Modern Armenian Research Articles

The Relationship of the Urartian Material Culture with the Modern Armenian Artworks

From the early times of human history, the production of a culture shaped the evolution of human beings and their survival strategies. Culture is characteristic of everyday life shared by people in one place or time. It is also the development and shaping of the mind through all kinds of activities. The production of tools, the process of materials, the creation of artifacts, and the emergence of arts and crafts were the signs of the human mind to cope with nature and death. The creation of these early tools affected the development of culture, lifestyles, environment, and technology. The expression of the earliest tools is marked by their diversity. Throughout history in different societies, cultures and the transmission of cultural findings with written, visual and phonic items determined the paths of human creativity. In this article, an example of this route created in a specific time and space by a specific society i.e. the route from Urartian visual language to modern Armenian visual culture will be investigated.

RELATIONS OF KURDS WITH ARMENIANS (951-1150)

Kurds and Armenians are local peoples of the Middle East. Historically, Armenians lived in the Caucasus and Anatolia, and the Kurds in Upper Mesopotamia and southwest of Iran. Although the places where Kurds and Armenians lived were close to each other, the question of when, where and how the relations between the two communities began has not been answered so far because there is not enough scientific research on this subject. Armenian historians were interested in Armenian-Kurdish relations in the early 19th century and conducted some research. Although some researchers, including N. J. Marr, found the Kurds to be closer to Georgians and Armenians than the Caucasian peoples, this idea was not generally accepted. Since the beginning of the 20th century, Kurdish intellectuals have claimed that the two communities have the same religion, the same lineage, and the same culture, without any cohesive research. However, there is very little information in the Armenian chronicles about the partnership of the two communities. Modern Armenian historians, however, do not consider these assumptions of the Kurds reliable. In this article, an answer was sought to the question of when, where, and how the relations of Kurds with Armenians began in the Middle Ages. Since there are no Kurdish works in our research that describe the early periods of the Kurds; Armenian chronicles, Islamic history sources and the works of modern researchers were used. According to the information given in Armenian chronicles and Islamic sources, Kurdish-Armenian relations seem to have started in the 10th century. This was disclosed through primary sources.

The emergence of vowel harmony in Armenian dialects

Abstract We find vowel harmony systems in many non-standard varieties of modern Armenian. It has been speculated that these may have acquired vowel harmony due to contact with Turkic varieties (Scala 2018). On the basis of an exploration of the synchrony and typology of Armenian vowel harmony, consideration of historical changes that could have caused harmony to develop, and evaluation of new data bearing on the origins of backness and rounding harmony in Oghuz, we propose that the vowel harmony systems of the modern Armenian dialects show evidence of having been influenced by Turkish, but the numerous differences between Armenian and Turkish vowel harmony point against a straightforward copying of the Turkish phonological system. We theorize that vowel harmony in Armenian arose due to a combination of language-internal and ‑external factors: vowel shifts in some Armenian dialects, alongside universal analytic and channel biases, provided the necessary preconditions for the development of vowel harmony by the 11th century AD, prior to the arrival of Turkic speakers in the Armenian homeland. Extensive contact with Turkic vowel systems may then have encouraged the phonologization of this assimilation process, but in strikingly different ways than are found in Turkic languages.

STUDY OF THE PARTICIPIAL FORMS OF THE ARMENIAN LANGUAGE IN THE SYSTEM OF THE THEORY OF THE VERB A. ABRAHAMYAN (According to the monograph "The Verb in Modern Armenian")

STUDY OF THE PARTICIPIAL FORMS OF THE ARMENIAN LANGUAGE IN THE SYSTEM OF THE THEORY OF THE VERB A. ABRAHAMYAN (According to the monograph "The Verb in Modern Armenian")

Diachronic semantics of the roots of Modern Armenian (synthetic formation)

Diachronic semantics of the roots of Modern Armenian (synthetic formation)

ВРЕДОНОСНЫЕ МАГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРАКТИКИ В СОВРЕМЕННОЙ АРМЯНСКОЙ СЕМЬЕ

This article is devoted to the question of place which harmful magical practices occupy in the everyday life of modern Armenia, in particular, in the modern Armenian family. The main source of the research is field work, which was carried out in 2019 in Armenia (Yerevan, Gyumri). Interviews were conducted with informants who had encountered harmful magic or who themselves turned to sorcerers and fortune-tellers. Magical practices common in modern Armenia include fortune telling, healing, and harmful practices. The latter are often a tool for a solution to family conflicts; in interviews about witchcraft, women accused other women – their relatives – of wanting to harm their family. This may be due to the structure of the Armenian family, which remains extended and in which women become competitors with each other, vying for power in the family

