Maintaining cognitive function despite the presence of Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology is the foundation of cognitive reserve. Although the theory of cognitive reserve is strongly supported by empirical research, the field lacks standardized, validated methods for quantifying cognitive and brain reserve. We tested whether associations between AD pathology and cognitive function were modified by proxy measures of cognitive reserve (years of education, socioeconomic status; SES) and brain reserve (brain-predicted age difference, and a volumetric AD signature). We hypothesized that greater structural brain integrity, higher education, and higher SES would attenuate the association between greater AD pathology and poorer cognitive performance. This cross-sectional study analyzed baseline data from a multisite randomized clinical trial, which was conducted at 3 US universities and enrolled cognitively unimpaired, physically inactive, community-dwelling adults. AD pathology was measured via plasma assays for phosphorylated tau (p-tau)-217 in the whole cohort, and PET for β-amyloid (Aβ) in a subset of participants as a secondary analysis. The primary outcome of cognitive function was evaluated by a comprehensive cognitive assessment. SES was measured via the MacArthur Socioeconomic Status Index, and magnetic resonance imaging was used to calculate brain-predicted age difference (brain-PAD) and a volumetric AD signature. Data were analyzed using linear regression models with interaction terms for moderation analyses. A total of 621 participants (aged 69.9 ± 3.8, 71% female) had available data for the main analyses and 355 had PET Centiloid data available. Brain-PAD moderated the association between AD pathology (measured by p-tau217) and multiple cognitive domains, including episodic memory (β = -0.09 [-0.16 to -0.02]), processing speed (β = -0.08 [-0.15 to -0.01]), working memory (β = -0.10 [-0.18 to -0.03]), and executive function/attentional control (β = -0.08 [-0.15 to -0.01]). Specifically, the negative association of greater AD pathology with poorer cognition was weakest in individuals with younger appearing brains. A latent SES score also moderated the relationship between p-tau217 and episodic memory (β = 0.08 [0.01-0.16]), but this did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. Neither years of education nor the volumetric AD signature moderated pathology-cognition associations. These results support the hypothesis that higher cognitive and brain reserve may help buffer the cognitive consequences of AD pathology. Strategies to increase both cognitive and brain reserve could help to boost resilience against emerging AD pathology; however, longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these conclusions.

Effects of physically embodied educational robots on children's learning outcomes: A meta-analysis.

Alexithymia is a multi-faceted construct that refers to difficulties with noticing and describing one's own emotional states, an externally oriented thinking style and constricted imaginal capacity. Here, we present a systematic review and meta-analysis of whether psychological interventions can reduce alexithymia compared to control conditions, and which intervention types are most effective. Following PRISMA guidance, this extensive search of databases resulted in 59 included studies, of which 53 effect sizes (N=3368) were analysed with meta-analytic techniques. Overall, interventions significantly reduced levels of alexithymia compared with control conditions (g=-0.52 [SE=0.09]), representing a medium-sized, average effect. Furthermore, moderation analyses indicated that integrative interventions had the largest effects, with minimal heterogeneity, with no differences found between psychological interventions that directly targeted alexithymia versus those that measured it as a secondary outcome. Included studies were mostly of good methodological quality. These findings increase theoretical and clinical knowledge of interventions for reducing alexithymia. Recommendations herein include conducting higher powered studies, recruiting more diverse groups, and developing a deeper understanding of the processes through which these interventions work.

Evaluating emotional clarity and concordance in ambulatory physiological data and ecological momentary assessments in an adolescent clinical sample.

Effects of Soluble Corn Fiber Consumption on Executive Functions and Gut Microbiota in Middle to Older Age Adults: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial.

Comparative Effectiveness of Emotion-Oriented Therapies for Behavioral and Cognitive Outcomes in People With Dementia: A Network Meta-Analysis.

Hope, resilience, and ambiguous loss among affected family members of individuals with substance use disorders.

