Nanofluid Model Research Articles

Heat transfer in shear flow over a still nanofluid: A direct integration approach

Heat transfer in a two-layer fluid system, including shear-driven viscous fluid in the upper layer and still nanofluid in the lower layer, is investigated in this work. Following single phase model for nanofluid, three different types of nanofluids are considered. Different from existing literatures on two-layer fluid flow problem, this work introduces the heat transfer of shear-driven viscous fluid over a still nanofluid which makes this investigation new. The main equations which are partial in nature are reduced to a set of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE) by employing suitable similarity transformations. These ODEs together with the coupled interfacial boundary conditions are supplied to MATLAB software to get the solution numerically. Comparing the results obtained in this study with the previous authoritative research results, the accuracy and correctness of the present research methodology are ensured. The results show that the temperature of the upper fluid and the lower fluid are controlled by the thermophysical properties of different types of nanofluids. Also, opposite behavior of temperature distribution for the upper and the lower fluid are observed.

Computational assessment of flow and heat transfer characteristics through Cu + Al2O3 + TiO2 ternary hybrid nanomaterial host-water with shape effect

ABSTRACT Solar energy stands out as a vital source of thermal power derived from the sun. Its capacity finds applications across various technological domains, including photovoltaic panels, solar vehicles, solar lighting infrastructure, and solar water pumps. The contemporary landscape emphasizes the integration of solar energy in industries, notably exemplified by the prevalence of solar-powered charging stations. This article proposes a new perspective on heat transport analysis, incorporating the shape effect on the ternary hybrid nanofluid model along with considerations of thermal radiation, Cattaneo–Christov heat flux factor, heat source, and sink. For the evaluation, three differently shaped ternary hybrid nanoparticles are taken into account including platelet-shaped Cu , cylindrical-shaped A l 2 O 3 , and disc-shaped Ti O 2 . Through boundary layer approximations, the contributions of radiation, heat source, and sink variables are implemented into the regulating equations. The redesigned ordinary differential equations are numerically solved employing the NDSolve method after treating similarity variables. In the case of physical quantities, multiple linear regression is introduced to discover solutions for the flow elements. Augmentation in the momentum of dissimilarly shaped Cu , A l 2 O 3 and Ti O 2 nanoparticles enhance the velocity of ternary hybrid nanofluid flow more than that of spherical-shaped nanoparticles. The significant heat transfer is observed in mono, hybrid and ternary nanofluids with the existence of radiation and heat source phenomena. The multiple linear regression precisely forecasted the physical quantities with the error 10 − 3 . An application of a ternary hybrid nanofluid in a solar powered charging station can efficiently perform and successfully address an energy crisis by exhibiting an acceptable amount of power. This capability contributes to the reliable charging of electronic devices. Also, the machine learning technique can reliably and accurately perform the heat transfer analysis.

Heat and mass transfer analysis for bi-dimensional bioconvective MHD nanofluid with varying thermal traits

ABSTRACT Bioconvection phenomena offer practical applications in biomicrosystems, fuel cells, biosensors, biocomputing, electronic thermal management, and renewable energy systems, showcasing their relevance and potential impact across various engineering sectors. Consequently, this study delves into the examination of a bi-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid flow model encompassing the intricate dynamics of gyrotactic microorganisms, subject to the effects of suction and thermal radiation. The primary objective of the investigation is to optimize the thermal energy transfer efficiency of the fluid while concurrently minimizing associated costs, with the secondary aim of diminishing the frictional resistance at the fluid-solid interface. The basis for energy and momentum equations incorporating radiation using Rosseland’s approximation is established by the Buongiorno nanofluid model. The foundational PDEs along with their BCs, are reformulated into ODEs utilizing similarity variables, then transformed into a set of first-order ODEs ensuring compatibility with MATLAB’s bvp4c solver, which offers high convergence rates and accuracy due to its efficient algorithms and precision handling. Heat transfer rate boosts up by increasing suction and radiation parameters, while it dwindles due to an increase in the magnetic field. Enhancing suction and the magnetic field lowers skin friction. Microbial concentration surges by increasing the magnetic field, while suction minimizes it. Intensifying the thermophoresis parameter increases the concentration of nanoparticles.

