Composite Particle Model Research Articles

The W Boson Mass: 80.433 GeV: A Result of a Composite H, W, Z Bosons Model: Other Results: H, Z, Proton, Neutron and Dark Matter Masses

The present article develops a model initially published in ref. [1] and completed in ref. [2].This is a quasi-classical quantum model of composite particles with ultra-relativistic (UR) constituents (leptons and quarks). The model is used to calculate the mass energy of three composite particles: an UR tauonium, an UR bottomonium and an UR leptoquarkonium. The result is that these three hypothetic particles have masses close to 125 GeV: the Higgs boson mass energy.              These results are recalled in the present article. Then the model is extended to calculate the mass energy of the W and Z bosons assumed to be composite particles, as well as those of the proton and the neutron. For the W boson, the model gives two values: one has a mass strictly equal to that measured recently at Fermilab (80.433 GeV), higher than the values measured so far. The other model value is according to the other measurements of the W boson mass.              Finally the model provides a hypothesis on dark matter.

Hadronization via gravitational confinement of fast neutrinos: Mechanics at fm distances

AbstractWe present a summary of the rotating Lepton model (RLM) of composite particles which is a Bohr‐type model using gravity rather than electrostatic attraction as the centripetal force and examines the formation of hadrons via the rotational motion of three gravitating relativistic neutrinos. Model solution via the use of Special or General relativity and of the de Broglie wavelength equation shows that the three neutrinos can get confined in circular orbits of fm radii with velocities extremely close to the speed of light. The computed Lorentz factor is which, via energy conversation, implies that the mass of the composite particle (e.g., of a neutron) is a factor of γ larger than the rest mass of the three rotating neutrinos (∼0.14 eV/c2), and equal (within 1%) with the experimental neutron mass value (∼ 939 MeV/c2). The computed rotational radius (0.63 fm) is also in quantitative agreement with the experimental value. The application of the RLM to compute the masses of heavier composite particles, such as hadrons, bosons and mesons is then briefly oulined, together with its use to compute the masses of neutrinos from hadron masses and to relate the Strong and Weak nuclear forces with relativistic gravity.

<i>H</i>, <i>W</i>, <i>Z</i> Bosons, Dark Matter: Composite Particles?

The present article develops a model initially published in ref. [1]. It is a quasi-classical quantum model of composite particles with ultra-relativistic (UR) constituents (leptons and quarks). The model is used to calculate the mass energy of three composite particles: a UR tauonium, a UR bottomonium and a UR leptoquarkonium. The result is that these three hypothetic particles have masses close to 125 GeV: the Higgs boson mass energy. These results are recalled in the present article. Then the model is extended to calculate the mass energy of pi-mesons, W and Z bosons. Finally, the model provides a hypothesis on dark matter.

Computation of the masses, energies and internal pressures of hadrons, mesons and bosons via the Rotating Lepton Model

The rotating lepton model (RLM) of composite particles is used in conjunction with special relativity, the equivalence principle of inertial and gravitational mass, and the de Broglie wavelength equation, to compute analytically the masses, potential energies and Hamiltonians of 9 hadrons, 3 mesons and 3 bosons without any adjustable parameters. The model is also used to derive analytical formulae for their confining force and internal pressure and to compare with the experimental values measured recently via deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) and computed via lattice Quantum Chromodynamics (LQCD) calculations. Agreement between the RLM computed masses and the experimental ones is, surprisingly, within 1% and supports the previously proposed notion that the strong force can be modeled as a relativistic gravitational force between neutrinos, and that the weak force can be modeled as a relativistic gravitational force between electrons or positrons with neutrinos or antineutrinos.

Proton internal pressure distribution suggests a simple proton structure

AbstractUnderstanding the origin of quark confinement in hadrons remains one of the most challenging problems in modern physics. Recently, the pressure distribution inside the proton was measured via deeply virtual Compton scattering. Surprisingly, strong repulsive pressure up to 1035 pascals, the highest so far measured in our universe, was obtained near the center of the proton up to 0.6 fm, combined with strong binding energy at larger distances. We show here that this profile can be derived semiquantitatively without any adjustable parameters using the rotating lepton model of composite particles (RLM), i.e. a proton structure comprising a ring of three gravitationally attracting rotating ultrarelativistic quarks. The RLM synthesizes Newton’s gravitational law, Einstein’s special relativity, and the de Broglie’s wavelength expression, thereby conforming with quantum mechanics, and also yields a simple analytical formula for the proton radius and for the maximum measured pressure which are in excellent agreement with the experimental values.

