguistics, and artificial intelligence. This process is transforming lexicography from a purely descriptive discipline into a complex scientific field with analytical and technological dimensions. This article analyzes the role, development trends, and scientific-practical significance of lexicographic research in modern linguistics. Lexicography is examined not only as a practice of dictionary compilation but also as a comprehensive scientific discipline contributing to the in-depth study of language systems. Additionally, new lexicographic paradigms emerging on the basis of digital technologies and corpus linguistics are discussed.

The rapid expansion of digital technologies and the growing influence of the computer industry have stimulated the active emergence of new lexical Научные открытия/ Илимий ачылыштар/Scientific Discoveries 2026, №1.1 99 units in English, making the study of lexical innovations one of the most relevant areas of modern linguistics. The aim of this research is to identify the mechanisms of formation, structural characteristics, and functional potential of English neologisms arising under the impact of digitalization. The study employs content analysis, comparative semantic analysis, corpus-based methods, and observations of lexical developments in both professional and mass media discourse. The results indicate that contemporary English IT-neologisms are primarily formed through blending, clipping, compounding, and semantic shift, while demonstrating high pragmatic adaptability. It was found that units such as clouding, datafication, unfriend, and rebooting culture serve not only nominative but also conceptualizing functions, shaping new segments of the digital worldview. The analysis also revealed that the computer industry fosters the emergence of instant neologisms that rapidly spread and become established in global media communication. The practical significance of the research lies in its applicability to teaching lexicology and terminology, translation studies, and the development of modern bilingual glossaries in the field of information technologies.

The article raises the issue of the formation and development of educational lexicography as a separate branch of modern linguistics and language teaching, and justifies the feasibility of its introduction into the professional training of master’s degree students in philology. The relevance of the study is determined by the growing importance of lexicographical resources in language education, the need to develop the lexicographical competence of future specialists, and the insufficient level of theoretical and methodological understanding of educational lexicography as an independent educational discipline. A draft curriculum for the discipline «Educational Lexicography» for students of the second (master’s) level of higher philological education is presented. The goals, objectives, and expected learning outcomes are outlined, the place of the discipline in the educational and professional program is determined, the structure of the lecture-practical course is modeled, and the content of the three modules is revealed. The program is focused on combining theoretical training with practical activities, in particular the analysis, comparison, and compilation of various types of educational dictionaries. The main scientific approaches to interpreting the concept of educational lexicography in the Ukrainian linguistic tradition are analyzed, and its object, subject, tasks, and issues are defined. The place of educational lexicography in modern linguistics is clarified. Particular attention is paid to the characteristics of educational dictionaries as a specific type of lexicographical publication focused on the educational needs of users. The main types of educational dictionaries, their functions, and didactic potential in the language training of future philologists are considered. The developed curriculum for the discipline «Educational Lexicography» is aimed at ensuring that higher education students master the theoretical and practical aspects of lexicographic activity, form a lexicographic culture, and develop skills in critical analysis and use of various types of educational dictionaries, including electronic and corpus dictionaries. The feasibility of introducing this elective educational component is justified in view of the current needs of language education and the active development of digital lexicography.

The article examines the level and dynamics of modern linguistic knowledge, which is manifested in the dissertation titles in three philological disciplines: Language Theory, Comparative Linguistics, and Applied and Computational Linguistics for the 2010–2022 period. The level and dynamics of linguistic knowledge is studied within two parameters: terminological density and predicativity. The first parameter–terminological density–is viewed as a lexical density and is set by counting the number of terms relative to the number of words in the title. The second parameter–predicativity–is considered in the article as a proposition of a controversial problematic nature. The parameters of terminological density and predicativity were distinguished in the texts of dissertation titles according to the language markers designated and described by the authors. The study is based on 3040 dissertation titles selected by continuous sampling from the disserCat site, which is the largest catalog of scientific papers in Russia. As a result, the authors have come to a number of conclusions: firstly, the levels of terminological density and predicativity of dissertation titles turned out to be quite low – 19.6 % and 41 %, respectively, which, in turn, indicates a low level of representation of linguistic scientific knowledge; secondly, the discontinuous dynamics of the selected parameters manifestation indicates the absence of a strict concept of modern linguistic knowledge representation. The periodically decreasing degree of representation of linguistic scientific knowledge is explained, first of all, by the formation of its hybrid character; thirdly, the results of the conducted complex analysis indicate the three main types of units representing linguistic knowledge: linguistic terms (terms denoting a linguistic concept and having a dictionary definition), non-linguistic terms (terms that are used in certain areas of knowledge and do not belong to the field of linguistics), quasi-terms (a word or phrase that is similar to a term in form and function, but does not always have a clear definition or an unambiguous interpretation within a particular discipline).