Effects of gravity and anisotropy on the convective instability in a nanofluid porous medium

Controlling thermal loads in heat transfer systems that produce high heat flux is a real mechanical challenge. Various cooling/heating techniques are available to achieve the reliability requirements of electronic devices. Among them, the use of nanofluids is one of the important techniques that provide long term stability, higher cooling rates, decreased pumping power needs, and cost-effectiveness. Instability in fluids typically occurs when a disturbance affects the equilibrium of forces of external, inertial, or viscous origin acting on a system. The disturbances may arise from the surroundings due to small changes in the boundary conditions, surface roughness, free stream turbulence, noise, etc. In several circumstances, these disturbances are very small and hence cannot be measured with the available instruments but can be observed after the instability sets in. In this study, we focus on examining the effect of time-periodic vertical gravity modulation on the initiation of natural convection in a porous medium saturated with a nanofluid. The porous medium is characterized by being heated at the bottom and possessing anisotropic properties in terms of permeability and thermal diffusivity. Specifically, we investigate the onset of convection in water-based nanofluids that contain metallic (Cu) and metal oxide ( A l 2 O 3 ) particles. The Khanafer-Vafai-Lightstone (KVL) nanofluid model is employed to describe the behavior of the nanofluids, and the thresholds for convective instability are determined using the Mathieu functions. In addition, we study the instabilities of synchronous and subharmonic modes and explore their transitions along with practical applications.

Numerical study of Carreau fuzzy nanofluid across a stretching cylinder using a modified version of Buongiorno's nanofluid model

The principal intention of the currently analysis is to investigate the impacts of the naturally convective nanofluid using a model of Carreau fluid with engine oil (CnH2n+2)as the base fluid and Manganese Zinc Ferrite (MnZnFe2O4)as the nanoparticle, the fluid flowing through a stretched cylinder in a fuzzy ambient. It examines the impact of assorted parameters, Weissenberg number(We), Prandtl numeral(Pr), Schmidt numeral (Sc), and curvature (k)with magnetic field(B) and nanoparticle parameter, in order to manipulate an analogous conversion, the regulating equations of velocity, energy, and concentration profiles permute from a set of partial differential equations stand to ordinary differential equations. The present analysis focuses on the no slip assumption, which gives rise to a nonlinear Dirichlet boundary condition in axial velocity. The bvp5c approach was utilized to solve the resulting series of equations by the MATLAB. This is a highly effective approach with minimal computing expenditure. The volume quantity of nanoparticles in MnZnFe2O4 is considered an uncertain parameter respect to TFNs (triangular fuzzy numbers) ranging [0, 0.5, 0.1]. Triangular membership function (TMF) is used to study the uncertainty variability while α − cut controls the TFNs. Fuzzy linear regression analysis makes use of TFNs to determine the middle (crisp), left, and right values of the fuzzy velocity profile. In comparison to the crisp velocity profile (mid value), the study's result and the fuzzy velocity profile have the maximum rate of flow. Tables and graphs are used to illustrate the outputs.

Numerical modeling and analysis of nanofluids subcooled boiling in a horizontal circular tube

Subcooled flow boiling, characterized by large heat transfer coefficient (HTC), is widely encountered and of great significance in energy industry. To enhance its thermal efficiency for compact applications, nanofluids are employed by improving the thermophysical properties. This article numerically investigates nanofluids subcooled boiling in a horizontal tube under wide-range, multi-factor impacts, including Reynolds number of 40,000–50,000, nanoparticle type, that is, Al2O3, TiO2, Cu, and volume fraction of 1%–5%. The thermal equilibrium assumption and Eulerian multiphase model are utilized after numerical validations. Results indicate that the vapor volume fraction augments along the tube while nanoparticles reduce the vapor production during boiling. As for thermal and flow performance, nanofluids can enhance the HTC at the expense of a rising pressure drop. In the case of Al2O3/Water nanofluid, the maximum of HTC increases by 10.56%. In contrast, the pressure drop increases by 2.1 times when the Al2O3 concentration changes from 1% to 5%. The performance evaluation criterion (PEC) in this article always exceeds 1 for nanofluids, demonstrating that the heat transfer enhancement outweighs the pressure drop penalty, and the Al2O3/Water nanofluid show superior performance with PEC achieving 1.1. This work can provide support for a profound understanding and utilization of nanofluids subcooled boiling.

