Delegation Model Research Articles

An Integrative Review of Team Nursing and Delegation: Implications for Nurse Staffing during COVID-19.

BackgroundDuring the COVID‐19 pandemic, providing care for critically ill patients has been challenging due to the limited number of skilled nurses, rapid transmission of the virus, and increased patient acuity in relation to the virus. These factors have led to the implementation of team nursing as a model of nursing care out of necessity for resource allocation. Nurses can use prior evidence to inform the model of nursing care and reimagine patient care responsibilities during a crisis.PurposeTo review the evidence for team nursing as a model of patient care and delegation and determine how it affects patient, nurse, and organizational outcomes.MethodsWe conducted an integrative review of team nursing and delegation using Whittemore and Knafl’s (2005) methodology.ResultsWe identified 22 team nursing articles, 21 delegation articles, and two papers about U.S. nursing laws and scopes of practice for delegation. Overall, team nursing had varied effects on patient, nursing, and organizational outcomes compared with other nursing care models. Education regarding delegation is critical for team nursing, and evidence indicates that it improves nurses’ delegation knowledge, decision‐making, and competency.Linking evidence to actionTeam nursing had both positive and negative outcomes for patients, nurses, and the organization. Delegation education improved team nursing care.

Innovative Delegation Application in Thai National Digital Identity Platform

<span lang="EN-US">The national digital identity platform is a robust scheme that enables individuals and entities to prove who they are to digitally access critical information or services. However, </span><span lang="EN-US">c</span><span lang="EN-US">urrent digital identity systems do not sufficiently consider delegation between entities from the viewpoint of dynamic authorizers and permissions. This study aims to understand the pain points and expectations of end-users and service providers in the Thai national digital identity platform, to design </span><span lang="EN-US">a dynamic delegation model </span><span lang="EN-US">and develop an innovative delegation application to test user acceptance. The research utilizes semi-structured interviews with 3 digital identity experts, two focus groups, one with 6 service providers, and the other one with 6 end-users. Based on results from the data analysis and conceptual prototype design, validated by experts, the proposed prototype is practical and suitable for developing a digital </span><span lang="EN-US">delegation </span><span lang="EN-US">mobile web application that is convenient, safe, secure, and reliable utilizing blockchain technology under the Thai national digital identity platform. </span><span lang="EN-US">The technology acceptance model</span><span lang="EN-US"> was used to test the application acceptance </span><span lang="EN-US">with </span><span lang="EN-US">42 participants</span><span lang="EN-US">. </span><span lang="EN-US">The result reveals that both person and businesses intend to adopt the digital delegation mobile web application.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Use cases of the application include users give their power to trusted entities and Government Agency to provide services to the citizens via the authorized delegatee.</span>

Administering the Union citizen in need: Between welfare state bureaucracy and migration control.

How to determine whether mobile Union citizens have a right to social assistance? Research has shown how Western European Member States have made efforts to restrict Union citizens’ access to their welfare systems over the past decade, whereby lawful residence has increasingly become the linchpin for entitlement. Member States have responded strikingly differently, however, to the complex administrative puzzle of dealing with open borders, the ability to verify lawful residence and the right to social assistance over time. This article makes an analytical and empirical contribution to existing literature by asking how Member States adjust their welfare/migration administrations to fit the Union’s free movement regime and what implications this has for Union citizens. Based upon comparative case studies into the administration of social assistance rights in Germany, Austria and the Netherlands, the article develops a typology of three different models of administering Union citizens’ access to the welfare state: the form, signal and delegation models. Demonstrating how bureaucratic design impacts the stratification of social rights in the Member States in different ways, the article concludes that studying alternative administrative models offers important insights into the functioning of territorial welfare states in open border regimes.

MODEL PELIMPAHAN KEWENANGAN BADAN PEMERIKSA KEUANGAN DALAM PELAKSANAAN TUGAS PEMERIKSAAN PENGELOLAAN DAN TANGGUNG KEUANGAN NEGARA

This study aims to analyze the problem of how the delegation of authority and the model of delegation of authority that can be developed for the BPK in the implementation of auditing tasks for the management and responsibility of state finances using Koontz and Weihrich's theory regarding the seven principles for transferring authority. The research method used is a qualitative research design with a descriptive approach. The results showed that the transfer mechanism was not fully in line with Law Number 30 of 2014 concerning Government Administration. The obstacle in the implementation of the delegation of authority policy is that the policy design is not in line with the applicable regulations, and it requires commitment from policy makers and policy implementers to adjust policies and policy implementation with the development of laws and regulations and general principles of good governance. The model of delegation of authority suggested by this study in the implementation of auditing tasks for the management and responsibility of state finances is a comprehensive audit task mandate, so that the BPK executor, and examiners and experts outside the BPK perform audit duties for and on behalf of the BPK based on statutory regulations and general principles of good governance.