Radiative properties of hedgehog-like ZnO-Au composite particles with applications to photocatalysis

The recently proposed hedgehog-like ZnO particles (HPs) exhibit unusual dispersion behavior in fluids, which after being deposited with Au nanoparticles show great potential in the application of photocatalysis in both the ultraviolet and visible spectral range. Nevertheless, the radiative properties of hedgehog-like particles that largely determine the photocatalysis activity are not well understood. In this paper, models of hedgehog-like ZnO-Au composite particles (HP-Au) were built, and the discrete dipole approximation was applied to investigate their radiative properties in the spectral range from 0.3 to 0.8 µm. It is found that the absorption cross section of HPs increases notably with increasing number of ZnO nanorods in the spectral range from 0.3 to 0.4 µm, which can be five times that of the coated sphere for HPs having 300 nanorods. The absorption cross section of HP-Au increases with increasing amount of Au nanoparticles in the visible spectral range, but maintains at about 5 µm2 at the resonant wavelength of Au particles for Au to Zn mass concentration ratio larger than 14%. In addition, for Au to Zn mass concentration ratio below 9%, the peak absorption cross section of the deposited Au nanoparticles is larger than that of the independent one with the largest enhancement ratio being larger than 1.5. However, the light absorption by ZnO nanorods is not enhanced by the deposited Au nanoparticles. Having the same amount of the deposited Au nanoparticles, the absorption cross section of HP-Au increases with increasing particle size. In terms of light absorption, HP-Au with a larger number of lanky ZnO nanorods that are sparsely deposited with Au nanoparticles for an Au to Zn mass concentration ratio of about 9% are preferred for the application of photocatlysis.

Viscosity prediction of fresh cement asphalt emulsion pastes

Cement asphalt emulsion (CA) composite materials are becoming promising building materials in recent years. Assessing their rheological behavior is crucial for the success of a particular application. Fresh CA pastes with different asphalt emulsion to cement mass ratios (AE/C) have significantly different compositions, and design of their rheological properties is not an easy task. The minimum apparent viscosity of CA pastes with different AE/C is predicted by a viscosity prediction model. The model parameters include maximum particle packing density (ϕ m) and an adjusting factor b. A predictive model of CA composite particles is proposed, in which the maximum particle packing density of CA pastes can be determined by the maximum particle packing density of cement paste, the maximum particle packing density of asphalt emulsion, and the volume fraction of asphalt in asphalt-cement system. The predictive model requires different adjusting factor b for CA pastes with anionic and cationic asphalt emulsion when the predicted ϕ m is used for viscosity prediction. The proposed viscosity prediction equations do offer a simple and reliable method for the viscosity prediction of CA pastes with a wide AE/C range, and can be used to design the rheological properties of CA pastes.

Simulation of the calcination of a core-in-shell CuO/CaCO3 particle for Ca–Cu chemical looping

The internal heat balance through heat generation due to CuO reduction and its consumption by CaCO3 decomposition makes calcination a critical step in a novel Ca–Cu chemical looping process (CaL–CLC). Thus, the calcination behaviour of composite Ca/Cu particles needs to be well understood, especially taking into account that mismatching of heat generation and consumption in the particles can lead to local superheating, agglomeration and loss of activity due to enhanced sintering. In this work, a composite particle model was developed to study the calcination behaviour within a spherical core-in-shell type of particle containing grains of CuO and CaCO3. Simulation results showed that ambient temperature, shell porosity, particle size, and CaCO3 grain size significantly affected the CuO and CaCO3 reaction processes, while the impact of initial particle temperature and CuO grain size can be ignored in the range of parameters considered in the study. By comparison of different types of particles, it was concluded that the core-in-shell pattern was more advantageous if such particles are being applied in CaL–CLC cycles due to better matching in reaction kinetics resulting in more stable and uniform particle temperature distribution during the calcination stage.

A composite particle model for non-spherical particles in DEM simulations

This paper presents a composite particle model with sphere clumps for modelling non-spherical particles in discrete element method (DEM) simulations. The formulation of the sphere clumps uses random selections of particle radii and positions, thus it can theoretically simulate all possible non-spherical particles encountered in engineering projects. In this study, the generation of sphere clumps in space was discussed in detail, and different particle non-sphericities were compared. This numerical model has been employed to study the shear behaviour of granular assemblies under undrained triaxial compression conditions. It is evident that the use of composite particle model in the DEM can largely increase the shear strengths of granular assemblies. For granular samples consisting of various types of sphere clumps, different mechanical responses have been observed. In particular, the sphere clumps with high non-sphericity can lead to very high peak/residual shear strength, and high material internal friction angle. The use of sphere clumps mixture can modulate the shear behaviour, with its mechanical properties being close to those of real quartz sand grains.