On the dual diffusion flow of Powell–Eyring hybrid nanofluid with motile microorganism and non-uniform heat source using Darcy–Forchheimer model

This communication elaborates the rheological behavior of bioconvection flow of Powell–Eyring hybrid nanofluid over a stretchable heated cylinder embedded in Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium. The single and two-phase nanofluid models are used as mixture model by taking volumetric friction and dual diffusion of injected nanomaterial’s, while the Buongiorno model takes the dual diffusion of nanomaterials, allowing us to evaluate the thermophoresis and Brownian diffusion properties. The governing equations are solved with an efficient Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg numerical technique. The effects of appropriate parameters on flow, temperature, concentration, and motile microorganism. Our findings reveal that the fluid velocity increases with curvature parameter, while detract with Darcy and porosity parameter. Temperature is increasing function of Brownian, thermophoresis and heat source parameters. The concentration and motile profile increases with curvature parameter. An escalating trend for energy and mass transport was seen against curvature and thermophoresis parameter. Higher values of Curvature and Schmidt number depict positive impact on nanoparticle concentration, while the results for chemical reaction are conflicting. An increasing value of Brownian and thermophoresis parameters promote higher temperature. The temperature and thermal boundary layer thickness are also affected by the heat source and sink parameters in opposite manner.

Magnetohydrodynamics flow and heat transfer of novel generalized Kelvin–Voigt viscoelastic nanofluids over a moving plate

In this work, the unsteady magnetohydrodynamics boundary layer flow and heat transfer of novel generalized Kelvin–Voigt viscoelastic nanofluids over a moving plate are investigated. The classical Kelvin–Voigt constitutive relation is generalized to incorporate a time-fractional derivative to characterize the fluid behavior, which is proved to be of significance and physically justified. The newly developed fractional Kelvin–Voigt constitutive correlation and a dual-phase-lagging constitutive equation are applied to the momentum and energy equations, respectively, for a nanofluid model over a moving plate. The formulated integrodifferential velocity and thermal boundary layer equations are solved using the finite difference method together with a fast algorithm, which reduces the consumed central processing unit time significantly. Several numerical examples are presented to illustrate the influence of the critical parameters on the nanofluid motion and thermal characteristics. Compared to the fractional Maxwell nanofluid model, the velocity boundary layer for the fractional Kelvin–Voigt nanofluid model is thinner. Although the fractional indexes show similar effects on the velocity boundary layer, the impacts of the relaxation parameters are in contrast. This work provides valuable insights into the feasibility of using the fractional Kelvin–Voigt viscoelastic model to depict the fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids.

Cattaneo-Christov Heat Flux Model for Bio-Convective Radiative Eyring-Powell Nanofluid with Viscous-Ohmic Dissipation and Magnetic Dipole Impacts

In this work we studied the solutions of the bio-convected Eyring-Powell nanofluid involving gyrotactic micro-organisms in the presence of viscous-ohmic dissipation, double diffusion, and magnetic field over a stretched sheet under the impacts of nonlinear radiation and Arrhenius activation energy. The magneto-nanoparticles suspension in microorganisms are beneficial in nanofluid stability. Also, they have number of applications in nanosciences, biotech, pharmaceuticals, and mechanical development. The nonlinear coupled PDEs are transformed into ODEs by taking a suitable set of similarity transformations and then computationally solved with MATLAB’s bvp4c and RK4-Shooting technique. The skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are represented in tabular form. The mass and heat transmission rate improve in the presence of gyrotactic microorganisms. The temperature as well as concentration of Eyring-Powell Nanofluid get decreased by accelerating the significant mass and thermal stratification. The concentration profile Φ(η) depreciate for higher Chemical reaction rate (σ), Schmidt number (Sc), and temperature difference (δ1) parameters but rises upon increasing values of Activation energy (Ea). Also, the microorganism concentration difference parameter (β1), bioconvection Lewis number Lb and Peclet number Pe are opposing the motile microorganism density profile.