ON SOME MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TWOCOMPONENT VERBAL PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN MODERN ARMENIAN AND ENGLISH

Verbal phraseological units play a significant role in every language enabling speakers to express diverse meanings and semantic nuances. Studying verbal phraseological units is crucial for identifying the morphological features and linguistic structures of the compared languages. In spoken language, the verbal component of a two-component verbal phraseological unit is modified according to specific grammatical rules shared by the verb, while the non-verbal component follows a certain grammatical structure. Altering any element other than the verbal component primarily leads to the disruption of the meaning of the two-component verbal 39 phraseological unit. The semantic stability of such units relies on their structural stability. This article examines the morphological means of expressing definiteness, number, and negation in two-component verbal phraseological units and their potential impact on the meaning of these units in modern Armenian and English. The study employs comparative and analytical methods. Two-component verbal phraseological units exist in speech as entities with distinct grammatical structures. These forms are often fossilized and resist change. The verbal component can be adjusted in speech by adopting a specific grammatical verb form. In a few cases, altering the grammatical structure of the non-verbal component may lead to a variant of the phraseological unit or an entirely different meaning. In both Armenian and English, number is conveyed through synthetic structures. In Armenian, the article is attached to the non-verbal component, while in English, it is expressed analytically. Negation is conveyed using analytical structures in English and both synthetic and analytical structures in Armenian.

Women’s Rights Protection Social Movement in the Modern Armenian Society

Current research article is devoted to the exploration of women’s rights protection movement in modern Armenian society. The exploration of the current situation of the women’s rights protection movement in modern Armenian society includes two components. Firstly, through an analysis of documents (the Soviet state’s first codes of different years), the study examines the evolution of the women's rights protection social movement from the Soviet Union. This investigation illustrates how the Soviet Union’s political system had formed and shaped the women’s movement, which also affected the further development of the movement in modern Armenian society. Secondly, this research paper is based on an analysis of 34 in-depth interviews performed in Yerevan city from 2020-2023, with informants engaged in different types of women’s rights protection activism during the last 20 years in Armenian society. Information gathered from interviews allowed us to split the history of the development of the movement into two time-lapses in modern Armenian society. Triangulation of qualitative document analysis and in-depth interviews, equally contributed to the understanding of the main features of the women’s rights protection social movement as a whole social phenomenon in Armenian modern society. One of the key findings of the research is that despite the existence of diverse groups of women’s rights protection activists and just individuals coping with social system gender inequalities, there is difficulties in establishing social movement in modern Armenian society. The most prevailing definitions of social movements assume non-institutionalized collective actions with a clear set of goals. Instead, what currently exists in modern Armenian society is a form of street activism organized by efforts of different institutionalized organizations, where people engage in sporadic protests to raise awareness about gender issues and gender inequality. The paper also sheds light on social obstacles that prevent the initiative from becoming an institutionalized social movement for women’s rights protection in Armenia. The main social-cultural obstacles can be seen as a combination of factors including the absence of a general feminist agenda, lack of structural strain pushing for mobilization and social conservatism, etc.

General Outlines for the National Identity of Modern Armenians

This article analyzes the main results of a representative nationwide sociological survey devoted to the study of the distinctive characteristics of the national identity of modern Armenian society. Based on a theoretical analysis of the obtained data and a comparative study of secondary data obtained in earlier sociological studies, the dynamic image of the main characteristics of the national identity of modern Armenians is constructed. The main gender, age and urban differences in the national self-identification of the population of Armenia are provided. Sociological analysis of the self-perception of Armenians in relation to other ethnic groups of a large historical region is given. The outlines of social distance within the Armenian ethnos between various groups of its diaspora are considered in detail. Some of the sociological data obtained is compared to the results of recent genetic studies of the Armenian ethnos.