Clinician certainty with the evidence: In practice, it's complicated

Clinician certainty with the evidence: In practice, it's complicated

A model of delegation with a VaR constraint

This paper proposes a model of delegated portfolio management, in which professional fund managers face a value-at-risk (VaR) constraint. We show that the existence of the VaR constraint impairs the optimal risk sharing in both the trading and delegation stages. As a result, the VaR constraint leads household investors to take excessive risk and may cause the prices of fundamentally uncorrelated assets to be correlated.

At Your Own Risk: A Model of Delegation with Ambiguous Guidelines

Counter-intuitive to the lessons of principal-agent models, Chinese leaders have often provided local officials with ambiguous policy guidelines that do not clarify the boundaries of discretion. While ambiguity can give local officials flexibility in policy implementation, it can also instill fear of punishment among possible transgressors and encourage preemptive self-censoring. Incorporating both perspectives, I develop a formal model that analyzes a situation in which ambiguity allows flexibility for certain types of local officials while intimidating others. I argue that central leaders use ambiguity as a screening tool to encourage only the competent type of local officials—or those who have policy expertise for producing good outcomes—to choose a gray-area policy at their own risk, while deterring the incompetent type from doing so. I illustrate the model with the case of state-owned enterprise restructuring in China. The argument is broadly applicable to interactions between any upper- and lower-level actors in bureaucratic hierarchy.

The Influence of Individual Characteristics and Institutional Norms on Bureaucrats’ Use of Cost–Benefit Analysis: A Choice Experiment

AbstractA commonly assumed reason for the delegation of authority from a legislature (politicians) to bureaucracies is that the bureaucrats have an information advantage over the politicians, including knowledge of cost–benefit analysis (CBA). But it is reasonable to assume that the bureaucrats use their information advantage by taking all relevant aspects of policy into account? We model the use of CBA using a delegation model and then test the theoretical predictions with empirical data collected from five Swedish government agencies. The empirical results lend support both for the hypothesis that risk aversion concerning the environmental outcome, the bureaucrats’ environmental attitudes, and the cost of taking CBA information into account have a considerable impact on the probability of using information from a CBA. Hence risk averse and bureaucrats with strong environmental preferences are less likely and bureaucrats with low cost of doing a CBA more likely than other bureaucrats to use CBA information. Finally, a binding governmental budget constraint may positively influence a bureaucrat’s choice of using CBA information. A tentative conclusion is therefore that it may be possible to increase the use of CBA by making the budgetary consequences of policies much clearer and demanding due consideration of costs.

Strategic CSR and merger decisions in multiproduct mixed markets with state-holding corporation

We consider mixed markets with two differentiated products, comprised of a state holding corporation (SHC) and private firms, which decide strategic corporate social responsibility (CSR) and merger between the multiple plants. In the managerial delegation model, we show that the level of unilateral CSR by a single plant under merger is higher than that under non-merger, but merged (non-merged) private firms can generate higher social welfare when products are low (high) substitutes. We also show that competitive level of bilateral CSR is lower than that of unilateral CSR under non-merger competition. We then show that partial privatization is always optimal regardless of merger decisions, but its degree under merger is lower than that under non-merger. Finally, we examine CSR-firm’s strategic alliance and its policy implications if the merger is not voluntarily supportive.

(Not) delegating decisions to experts: The effect of uncertainty

I construct a dynamic delegation model in which a principal can replace the agent to whom to delegate over time. Its unique feature is that the principal dynamically faces a choice between two types of agents with different multidimensional characteristics: experts with uncertain biases and non-experts with no bias. I investigate under what conditions the principal delegates to non-experts by focusing on the effect of the uncertainty regarding preference heterogeneity among experts. Its effect is different depending on the type of uncertainty: an increase in risk and in ambiguity (i.e., Knightian uncertainty) work in opposite directions with higher ambiguity rather than risk being a source of the delegation to non-experts. This analysis sheds new light on the sources of anti-elitism in politics.