This systematic review aimed to capture the most recent evidence on interventions for students with reading difficulties in Grades 4-12 and to assess moderating effects of study, intervention, and sample characteristics. Peer-reviewed articles and reports published between 2011-2023 (in English) were eligible if they described a school-based intervention addressing and assessing one or more reading skill(s), targeted Grade 4-12 students with or at risk of reading difficulties, and included a control or comparison group ( k =106; n =156,981). Correlated and Hierarchical Effects meta-analyses with robust variance estimation yielded an aggregate effect of g = 0.212 on reading outcomes, with a Moderate to High level in quality of evidence. Subgroup and moderator analyses indicated that the impact of intervention varied by reading outcome, with the strongest effects shown for vocabulary. These analyses showed the effectiveness of interventions focused on comprehension, vocabulary, word study, or multiple components for older students who experience reading difficulties, across all grade levels and classroom settings, and when delivered by classroom teachers or researchers. Such interventions are particularly potent for students with learning disabilities and those from a language background other than English, and results hold true regardless of students’ socioeconomic status. Results published more recently and in academic journals tended to show stronger effects overall, as did briefer interventions (<15 hours), and interventions assessed using bespoke researcher-developed measures. Findings offer an up-to-date source of evidence on reading interventions for older students and provide impetus for further research in this critical area. • Reading interventions for students in Grades 4-12 yield a positive aggregate effect • Interventions focused on comprehension or vocabulary produced larger effects • Teacher-delivered interventions yielded stronger effects for vocabulary outcomes • GRADE assessment indicated a Moderate to High level of evidence

The October 7, 2023, terrorist attack in Israel resulted in widespread psychological distress, significantly impacting mental health at a national level. This study examines the longitudinal relationship between depression and suicidal ideation (SI) in the aftermath of mass trauma, with a particular focus on the moderating role of loneliness. Given prior research demonstrating the link between depression and SI, this study seeks to explore whether loneliness exacerbates this association over time, thereby informing targeted suicide prevention efforts. This study employed a nationally representative prospective design with a cohort of 600 Israeli civilians (Mage = 41.02, SD = 13.79; 50.3% women). Data were collected at five time points: two months pre-attack (T1), one-month post-attack (T2), and three additional follow-ups across one year (T3-T5). Participants completed validated self-report measures assessing depression, SI, and loneliness, with pre-attack depression levels serving as a covariate. Hierarchical regression and moderation analyses were conducted to assess the interaction between depression and loneliness in predicting SI at T5. Probable depression at T2 significantly predicted SI at all subsequent time points. Furthermore, loneliness at T2 independently contributed to SI at T5, beyond the effects of pre-existing depression and trauma-related factors. Crucially, moderation analyses revealed that loneliness T2 amplified the association between depression T2 and SI T5, such that individuals with high loneliness exhibited a stronger depression-SI link over time. Findings highlight the compounding effect of depression and loneliness on suicide ideation in the aftermath of mass trauma. The results suggest that loneliness may act as a critical mechanism that sustains suicidality by reinforcing isolation and limiting access to emotional support. This study underscores the need for trauma-informed suicide prevention strategies that incorporate interventions aimed at reducing loneliness, enhancing interpersonal connectedness, and promoting social reintegration.

Therapies for major depressive episodes (MDEs) in major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) have limited efficacy and tolerability. Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), including transcranial direct current (tDCS), alternating current (tACS), and random noise stimulation (tRNS), has been investigated as a non-invasive alternative, but existing reviews are outdated or narrow in scope. A systematic review of tES modalities for MDE in MDD and BD was conducted, alongside a meta-analysis restricted to tDCS RCTs. Eligible participants had MDD or BD diagnosed per standardised criteria. The primary outcome was change in depression severity; secondary outcomes were response and remission. Moderator and sensitivity analyses were performed post hoc. Thirty-four tES trials met inclusion criteria; 31 used tDCS (n=1833 at endpoint) and were eligible for meta-analysis. Pooled results showed active tDCS produced a moderate reduction in depressive symptoms versus sham (Hedges' g=0.387, 95% CI: 0.192-0.582), with no significant effect on response (OR=1.397) or remission (OR=1.138). Larger effects were observed in bipolar depression, monotherapy samples, and studies using F3/F4 electrode placement. No publication bias was detected. Risk of bias ratings influenced effect sizes. tDCS demonstrates statistical superiority to sham for symptom reduction, but effects do not reliably translate to response or remission, and heterogeneity remains substantial. Efficacy varies by clinical and methodological factors. tDCS is a safe, moderately effective option for MDEs. Future trials should improve methodological rigor, refine montage selection, and evaluate longer or multi-channel protocols.

Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of primary community health care nurses: A meta-analysis.