Structural-Semantic Types of Modern Armenian and English Two-Component Verbal Phraseological Units

Keywords and phrases։verb of analytical structure, verb-particle construction, phrasal verb,non-verbal component, meaning, comparison. Both Armenian and English are rich in these units. Verbs of analytical structure in both languages can be divided into two groups: analytical verbs that don’t have phraseological meaning and those that possess it. The study of verbal phraseologicalunits provides an opportunity to better understand the similarities and differences between languages, cultures and character of peoples. In this article, we have conducted a thorough examination and categorization of substantial groups of Armenian and English two-component verbal PUs based on the semantic attributes of their non-verbal components. Our analysis has employed both comparative and analytical methods. Based on the interpretations of the non-verbal component, two-component verbal phraseological units (PUs) can be categorized into several discernible groups. These groups encompass PUs in which the non-verbal component pertains to the human body or body parts, the psychological and intellectual facets of human cognition, as well as physical capabilities, distinct characteristics, emotional expressions, interpretations of various natural occurrences, various natural phenomena, the animal world, food, place and direction. A substantial proportion of two-component verbal PUs has equivalence in the languages under consideration. Such correspondences often emanate from shared cognitive patterns across different cultures, analogous worldviews, and common interpretations of diverse phenomena. In certain instances, these PUs may also manifest as linguistic loans. However, it is noteworthy that numerous two-component verbal PUs are inherently language-specific, lacking direct counterparts in the language under consideration.

Affinities Between Armenian and Persian Linguistic and Literary Forms in the Early Modern Period A Case Study of Two Poems by Grigoris Ałt‘amarc‘i

This paper analyses the poetic form and language of two poems by Grigoris Ałt‘amarc‘i, a prominent Armenian poet from the early modern period, in the multilingual and multireligious environment of Anatolia and Armenian highlands. Through an analysis of the forms, expressions and symbolism found in the poems Tał Astuacatur Xat‘ayec‘un i Grigoris kat‘ołikosē Ałt‘amarc‘oy and Du es aregak, as well as the linguistic data collected from them, this paper explores the stylistic kinship between early modern Armenian and new Persian poetry. It discusses the ways in which Ałt‘amarc‘i navigates the predominantly Persian and partly Turkish languages in the Islamicised milieu, and composed poems with an Armenian affiliation.

Armenian (Yerevan Eastern Armenian and Beirut Western Armenian)

Armenian (or , /hɑjeˈɾen/, ISO 639-1 hy) comprises an independent branch of the Indo-European language family.1 Its earliest attested ancestor is Classical Armenian in the fifth century CE (see Godel 1975; Thomson 1989; DeLisi 2015; Macak 2016). Modern Armenian is classified into two dialect families: Eastern Armenian (ISO 639-3 hye) and Western Armenian (ISO 639-3 hyw). Eastern Armenian is spoken in modern-day Armenia, and large speaker communities also exist in Georgia, Russia and Iran (shown in Figure 1). Western Armenian was historically spoken in the Ottoman Empire, but now includes varieties spoken throughout the Armenian diaspora in the Middle East, Europe, and the Americas (Donabédian 2018). There are substantial Western Armenian speaker communities in Turkey (Istanbul), Lebanon (Beirut), Syria (Aleppo, Damascus), California (Fresno, Los Angeles County), France (Marseilles), Australia (Sydney) and Argentina (Buenos Aires). There are also recent diaspora communities of Eastern Armenian speakers in California (Karapetian 2014), as well as communities of Western Armenian speakers in Armenia who escaped the Armenian genocide during World War I, who repatriated after World War II, or who fled the ongoing Syrian civil war. UNESCO lists Western Armenian as an endangered language in Turkey, and there are significant language promotion efforts in many diaspora communities that are intended to combat declining use by speaker generations born in the Americas and Europe (Al-Bataineh 2015; Chahinian & Bakalian 2016).

MONUMENTAL ART IN ARMENIA/MONUMENTAL ART, FRESCO PAINTING/

Armenian monumental art is the undisputed leader of the early medieval and medieval art of artistic culture, with its varieties. Armenian monumental art, as well as monumental painting - mural painting, are anchored mainly on Christian themes, which increases its artistic value even more. Modern Armenian monumental works, both monumental and mural, are inspired by the national traditions and customs of medieval art, why not also by thematics. However, often these things have relative independent significance, are the important dominant of the complex. Such works are distinguished by the depth of philosophical meditations on the world, the sublimity of man, and the primacy of the principle of imaging. Other types of works of Armenian monumental art do not carry high ideas and harmoniously decorate walls, roofs, facades and other surfaces in architecture, and border on decorative art with their architectural ornamental expressions (sometimes this direction is indicated by the term monumental decorative art). However, there is no strict boundary between these two types of monumental works of art. The history of Armenian monumental art testifies that our artists have stood at the intersection of three ways in terms of creativity: custom, rule, innovation. That is the reason why their art is not unambiguous and uniform, it is diverse and special. In the field of mural painting, the characteristic features on which modern Armenian art is based, with its inexhaustible artistry, stand out. Monumental art (monumental and mural art) has existed in Armenia for three millennia and continues today. It is not only progressive, but deeply in line with the pretentiousness of Armenian art, with clearly expressed tendencies of monumentality.