The Acceptability of Task-Shifting from Doctors to Allied Health Professionals.

The shifting of medical tasks (MT) to Qualified Medical Practice Assistants (MPA) is an option that can be pursued to ensure adequate health care in Germany despite the increasing scarcity of physicians. The goal of this study was to determine the acceptability of medical task-shifting to MPA among the general population. In a nationwide, representative telephone survey, 6105 persons aged 18 or older were asked whether they would be willing to receive care from a specially trained MPA at a physician's office. Their responses were tested for correlations with sociodemographic characteristics by means of bivariate (chi-squared test, Mann-Whitney U test) and multivariable statistics (logistic regression). Of the respondents, 67.2% expressed willingness to accept the shifting of MT to an MPA for the treatment of a minor illness, and 51.8% for a chronic illness. Rejection of task-shifting was associated with old age, residence in western Germany, and citizenship of a country other than Germany. For example, non-Germans rejected task-shifting more commonly than Germans, for both minor illnesses (odds ratio [OR] 2.96; 95% confidence interval [2.28; 3.85]) and chronic illnesses (OR 1.61; [1.24; 2.10]). Further studies are needed to investigate the motives for rejection of medical task-shifting to MPA in order to assess the likelihood of successful nationwide introduction of a uniform delegation model.

Exploring the Validity and Operational Impact of Using Allied Health Assistants to Conduct Dysphagia Screening for Low-Risk Patients Within the Acute Hospital Setting.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine (a) the agreement between allied health assistants (AHAs) and speech-language pathologists (SLPs) when completing dysphagia screening for low-risk referrals and at-risk patients under a delegation model and (b) the operational impact of this delegation model. Method All AHAs worked in the adult acute inpatient settings across three hospitals and completed training and competency evaluation prior to conducting independent screening. Screening (pass/fail) was based on results from pre-screening exclusionary questions in combination with a water swallow test and the Eating Assessment Tool. To examine the agreement of AHAs' decision making with SLPs, AHAs (n = 7) and SLPs (n = 8) conducted an independent, simultaneous dysphagia screening on 51 adult inpatients classified as low-risk/at-risk referrals. To examine operational impact, AHAs independently completed screening on 48 low-risk/at-risk patients, with subsequent clinical swallow evaluation conducted by an SLP with patients who failed screening. Results Exact agreement between AHAs and SLPs on overall pass/fail screening criteria for the first 51 patients was 100%. Exact agreement for the two tools was 100% for the Eating Assessment Tool and 96% for the water swallow test. In the operational impact phase (n = 48), 58% of patients failed AHA screening, with only 10% false positives on subjective SLP assessment and nil identified false negatives. Conclusion AHAs demonstrated the ability to reliably conduct dysphagia screening on a cohort of low-risk patients, with a low rate of false negatives. Data support high level of agreement and positive operational impact of using trained AHAs to perform dysphagia screening in low-risk patients.

Dysphagia screening using an allied health assistant delegation model: service considerations for implementation

Purpose Three facilities, involved in introducing a model of Allied Health Assistant (AHA) delegated dysphagia screening, examined barriers and facilitators to service implementation. Materials and Methods The 3 facilities varied in size, services and location. AHAs (n = 4) and speech-language therapists (SLTs; n = 4) directly involved in implementation at each site completed semi-structured interviews exploring the implementation experience. Analysis was guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Results There was differential implementation across the sites. Facilitators to implementation fell within the CFIR Innovation Characteristic domain, with the “relative advantage” of the model and “design, quality and packaging” of the training and implementation resources being key facilitators. Barriers related to the Innovation Characteristic domain, regarding the tool’s “adaptability” in terms of screening tools selected and the implementation environment. Issues with the Inner Setting domain, specifically the “structural characteristics,” the “compatibility” of the model and the “relative priority” of the model’s implementation within other organizational priorities were also barriers. Conclusions Although the service model was perceived to have relative advantage, compatibility with local work-flow priorities and service needs must be thoroughly considered if AHA delegated dysphagia screening is to be beneficial as a service model to address increasing dysphagia referral demands. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION Dysphagia is a disabling condition which may result in medical, social and operational complications. The demands of screening, assessing, managing and providing rehabilitation for dysphagia are increasing, therefore alternative models of service delivery including delegation are increasingly being considered and implemented. This study provides evidence regarding the context and facilitators of successful AHA dysphagia screening model implementation. This evidence contributes to a growing knowledge base of delegation practices for the management of staffing resources and building of capacity for rehabilitation service delivery.