Evolution of heat transfer in MHD nanofluid flow over a porous plate: Insights into the influences of slip and variable viscosity

Temperature-dependent viscosity finds application in various industries such as oil and gas, polymer processing, and food manufacturing. Understanding how viscosity changes with temperature is critical for optimizing processes like drilling operations, polymer molding, and food product consistency. Additionally, it plays a vital role in controlling flow behavior, ensuring efficient heat transfer, and maintaining product quality across different temperature conditions. The exploration of temperature-dependent viscosity in Powell-Eyring nanofluid models represents a novel and unexplored avenue in the field. The study’s novelty is underscored by its comprehensive investigation into a range of factors, such as surface suction, thermal radiation, slip velocity effects, and nanoparticle concentration slip, all integrated within the Powell-Eyring nanofluid model. Moreover, the adoption of bvp4c as a numerical tool further emphasizes the research’s unique contributions. The curves of temperature, concentration, and velocity as a consequence of changes in physical parameters are discussed. Increasing the value of the suction parameter promotes heat transfer but slows the velocity of the nanofluid. The injection of a magnetic field is responsible for compensating for the suction rate. An improvement in the concentration of nanoparticles and temperature is observed as a result of an increase in the slip rate. It is evident that both nanoparticle concentration and temperature rise significantly when Bi, the Biot number, is increased. In the boundary layer, a decrease in velocity is observed as a consequence of an increase in velocity slip, porosity, and magnetic field parameters.

Cubic autocatalysis implementation in blood for non-Newtonian tetra hybrid nanofluid model through bounded artery

Abstract Tetra hybrid nanofluids are significant due to their unique properties like thermal and electrical conductivity enhancement, increased heat transfer, and improved fluid flow characteristics. This attempt proposes a tetra hybrid cross nanofluid model with the implementation of cubic autocatalysis in the context of blood flow passing through a stenosis artery. The model includes the effects of nanofluid, magnetic field, thermal radiation, and the cubic autocatalysis mechanism. This research investigates the innovative application of cubic autocatalysis within the context of blood flow through a tetra hybrid cross nanofluid model, specifically designed to simulate conditions within a stenosis horizontal artery. The equations governing the fluid flow are solved using the bvp5c method, and the numerical solutions are obtained for various parameter values. Specifically, the cubic autocatalysis mechanism profoundly impacts the velocity and concentration profiles of the blood flow. The proposed model and the obtained results provide new insights into the physics of blood flow passing through stenosis arteries. They may have important implications for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. This article has a unique combination of tetra hybrid cross nanofluid model, cubic autocatalysis, and blood flow passing through the stenosis artery. These facts are not typically studied together in the context of blood flow.

Thermal characterization of Sutterby nanofluid flow under Riga plate: Tiwari and Das model

This investigation uses the Tiwari and Das nanofluid model to enhance the heat transfer rate in Sutterby nanofluid over a Riga plate. The effects of heat source/sink, viscosity dispersion, and mass flow for water-based fluids are also considered in this work. Sutterby fluid has been utilized to investigate the rheological features of nanofluids. The transverse Lorentz force produced by the Riga plate assists in the flow down the plate by producing an electromagnetic field. The main aim of this investigation is to evaluate the presence of two different types of nanoparticles in water, specifically silicon carbide [Formula: see text] and copper [Formula: see text]. Dimensionless variables are first used to convert the mathematical model into a non-dimensional form. The similarity approach is then used to further rewrite the non-dimensional partial differential equations into a set of similarity equations. The bvp4c function in MATLAB software provides a numerical solution to these equations. The effects on temperature and velocity profiles of many physical factors, including the Reynold number, heat source/sink, and Deborah number, have been analyzed and presented. Furthermore, using tables, a detailed analysis of the skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt numbers is conducted. The results show that convective flow is suppressed when solid nanoparticles are added to the base fluid. The velocity distribution improves as Deborah and Reynold’s numbers get a higher value. Also, the temperature field improves by incrementing exponential and thermal heat source/sink parameters.