Consumer Welfare Consequences of Armenia’s EAEU Accession

ABSTRACT This study provides an empirical assessment of the impacts of Armenia’s accession to the Eurasian Economic Union on consumer welfare. Specifically, it combines primary individual-level expenditure survey data with the recent advances in consumer theory to examine the welfare consequences of rising prices of a broad range of widely consumed dairy products. The choice of the dairy category reflects its importance in the structure of the modern Armenian diet, with its respective nutritional and financial implications. Our findings shed light on the disproportionate effects of the EAEU-induced dairy price surge in Armenia and may prove useful in designing information-based alleviation policies.

ԱՐԴԻ ՀԱՅԵՐԵՆԻ ԽՈՍՔԱՅԻՆ ԳՈՐԾՈՒՆԵՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԻՄԱՍՏԱՅԻՆ ԵՆԹԱԴԱՇՏԻ ԲԱՅԵՐԻ ՇԱՐԱԿԱՐԳԱՅԻՆ ԱՌԱՆՁՆԱՀԱՏԿՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆԵՐԸ / SYNTAGMATIC PECULIARITIES OF VERBS OF SEMANTIC SUBFIELD OF SPEECH ACTIVITY IN MODERN ARMENIAN

The syntagmatic relations of nuclear verbs "to say", "to think", "to feel", "to behave" belonging to the lexico-semantic groups of the verbs of “saying”, “thinking”, “perception” and “behavior” as a subfiled within the semantic field of “Speech activity” in modern Armenian are studied in the article from the perspective of their collocobility. The paper discusses the similarities and differences of their collocobility conditioned by the semantic and syntagmatic principles of grouping of the above-mentioned verbs. Then the valence of the mentioned verbs is examined, as well as the syntagmatic structural types of both nuclear verbs and the ones grouped around the nucleus. The common feaures disclosed by the study testify to the systemic structure of the given subfield.

ԱՐԴԻ ՀԱՅԵՐԵՆԻ ՏՆՏԵՍԱԳԻՏԱԿԱՆ ՏԵՐՄԻՆՆԵՐԻ ԻՄԱՍՏԱԲԱՆԱԿԱՆ ԴՐՍԵՎՈՐՈՒՄՆԵՐԸ

The aim of the article is to present the semantic manifestations of the modern Armenian economic terms, knowledge of which is one of the keys to building accurate professional speech. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: to carry out a semantic classification of economic terms, to study the two forms of polysemantic terms (extrasystemic and intra-systemic) to distinguish between paronyms, to clarify cases of terminological synonymy and antonymy. The subject is topical and needs linguistic study, because frequent use of economic vocabulary, general terms, in particular, has been noticeable in various spheres of society in recent decades. During the research, we examined about 170 economic terms in Modern Armenian, presented their formal-semantic manifestations, role and influence in professional speech, specified the problems that occure and suggested the possible solutions. The material of the article is presented by semantic, comparative, analytical and descriptive methods. The conducted study reveals the fact that there is a large number of polysemic terms in the economic vocabulary of two types: extra-systemic and intra-systemic, which often cause misreading of professional texts and semantic confusion of terms. The spread of the phenomenon is caused by the wide spread of various professional and non-professional sources of poor quality, in particular, by different definitions of the meanings of terms. In order to reduce these phenomena, which are an obstacle in terminology, it is necessary to cooperate with relevant specialists when studying the vocabulary of the given discipline.