Mass\u2013elite differences in new democracies: Tunisia as a case study (2010\u20132016)

This article argues for inductive exploration of mass–elite differences in new democracies. Grounded in the “delegate model” of political representation, I do this by studying issue positions and issue salience of masses before turning to elites. The article demonstrates this approach using Tunisia, the only Arab democracy, by analysing survey data and originally coded party manifesto data. From an issue position perspective, the article uncovers mass–elite incongruence on the democratic–authoritarian and secular–Islamist political dimensions. From an issue salience lens, there is mass–elite congruence on the economic dimension. How mass–elite incongruence unfolds might affect the future of democracy in Tunisia.

A delegation model for SDN-driven federated cloud

The federated cloud paradigm is getting popular for its dynamic allocation of resources, processing power, improved performance, and scalability. A federated cloud lets multiple cloud service providers collaborate and delegate services. However, this delegation requires pre-approval from domain administrators which can create an administrative bottleneck and cause serious delays in times of need. Despite the recent advancements in the field, the federated cloud environment still lacks an ad-hoc delegation method that allows its users to delegate their rights at runtime. Software Defined Network (SDN) provides an opportunity to enhance the performance of federated cloud in terms of delegating network services among different domains. This paper explores various characteristics of the SDN-driven federated cloud and proposes a delegation framework enhancing different important dimensions. Further, a fine-grained delegation model is developed that supports delegation within different cloud environments constituting the federated cloud. A CPN based simulation of the model is provided to rectify any ambiguities in its practical use. The model is also compared with existing models to emphasize its significance. The results reflect that various dynamics of the SDN-driven federated cloud can be efficiently addressed by the proposed model.

Defending the European court of human rights: Experimental evidence from Britain

AbstractAs nationalist sentiments gain traction globally, the attitudinal and institutional foundations of the international liberal order face new challenges. One manifestation of this trend is the growing backlash against international courts. Defenders of the liberal order struggle to articulate compelling reasons for why states, and their citizens, should continue delegating authority to international institutions. This article probes the effectiveness of arguments that emphasise the appropriateness and benefits of cooperation in containing preferences for backlash among the mass public. We rely on IR theories that explain why elites create international institutions to derive three sets of arguments that could be deployed to boost support for international courts. We then use experimental methods to test their impact on support for backlash against the European Court of Human Rights in Britain (ECtHR). First, in line with principal‐agent models of delegation, we find that information about the court's reliability as an ‘agent’ boosts support for the ECtHR, but less so information that signals Britain's status as a principal. Second, in line with constructivist approaches, associating support for the court with the position of an in‐group state like Denmark, and opposition with an out‐group state like Russia, also elicits more positive attitudes. This finding points to the importance of ‘blame by association’ and cues of in/out‐group identity in building support for cooperation. The effect is stronger when we increase social pressure by providing information about social attitudes towards Denmark and Russia in Britain, where the public overwhelmingly trusts the Danes and distrusts the Russians. Finally, in contrast to Liberal explanations for the creation of the ECtHR, the study finds no evidence that highlighting the court's mission to promote democracy and international peace contains backlash. We show that the positive effects of the first two arguments are not driven by pre‐treatment attitudes such as political sophistication, patriotism, internationalism, institutional trust or political preferences.