This research examines the influence of Arabic grammar on the formation of modern linguistic studies by tracing the theoretical and methodological foundations of Arabic grammar and comparing them with the conclusions reached by contemporary linguistics in its approaches and theories. The research is based on the hypothesis that Arabic grammar was not merely a rigid system of rules, but rather a comprehensive linguistic project based on description, analysis, and induction, which makes it ahead of its time in many of its concepts compared to modern linguistic studies. The research reviews the origins and development of Arabic grammar, highlighting its basic concepts such as the factor, inflection, and syntactic structure, and their role in understanding the linguistic system. It then discusses the influences and similarities between Arabic grammar and some modern linguistic trends, such as structuralism, generative grammar, and transformational grammar, especially in issues of deep and surface structure, competence and performance, and the relationship between structure and meaning. The research also addresses the positions of modern linguists on Arabic grammar, between criticism and calls for a contemporary scientific reinterpretation, and emphasizes the importance of drawing on the grammatical heritage in the development of modern linguistic studies, particularly in the fields of discourse analysis, language teaching, and applied linguistics. The research concludes that Arabic grammar remains a knowledge base that can contribute effectively to the construction of a contemporary Arabic linguistic theory based on the integration of authenticity and heritage on the one hand, and modern linguistic research methods on the other.

This study aims to reexamine the historical and intellectual development of the traditional linguistic school and its contribution to the emergence of modern linguistics. Employing a systematic literature review method, data were collected from classical linguistic monographs, peer-reviewed journal articles, and published academic lecture notes. The analysis was conducted through a descriptive-chronological approach by comparing the ideas of major figures from the Greek and Roman periods, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance, leading to the pre-structuralist era. In addition, this research investigates linguistic traditions in the Eastern world—particularly India and the Arab sphere—as a comparative perspective to Western scholarship. The findings indicate that traditional linguistics is predominantly prescriptive, centered on word-class classification, and foundational to subsequent linguistic theories.

The subject of research is the problem of classifying the concepts of “political estimations” and “political values”, solved in the context of the socio-philosophical definition of values and estimations. The purpose of the work is to identify the essential qualities of the concepts of “political values” and “political estimations” and to identify the key criteria for the logical division of these concepts into classes. The topic of this article is devoted to understanding the socio-philosophical aspects of the problem of classifying the concepts of “political estimations” and “political values”. The novelty of the research lies not only in the actual formulation of the socio-philosophical problem, but also in an attempt to rethink the concepts of representatives of the social and humanitarian sciences, and to introduce a new model of classification of political estimations and political values into the system of socio-philosophical knowledge. The results of the socio-philosophical research can be represented by the following conclusions. The problem of classifying political values has been sufficiently solved by researchers in the field of linguistics, political science and sociology, in contrast to the classification of political estimations, which has been studied only in modern linguistics. At the same time, the construction of classifications of political estimations and political values has never been a separate topic of socio-philosophical research. When constructing a classification, a necessary condition is a complete and clear disclosure of the content of the concepts of “political estimations” and “political value”, which in turn are represented by specific concepts in relation to the generic concepts of “social estimation” and “social value”. At the same time, the problem of classifying concepts is solved using classical and contextual definitions of concepts, which contributes to the rethinking of existing classifications of political estimations and political values, and the identification of socio-philosophical aspects of the classification of these concepts.

The increasing dominance of English as a global and national prestige language has significantly reshaped linguistic hierarchies within tribal societies, where language functions as a core marker of identity, cultural continuity, and indigenous knowledge systems. This study examines the role of English in accelerating language shift and ecological imbalance in tribal linguistic contexts, with particular reference to patterns of language use, intergenerational transmission, and community attitudes toward indigenous languages. Drawing on both secondary sources—such as sociolinguistic literature, policy documents, and UNESCO reports—and primary data collected through a field survey of 60 respondents from tribal communities, the study provides an empirically grounded analysis of contemporary language dynamics. The findings indicate that English operates not merely as a communicative tool but as symbolic and socio-economic capital, strongly associated with education, employment, and upward mobility. This prestige has led to a functional redistribution of languages, wherein English dominates formal domains such as schooling and administration, while tribal languages are increasingly confined to domestic and ceremonial spaces. Such domain restriction has weakened intergenerational transmission and diminished the perceived value of indigenous languages, particularly among younger generations. The study argues that the unchecked expansion of English threatens the sustainability of tribal linguistic ecosystems by marginalizing indigenous languages and eroding culturally embedded knowledge systems. It concludes by emphasizing the need for ecologically balanced language policies, mother tongue–based multilingual education, and community-driven revitalization initiatives to ensure that linguistic modernization does not come at the cost of cultural and linguistic diversity.