Excess human emissions, largely from industrialized nations, cause the climate crisis. Calls for climate action are thus inherently group-based (i.e., target people from industrialized nations) and often critical (i.e., challenging unsustainable lifestyles). Because group criticism by fellow ingroup members has been shown to be more acceptable than criticism by outsiders (intergroup sensitivity effect), we argue that critical calls for climate action across group-boundaries are ineffective as compared to the same calls by a messenger within that group. In the present work, American and European participants consistently rejected criticism of insufficient climate action in the U.S. and Europe (i.e., “the West”) from a Chinese participant (outgroup source) as compared to the same comments from participants from their own region (ingroup sources). Further, joint membership in the superordinate group “the West” was sufficient to make criticism acceptable; extended ingroup commenters (e.g., Europeans for American participants) were equally accepted as ingroup sources. Exploratory moderation analyses showed that the group-based rejection of criticism emerged only among participants with moderate-to-high beliefs in the existence of climate change but not among climate change deniers. We discuss how changing group processes can help master the climate crisis. • Unsustainable lifestyles among different groups cause the climate crisis • Different groups are thus a legitimate target for critical calls to climate action • Outgroup calls were consistently rejected as compared to the same ingroup calls • Responses to calls by full and extended ingroup (superordinate group) did not differ • Redefining group boundaries could be one key to mastering the climate crisis

Unequal air quality benefits from EV adoption in California, the world’s EV leader

Investigating ethical and motivational influences on consumers’ willingness to purchase the refurbished motorcycle parts

Working memory and daily internalizing problems: Pubertal timing moderates adult relations.

This systematic review provides the first synthesis of mediating and moderating factors in the bidirectional relationship between anxiety and alcohol use and related problems. Six electronic databases were searched for longitudinal studies that assessed a mediator and/or moderator in the anxiety → alcohol or alcohol → anxiety pathway. Risk of bias was assessed with two quality assessment tools developed to assess biases pertaining to mediation and moderation studies, respectively. Of the 14,776 records identified, 55 were eligible, from which effects from 315 unique models were extracted. Effects included 30 mediation analyses, 258 moderation analyses, and 27 other complex analyses (e.g. multiple mediation or three-way moderation). Identified mediating and moderating factors were categorised in line with the biopsychosocial model, with subsequent subtheme classification (e.g. sex, drinking motives). Further to the narrative synthesis, seventeen moderation subthemes provided sufficient data for meta-analysis. Results of the meta-analysis of moderators suggest age (Fisher's z: 0.065 95% CI: 0.017, 0.113), externalising factors (Fisher's z: -0.186, 95% CI: -0.222, -0.150), perceptions of peer alcohol use (Fisher's z: -0.076, 95% CI: -0.119, -0.033), positive family experiences (Fisher's z: -0.081, 95% CI: -0.098, -0.064), and experimental manipulation of anxiety (Fisher's z: 0.242. 95% CI: 0.103, 0.382) significantly moderated the relationship between anxiety and alcohol. Narrative synthesis of other moderating subthemes and all mediation subthemes yielded inconsistent evidence which did not demonstrate conclusive moderated or mediated effects. Across studies, methodological quality was suboptimal, with future directions for research discussed.

Experiential avoidance (EA), impostor phenomenon (IP), and fear of negative evaluation (FNE) are theoretically related cognitive-emotional constructs that undermine psychological well-being and academic functioning in college students, yet their predictive and moderating interrelationships have not been empirically examined within a unified framework. This quantitative, correlational, cross-sectional study tested seven hypotheses in a convenience sample of 303 Indian college students (aged 18–25 years) using the Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (BEAQ), Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale (CIPS), and Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BFNE). Due to violations of normality, Spearman's rank-order correlations, simple linear regression, and PROCESS Macro Model 1 moderation analysis (Hayes, 2022) were employed. All seven hypotheses were supported. Significant positive intercorrelations were found among all three variables (rs = 0.52– 0.59, p &lt; 0.001). Experiential avoidance significantly predicted both IP (β = 0.528, R² = 0.279) and FNE (β = 0.582, R² = 0.339), and IP significantly predicted FNE (β = 0.568, R² = 0.323). Moderation analysis revealed that EA significantly attenuated the IP–FNE relationship (ΔR² = 0.042, p &lt; 0.001), with the full model explaining 47.4% of variance in FNE. These findings identify experiential avoidance as a functionally central construct and suggest that ACT-based interventions targeting EA may reduce both impostor beliefs and evaluative fear in Indian college student populations.