The structure of casein micelles: a review of small-angle scattering data

Casein micelles are association colloids found in mammalian milk. Small-angle scattering data on casein micelles have been collected and are reviewed, including contrast variation. The scattering spectra are quite consistent at medium and high scattering wavevectors [Q= 4πnsin(θ/2)/λ, wherenis the refractive index, λ is the wavelength and θ is the scattering angle]. Differences are noted, especially at lowQ, which may be attributed to sample preparation, particularly the presence of residual fat globules. Scattering spectra are calculated using a generalized scattering function and a composite particle model, and it is possible to give a self-consistent calculation of the spectra using one set of parameters for all contrasts in both small-angle X-ray scattering and small-angle neutron scattering. The data and calculations show that a casein micelle is a homogeneous particle. The polydispersity in size is about 35% and therefore experimental data on particle size depend very much on the method used. A `reference set' of numbers is proposed for casein micelles from pooled cows' milk, which may be given as follows: β = 0.35,R10= 60 nm,Rg= 110 nm,Rhydr= 96 nm (at 90° scattering). Often, use is made of dynamic light scattering (DLS), which gives anRhydr= 〈R6〉/〈R5〉 of 80–100 nm at 90° scattering. Values will be considerably higher at low(er) angles, and lower at backscattering angles, which are currently used in many DLS setups. Larger values are probably due to clusters of casein micelles or residual fat. The structure of a casein micelle can best be described as a protein matrix in which calcium phosphate clusters (2 nm radius) are dispersed. The protein matrix has density variations on a similar length scale. The casein micelle–submicelle model and models with large voids and channels are highly improbable.

Discrete Particle Simulation for High-density Crowd

The present paper describes the discrete particle simulation of the evacuation dynamics. The inter-pedestrian forces are given by the discrete element method (DEM). The composite particle model is proposed to take into account the effect of the non-circular shape of pedestrians on the evacuation behavior. It has been indicated that the pedestrians can evacuate faster when an obstacle is placed at an appropriate position. The effect of the obstacle on the evacuation rate is also examined numerically in the present study. The proposed numerical model represents the positive and negative effects of the obstacle on the evacuation behavior qualitatively.

Piezoeffect in polar materials using moment theory

A method for describing the piezoelectric effect in a polar material is proposed based on the use of a composite particle model with seven degrees of freedom and a nonzero dipole moment. Based on micropolar theory, a system of equations is obtained which differs from the classical theory of piezoelectricity in the presence of additional terms. It is shown that under certain assumptions, the proposed system of equations becomes the classical system but the piezoelectric moduli depend strongly on the spontaneous polarization vector. It is shown that for anisotropic media with different symmetries, the structure of the third-rank piezoelectric tensors obtained using the proposed micropolar theory coincides with the structure of the tensors obtained using classical theory. For the media considered, dispersion relations are given and it is shown that in the proposed theory, unlike classical theory, the piezoelectric moduli are proportional to the spontaneous polarization.

Diffusion, sedimentation, and rheology of concentrated suspensions of core-shell particles

Short-time dynamic properties of concentrated suspensions of colloidal core-shell particles are studied using a precise force multipole method which accounts for many-particle hydrodynamic interactions. A core-shell particle is composed of a rigid, spherical dry core of radius a surrounded by a uniformly permeable shell of outer radius b and hydrodynamic penetration depth κ(-1). The solvent flow inside the permeable shell is described by the Brinkman-Debye-Bueche equation, and outside the particles by the Stokes equation. The particles are assumed to interact non-hydrodynamically by a hard-sphere no-overlap potential of radius b. Numerical results are presented for the high-frequency shear viscosity, η(∞), sedimentation coefficient, K, and the short-time translational and rotational self-diffusion coefficients, D(t) and D(r). The simulation results cover the full three-parametric fluid-phase space of the composite particle model, with the volume fraction extending up to 0.45, and the whole range of values for κb, and a/b. Many-particle hydrodynamic interaction effects on the transport properties are explored, and the hydrodynamic influence of the core in concentrated systems is discussed. Our simulation results show that for thin or hardly permeable shells, the core-shell systems can be approximated neither by no-shell nor by no-core models. However, one of our findings is that for κ(b - a) ≳ 5, the core is practically not sensed any more by the weakly penetrating fluid. This result is explained using an asymptotic analysis of the scattering coefficients entering into the multipole method of solving the Stokes equations. We show that in most cases, the influence of the core grows only weakly with increasing concentration.