Numerical assessment of MHD hybrid nanofluid flow over an exponentially stretching surface in the presence of mixed convection and non uniform heat source/sink

The modern era is concerned about the problems related to heat transfer and energy storage. The hybridization of nanofluids stands an important study due to the enhanced thermophysical properties of these effective fluids. The distinguished response of hybrid nanofluids towards thermal conductivity is appreciated for heating and cooling industrial purposes. Thus, the current study intends to investigate the effect of magnetohydrodynamics and thermal radiation on aiding opposing flow of Al2O3−Cu/H2O hybrid nanofluid flowing over a porous exponentially stretching surface. The flow is influenced by the presence of stagnation point and non-uniform heat source/sink while the convective boundary conditions are also assumed. The flow control equations are exhibited according to the assumptions and a similarity transformation leads to a system of ordinary differential equations from a system of partial differential equations. The deduced system is solved numerically using bvp4c technique, built-in MATLAB based algorithm. The upshots spectacle the results for velocity and temperature profiles on behalf of various parameters affecting the hybrid nanofluid flow. The increasing values of magnetic parameter and velocity ratio parameter significantly impacts the velocity profile for assisting and opposing flows. The temperature profile escalates for higher values of thermal radiation parameter, Eckert number and Biot number. Moreover, the analysis delivers valued insights into the heat transfer and friction drag for the considered hybrid nanofluid model. The gained results can support study in applications involving nanofluid based systems.

Two-phase numerical simulation of thermal and solutal transport of zero mass flux conditions over a porous deformable disc: The extension of Jeffrey-Hamel model

In recent times, numerous assertions on the thermophysical properties of nanoliquids in various flow regimes, particularly the laminar flow regimes have been documented in the literature. With this focus, this theoretical investigation is to explore multiple solutions of the laminar two-dimensional Jeffrey fluid describing the Buongiorno nanofluid model and features of heat transport near a stagnation point across a movable radial disc. Also, the study seeks to explore the effects of zero mass flux and velocity of mass transpiration embedded within a Jeffrey fluid. With the help of the ansatz similarity transformations, the study simplifies complex partial differential equations into a set of ordinary differential equations, facilitating numerical dual solutions employing the bvp4c solver. The multiple solutions become apparent in a specific range of the shrinkable parameter. The results of the present study show that the suction parameter intensifies the phenomena of friction factor in the upper solution, whereas an annulment trend is observed in the lower solution. In addition, the shear stress and heat transfer rate decline with higher impacts of the Deborah number for the first solution while a monotonical behaviour is seen for the second solution. Besides, the absolute critical value decreases owing to the change value of the Deborah number, as a result, the separation of the boundary layer accelerates. Moreover, the heat transfer rate declined by about 0.29%, 0.37%, and 0.28% for the FBS and 0.30%, 0.32%, and 0.28% for the SBS with larger values of Nta, Nba and Sca, respectively. Lastly, the outcomes of the present examination with existing data are an excellent match for the limiting cases.

Viscous dissipation and Joule heating in case of variable electrical conductivity Carreau–Yasuda nanofluid flow in a complex wavy asymmetric channel through porous media