Purpose This study aims to investigate how artificial intelligence (AI) memory expression influences customer attitudes during service interactions. Drawing on uniqueness theory, it examines whether AI’s ability to recall customer preferences enhances perceived uniqueness and reduces AI aversion. Additionally, it explores whether embarrassing service contexts moderate these effects. Design/methodology/approach Three scenario-based experiments were conducted. Study 1 used a 2 × 2 between-subjects design (memory expression × agent type) to examine whether memory expression attenuates AI aversion. Study 2 examined the mediating role of perceived uniqueness using moderated mediation analysis. Study 3 tested the boundary condition of embarrassment using a 2 × 2 × 2 between-subjects design. Findings The results show that AI memory expression improves customer attitudes by enhancing perceived uniqueness, thereby reducing AI aversion. However, in embarrassing service contexts, memory expression produces the opposite effect, leading to lower customer evaluations regardless of agent type. Practical implications Service providers can leverage memory expression to personalize customer experiences and mitigate AI aversion. However, in embarrassing contexts, memory expression should be used cautiously withheld to maintain customers’ psychological comfort. Originality/value This study introduces memory expression as a novel dimension of AI behavior and demonstrates its dual role in shaping customer evaluations. While memory expression enhances customer attitudes by increasing perceived uniqueness, it can also trigger negative reactions in embarrassing service contexts. These findings extend theoretical understanding of AI aversion and provide practical insights for managing AI-enabled service interactions.

Purpose This study quantifies the impact of technology-enabled delivery platform partnerships on the direct channel sales of restaurant chains. Design/methodology/approach We leverage a proprietary dataset that tracks expenditures from over 9 million individuals across the USA. The analysis assesses the influence of delivery platform partnerships on direct-channel sales. To identify the causal impact, we use difference-in-difference models with propensity score matching. Findings On average, each delivery platform partnership results in a 1.36% increase in physical channel sales and a 42.6% increase in direct, online sales for the restaurant chains' websites and mobile applications. Moreover, our moderation analysis reveals the following: (1) restaurant chains with sparse physical store networks in a market derive greater increases in store sales from delivery platform partnerships than do chains with dense physical networks and (2) deeper channel integration, where restaurants offer delivery options from their own websites (with fulfillment services contracted to delivery platforms), leads to higher online sales from delivery platform partnerships. Practical implications The results suggest that delivery platform partnerships are especially attractive in generating direct-channel revenues for restaurant chains in markets with sparse physical store presence and when customers can access delivery services directly through restaurant chains' websites or applications. This revenue information, combined with a restaurant chain's costs of partnering with delivery platforms, can indicate which markets may be the most profitable for delivery platform partnerships. Originality/value We add to segmentation research in logistics by examining how platform partnerships differentially affect two key segments: physical and online direct-sales customers. We extend the channel-capabilities literature by analyzing how a delivery-platform channel, with its distinct search and fulfillment capabilities, reshapes outcomes in the direct sales channels of restaurants. We further contribute to the delivery-platform literature by testing the moderating roles of two operational strategies, physical store presence and direct-fulfillment service, on physical and online sales. Finally, we provide practical guidance: Collaborating with platforms expands, rather than substitutes for, higher-margin direct-channel sales.

The current study explored the relationship between self-esteem and suicidal ideation among individuals at risk for problem gambling, with a particular focus on the moderating role of key sociodemographic characteristics. The sample consisted of 112 adults residing in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus who were identified as being at risk using the South Oaks Gambling Screen. Data were collected through validated instruments, including the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Suicide Cognitions Scale-Revised. Statistical analyses indicated that self-esteem significantly and negatively predicted suicidal ideation, accounting for 34% of the variance. Furthermore, moderation analyses revealed that this relationship varied significantly across gender, marital status, and educational level. Specifically, the predictive effect of low self-esteem on suicidal ideation was approximately three times stronger in males compared to females. Additionally, married individuals exhibited a stronger association between low self-esteem and suicidal ideation than single or divorced individuals, suggesting that marital status may lose its traditionally protective function in the context of gambling-related distress. Lower educational attainment was also found to amplify this risk. Overall, these findings underscore the critical role of self-esteem as both a risk and protective factor and highlight the importance of targeted, sociodemographically sensitive intervention strategies for individuals at risk for problem gambling.