Investment Governance: Delegation Decision Antecedents by Insurance Companies in Kenya

t Delegation decisions comprise a key component of investment governance structures of firms. Based on agency theory, this paper explores corporate governance and market dynamics as antecedents of investment management delegation by insurance firms in Kenya. Investment governance structures employed by firms are shaped by their unique circumstances and diverse considerations. The objectives of this research were to establish the influence of corporate governance and market dynamics on the investment governance structures of insurance firms in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive approach with a target population of forty six firms in insurance and reinsurance business in Kenya. Both primary data and secondary data were collected. Data analysis was conducted using STATA relying on a binary logistic regression model. The study found that shareholder control, board diversity and avoidance of agency problems leads firms towards delegating their investment management activities. Desire to access alternative assets, peer influences and asset allocation considerations had a lesser extent of influence on firms towards delegation. The study concludes that large shareholder dictations and lack of investment management expertise in boards causes firms to adopt delegation models in their investment management. On the other hand, easy access to investment markets and constant supply of high yielding government bonds pulls firms towards internal investment management. It isrecommended that firms make appropriate choices on extent of delegation by carefully evaluating their needs and developing structuresthat deliver best outcomes.

Motivational Delegation in Intellectual Production: a Model and its Validation

The study presents a motivational delegation model and provides its validation with allowance for the results of recent studies in educational psychology, neurobiology, and pedagogy. In this model, delegation is a communication process serving to transform the intrinsic motivation of employees to align it with business goals and objectives.Aim. This study aims to validate and verify a model of motivational delegation based on studies in neurobiology, psychology, and pedagogy.Tasks. The authors analyze studies on the subject of motivation in neurobiology, social psychology, and pedagogy, identify factors that explain a motivation model based on internal self-determination, and substantiates an algorithm of communication between the manager and the subordinate during the delegation of business tasks.Methods. The scientific methodology of the study includes empirical modeling based on the author’s experiments, analyzing and synthesizing information about intrinsic motivation from available sources, evaluating relevance to the tasks, identifying factors affecting motivation, abstracting and modeling a mechanism and algorithm of motivational delegation.Results. To simplify the understanding of the neurofunctionality of human motivation and modeling of motivation during delegation, the authors introduce the concepts of “want” motivation and “need” motivation. Deep motivational attitudes embedded into the functioning of the amygdala in the form of value orientations can be briefly defined as the “unconscious want”. A positive or negative encoded signal generated by the amygdala that enters different parts of the brain depending on its nature can be referred to as the “conscious want”. The positive “conscious want” activates the prefrontal cortex, i.e. the cognitive and communicative function, while the “conscious don’t want” activates spatial orientation and avoidance motivation. For extrinsic motivation stimuli, the authors introduce the definition of “need”, assuming that the origin of these stimuli is completely extraneous and appears in the prefrontal cortex upon assignment of the delegated task. There are many tools for collaborative goal-setting and team project planning that can activate the “conscious want”. However, if there is a gap between the conscious and the unconscious “want”, there will be no real engagement in the task.Conclusions. Motivational delegation makes it possible to reliably activate both the emotional part of the employee’s brain, which provides energy for performing the task, and the prefrontal complex, which is responsible for the reasoning, creativity, and logic behind the result and execution of the task. Delegation becomes more complex and can be used efficiently in highly intellectual activities for solving creative and logical tasks.

Experimenting with smart contracts for access control and delegation in IoT

In a Smart City scenario, the authors envisioned an IoT-Cloud framework for the management of boards and resources scattered over a geographic area. It can also become a tool to let device owners contribute freely to the infrastructure. In this paper, we present an authorization and delegation model for the IoT-Cloud based on blockchain technology. We focus on smart city’s design and simulation of smart contracts to address the specific characteristics of smart environments and analyze access control and delegation mechanism in IoT. In particular, the scheme is implemented for the Ethereum platform in the form of smart contracts. We present the theoretical analysis of the proposed solution. We perform experiments on local testnet Ganache and public testnet Rinkeby to evaluate the performance of the presented models. Finally, we discuss the results and limitations of the system and possible solutions to issues.

Delegation and political turnover

We study a two-period delegation model with an uncertain future principal. In the first period, an incumbent principal decides whether to delegate policy-making authority to an agent or make policy herself. Before the second period, there is an election, and another principal with different preferences may take power. The main result is that the incumbent can exploit the uncertainty about the future principal to extract policy surplus from the agent. The agent’s uncertainty about the future principal pushes him to implement a policy that both principals accept. The surplus from this compromise policy makes the incumbent better off than she would be without the possibility of turnover. We also find that when costs are low, policy stability can increase as elections become more competitive, as the agent has more incentive to implement a compromise policy. We then allow the incumbent to appoint the agent. We show that as the incumbent becomes more likely to retain office, she prefers more policy conflict with the agent.