This paper focuses on flow structures and thermal fields of the Carreau–Yasuda (CY) nanofluid model through a two-dimensional, wavy, complicated vertical asymmetrical conduit filled with porous elements. Formulations of the viscous dissipation in the case of CY nanofluids are derived and nonlinear radiation flux as well as joule heating are examined. Buongiorno’s nanofluid approach, which involves Brownian motion and thermophoresis aspects is considered. The electrical conductivity of the suspension is considered as a variable where it depends upon the ambient temperature and concentration distributions and the Joule heating impacts are not neglected. The approach of solving the problem is contingent upon converting the system to dimensionless form then the lubrication approach with low magnetic Reynold numbers is applied. Numerical solutions are found for the resultant system, and wide ranges are considered for Weissenberg number We, non-Newtonian parameter n and Darcy number [Formula: see text], namely, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively. The major results indicated that gradients of the pressure are higher in case of shear thickening [Formula: see text] comparing to in the instance of shear thinning [Formula: see text]. Also, the velocity is enhanced, close to the channel’s lowest portion, as the Weissenberg number is growing. The variable electrical conductivity gives a higher mass transfer rate compared to the constant property.

Combined effects of electrophoresis and thermophoresis in Darcy Forchheimer flow of trihybrid nanofluid over a Riga plate: Yamada-Ota and Xue models

The physical phenomena of Darcy-Forchheimer flow of trihybrid nanofluid over a Riga plate with the influence of electrophoresis and thermophoresis on the particle deposition and non-uniform heat generation in a porous medium is discussed in this article. In a Marangoni convective flow, this study examined the impact of electrophoresis and thermophoresis on the rate at which aerosol particles deposited across a Riga plate. One of the most basic processes for moving tiny particles across a temperature gradient is known as thermophoresis particle deposition, and it is significant to both aero-solution and electrical engineering. Trihybrid nanofluid containing Cobalt iron oxide (COFe2O4), Manganese Zinc iron oxide (MnZnFeO4) and Molybdenum disulfides (MOS2) nanoparticles, and based fluid water is used. For the case of trihybrid nanoparticles, the Xue and Yamada-Ota nanofluid models have been expanded. The objective of this envisaged model is to compare the performance of two renowned ternary hybrid nanofluid models namely Xue and Yamada–Ota. The required similarity transformations are used to translate the set of governing equations into a collection of ODEs. The homotopy analysis method (HAM) is used to analytically solve these simplified equations. For the embedded non-dimensional parameters, the graphic exploration of the velocity, concentration and thermal fields is made. The study's primary outcomes are that as the Marangoni convection parameter is increased, the velocity profile is improved and the temperature and concentration distributions are lowered. The concentration profile decreases with increasing electrophoretic parameter, however the opposite behavior is seen with increasing electrophoretic parameter.

Chemically radiative and magnetised Casson nanofluid due to Arrhenius kinetics with heat source/sink

ABSTRACT The current investigation aims to study the Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Casson nanofluid model to simulate the thermo-solutal-free convection chemically with heat source/sink and radiation. The present flow situation is driven by Arrhenius kinetics in the energy equation. The considered flow situation is reduced via similarity transformations and further solved numerically by the Runge–Kutta with shooting scheme. The flow features of velocity, energy, and concentration are derived, and the results are presented through graphs.

Stochastic supervised networks for numerical treatment of Eyring–Powell nanofluid model with Darcy Forchheimer slip flow involving bioconvection and nonlinear thermal radiation

The aim of this study is to estimate the solution of Eyring–Powell nanofluid model (EPNFM) with Darcy Forchheimer slip flow involving bioconvection and nonlinear thermal radiation by employing stupendous knacks of neural networks-based Bayesian computational intelligence (NNBCI). A dataset for the designed NNBCI is generated with Adam numerical procedure for sundry variations of EPNFM by use of several variants including slip constant, Schmidt number, mixed convection parameter, Prandtl number, and bioconvection Lewis parameter. Numerical computations of various physical parameters of interest on EPNFM are estimated with artificial intelligence-based NNBCI and compared with reference data values generated with Adam’s numerical procedure. The accuracy, efficacy, and convergence of the proposed NNBCI to successfully solve the EPNFM are endorsed through M.S.E, statistical instance distribution studies of error-histograms, and assessment of regression metric. The proposed dataset exhibits a close alignment with the reference dataset based on error analysis from level E[Formula: see text] to E[Formula: see text] authenticates the precision of the designed procedure NNBCI for solving EPNFMs. The executive and novel physical importance of parameters governing the flow, such as nanofluid velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles, are discussed. The observations imply that the presence of the slip constant, mixed convection parameter and Lewis number influences the velocity of the nanofluid. However, it is observed that temperature of the nanofluid declines for higher values of Prandl number while the concentration of nanofluid improves with increasing values of Schmidt number.