CFD modelling of the flow and reactions in the Olympic Dam flash furnace smelter reaction shaft

The performance of flash furnace burners can be evaluated quickly and efficiently using CFD modelling. Gas flows are modelled using the conventional Eulerian approach, while Lagrangian particle tracking is used to model the flow of solid feed through the burner and into the reaction shaft. A composite particle model has been developed that considers the solid feed to be made up of single particles containing appropriate quantities of concentrate, flux and dust. Solid fuels (such as coal) can also be included in the composite particle. Reactions between the solids and gas are then modelled using standard heat and mass transfer relationships. Results from the modelling process are shown for BHP-Billiton’s Olympic Dam copper flash smelter with the burner that was used from 1998–2003. Flow patterns, temperature and gas composition distributions, particle dispersion and residence time, and overall extent of sulphur removal are predicted and used to evaluate furnace performance. However, results are sensitive to the assumed size of the composite particles, and plant measurements are required to determine the appropriate composite particle size to predict quantitative data.

The Microscopic Model of Composite Particles for ν=1/m FQHE Edge Excitations, its Bosonization and the Chiral Condition

We derive a microscopic theory of the composite particles describing the low-lying edge excitations in the fractional quantum Hall liquid with ν=1/m. Using the composite-particle transformation, one finds that the edge states of the system in a disc sample are described by the Calogero–Sutherland model with other interactions between the composite particles as perturbations. The effects of both the interactions and the confinement potential are considered, and proved unable to change the exponent g=ν=1/m. We also obtain the important chiral condition at the mean field level, and as a result justify microscopically the Chiral Luttinger Liquid model of the FQHE edge states.

Composite particles and bubbles in Weyl space.

A composite particle model that exhibits a number of features of a generic hadronic bag model is derived from a conformally invariant theory in Weyl space. The Gauss-Mainardi-Codazzi formalism facilitates the description of the interior and exterior vacuum phases. Boundary conditions between the two regions are chosen such that the same complex scalar field that is responsible for a dynamical wave equation in the exterior space also provides the surface tension of the bubble. The conformal invariance is broken in the interior space where fluctuations in the scalar field possess a bound-state energy spectrum. Reality conditions dictate that the interior space be anti--de Sitter. Finally, it is pointed out that the bubble may experience collective excitations.

Toughening in polymer composites. Preliminary results of a micromechanical analysis of yielding in particulate‐modified glassy polymers under multiaxial stresses

AbstractAn elementary model of particulate composite material, comprising one or more spherical particles embedded in an infinite matrix of glassy polymer, is examined. A micromechanical analysis of the stress field, as modified by the inclusions, is first carried out in different, significant applied‐stress states (encompassing those occurring at the tip of a crack during fracture), and the relevant yield criteria are then applied. The results are discussed in view of their relevance to the fracture phenomenon, so as to exploit the toughening potential of the composite material.

Field theoretic model of composite particles: a variational approach

We consider here a variational method for describing composite particles. We use equal time anticommutators/commutators, and regard the field operators as arbitrary except for the constraint from the above. The expectation value of the Hamiltonian is extremized both with respect to the field operators and with respect to the wave functions, the former extremization being the new feature here. Comparison with other calculations has been made, and correspondence with them has also been established. We further show here how an “effective mass” can arise from a potential.

Further implications of potential models of composite particles having highly relativistic components

Refining previously proposed potential models of electrons, we find that a potential energy term in the relativistic Schrödinger equation may be associated with energy of field quanta and that the fine-structure constant may be associated with the inverse of a Lorentz scale factor. Harmonic quarks and a 20.4 eV/ c 2 composite are rather natural consequences of these models.

A Lie group framework for composite particles and mass spectrum

We propose a concept of internal structure and a relativistically covariant method of unifying the external and internal structures, leading to a dynamical Lie algebra without superfluous generators. In this framework we study in more detail a Lie algebra unifying external space with an internal 3-space, and several representations which describe models of composite particles and give rise to various mass formulas capable of describing the hadron spectrum; we make use of both unitary irreducible global representations and partially integrable, Schur-irreducible, symmetric local representations.