The genre frame of Hrachya Hovhannisyan's poetry

As a result of the study of the theme , our conclusions are as follows: Continuing and combining the traditions of medieval Armenian, modern Armenian and world literatures Hrachya Hovhannisyan widened the boundaries of genre inclusion, enriched it with new approaches in new structural ways. The equability of details in the structure, the associations of the rhythmic units stand out with unexpected resolutions in his works written in different genres. Apart from the traditional forms of poetry there are also some genres in his collections that are absolutely new. E.g. the nonet, which is one of the less spread genres in music and has not been widely spread in the literature, either. As a result of the study we have found out that it was performed by nine musicians and during the performance the musicians leave the stage one by one. The poetic structure of nonet also consists of nine lines, the first line has nine legs, the second one has eight legs, and the third line has seven lines and so on till the last line. As the genre is one of the types of music, one must naturally conclude, that it must have an appropriate musical sonority and appropriate rhythms. Hrachya Hovhannisyan's nonets approximately have such structures and sonorities, the musicality of which are obviously provided in an artificial way. All nine nonets written by Hrachya Hovhannisyan have the same rhyming, that are quite poor. It can be said that they are artificial rhymes. Our conclusion on Hr. Hovhannisyan’s nonets is that they were written in the manner of nonets printed in Parisian newspapers, as experiments, and that is the reason why the poet did not refer to that genre later. Sonnets occupy a significant place in Hrachya Hovhannisyan’s works. Hr. Hovhannisyan uses different forms of structure not only in nonets but also in his sonnets. Sonnets generally have fixed forms of structure. Hr. Hovhannisyan prefers the 4+3+3+3 structure of the sonnet. However, while in this version of the structure the main point or "key of the sonnet" is revealed in the last two lines, in Hr. Hovhannisyan's sonnets, the last lines do not differ from the previous ones and do not act as "sonnet keys". Our general conclusion is as follows: at all the stages of his creative journey being on the way of research Hr. Hovhannisyan truly tried different structures of poems, but he never got caught up in the urge to look fashionable: He always remained faithful to the classical traditions of our poetry and created his unique poetic structure on their solid pedestal.

Constructions clivées en arménien moderne

As in French or English, cleft constructions in Modern Armenian are biclausal constructions with a matrix clause and a relative-like clause, with an identificational clause as a matrix clause headed by a copula (in present or past), while in the relative-like clause introduced by the main subordinator, the relativised argument is coindexed with the argument of the copula. Typologically, cleft constructions are considered typical of languages with rigid word order; however, they are common in Modern Armenian, a language with flexible word order. It is argued that the intensity of focalisation depends on the strategy used, with simple prosody marking associated with the lowest level of intensity, and preverbal position and clefts associated with intermediate and high-intensity focalisation respectively. The existence of cleft-like constructions in Classical Armenian and both Modern Armenian standards is argued to be evidence of diachronic continuity and a possible grammaticalization path from cleft constructions to the auxiliary movement focus strategy.

Place-name wars in Karabakh: Russian Imperial maps and political legitimacy in the Caucasus

ABSTRACT Place names play important ideological role in the modern Armenian–Azerbaijani conflict over Karabakh. Both sides use toponymic evidence to claim a prior occupation of the disputed territory. Azerbaijan relies on the Russian maps to prove that the Armenian population are recent newcomers. Armenians point out to the medieval documents to prove the opposite. This article attempts to reconcile the contradictory evidence used by both sides by looking at the transformation of place-naming practises in the wake of the emergence of a modern bureaucratic state. I argue that before the rise of modern bureaucratic state in Europe the place-naming was not within the realm of the state interest. The Russian conquest brought the uniformity of toponymic landscape into Caucasus where several toponymic landscapes coexisted in time and space. This resulted in elevation of one landscape into an official landscape and silencing of the other.

Ժամանակակից գրական արևելահայերենի և գերմաներենի ենթակայական ու հարակատար դերբայների քերականական տիպաբանություն

Subject participles of modern German and literary Eastern Armenian maintain the uniformity of composition. Resultative participle of German, due to the peculiarities of the verb, appears in two different forms of composition, by revealing certain peculiarities over composition of the Resultative participle in the Armenian language. Resultative participle is closely connected with the German verb system. Being one of the three main forms of the verb, it participates in the composition of compound finite tense forms and the Simple Past. In the modern literary Eastern Armenian language, resultative tense forms, unlike German, are not formed, and past tenses with the Resultative participle of literary Western Armenian have a predominant role over the perfect tenses in the frequency with which they are used. As the Perfect tenses are of the same form and there is no semantic difference between them (in Grabar = Old Armenian the Past participle was translated to Modern Armenian = Ashkharabar as Perfect or Resultative), the choice of the participle comes from the meaning of the sentence. The Resultative participle form in German used in the formation of the compound finite tenses of the Past is necessarily transformed into the Perfect tense form. Subject participle and Resultative participle, by combining verbal and noun features, appearing in corresponding syntactic positions in paralleled languages, become more capacious and practical, expressing also the functions of disappeared forms and participles.