Mass-Based Hybrid Nanofluid Model for Thermal Radiation Analysis of MHD Flow over a Wedge Embedded in Porous Medium

This study addresses the intricate interplay of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), thermal radiation, and porous media effects, which are crucial in numerous engineering applications, including aerospace, energy systems, and environmental processes. The development of a mass-based hybrid nanofluid model signifies a novel approach, potentially yielding more accurate predictions and insights into the thermal behavior of fluids in diverse scenarios. Thus, the current research explores the heat transfer characteristics of a unique nanofluid known as TiO2 (titania)-CuO (copper oxide)/H2O (water) hybrid nanofluid. This nanofluid flows past a static or moving wedge considering the impact of thermal radiation and magnetic field in the appearance of porous medium. To calculate the effective thermophysical attributions of the hybrid (TiO2-CuO) nanofluid, a mass-based strategy is employed. This approach involves analyzing the masses of both the first and second nanoparticles, along with the mass of the base fluid, as essential input parameters. The proposed mathematical model is modified to a dimensionless form by applying similarity transformations. The numerical solution is obtained by utilizing the bvp4c built-in function within the MATLAB environment. Graphs illustrate the influence of various parameters on temperature and velocity trends, including the magnetic field parameter and heat absorption/generation parameter as well as the thermal radiation parameter. It is noted that along with the enhancement in the values of parameters related to porous medium or magnetic field, the velocity of the hybrid nanofluid improves. This occurs when the moving wedge parameter’s value is below 1. Conversely, when the moving wedge parameter’s value exceeds 1, the velocity of the hybrid nanofluid decreases. The shape factor is more effective in the temperature profile for developed inputs of heat absorption/generation parameter. A juxtaposition of enhancement in heat transfer rate due to nanofluid (TiO2/H2O) and hybrid nanofluid (TiO2-CuO/H2O) is likewise presented. The main outcome indicates that the hybrid nanofluid exhibits superior thermal conductivity relative to the conventional nanofluid.

Consequences of higher order chemical reaction on bioconvective carbon nanotubes flow implementing Buongiorno's model

In recent years, carbon nanotubes have been extensively explored based on numerous applications in fields such as carbon nanotube based electrodes, super capacitors, nanowires, sensors, coating with polymers, biomedical, and mechanical applications. Keeping in view the significance of carbon nanotubes in the heat transfer process in micro-electrochemical systems, this study is conducted to examine the heat transfer attributes of the carbon nanotubes using the mixture base working fluid. The focus of this investigation is to elaborate the consequence of higher chemical reactions on the bioconvective flow of carbon nanotubes. Additionally, modified Buongiorno's nanofluid model has been used, which undertakes thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects. Heated boundary condition has also been incorporated with the migration of motile microorganisms. The hybrid nanofluid mechanism has been followed in this work. Carbon nanotubes of single-layer and multi-layer have been used simultaneously with different working fluids, such as ethylene glycol (EG) and ethylene glycol/water (EG-water). Non-dimensional flow model equations have been tackled with the bvp-4c package. The obtained outcomes have been presented for distinct profiles and tabulated data sets for the surface skin friction and heat transfer coefficient. It has been observed that when the level of Brownian motion increases, the velocity profile decreases abruptly for SWCNT-MWCNT/EG as compared to SWCNT-MWCNT/EG-water hybrid nanofluid. Opposite behavior has been seen with raising values of magnetization. High Prandtl number decrease thermal boundary layer thickness for both types of hybrid nanofluids. The motile microorganism profile expands by raising the level of bioconvective Lewis number. Moreover, the outcomes of drag force and Nusselt number have been compared, and good agreement has been found.