Model Of Psychological Health Research Articles

Getting outside of ourselves: Towards an other-oriented model of psychological health

This paper examines key assumptions about the benefits of self-oriented care and other-oriented care that have been guiding considerable amounts of research and applications in psychology. More specifically, the paper questions the importance of what can be referred to as the ‘Oxygen Mask Assumption,’ the belief that it is often best to take care of oneself to better take care of others. Based on mounting evidence of the benefits of prosocial behaviour, both for the giver and the receiver, this paper proposes an explicitly other-oriented model of wellbeing. The paper first outlines the Oxygen Mask Assumption and research demonstrating the importance of self-oriented care and the implicit model guiding much of this research. This is followed by examining recent research on the benefits of prosocial behaviour, and the introduction of an other-oriented model of wellbeing. Predictions based on both models are evaluated in light of current research. Theoretical and practical implications of adopting an other-oriented model are discussed.

Death Anxiety in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Testing REBT Models of Psychopathology and Psychological Health of Death Anxiety.

Objective: This paper aimed to examine the validity of the death anxiety psychopathological and psychological health models of Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). We investigated whether irrational and rational beliefs were associated with death anxiety and if there are possible significant positive correlations between death anxiety and depression, anxiety, and stress. Method: A sample of 200 individuals completed online self-report measures and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was chosen to assess the validity of the REBT psychopathological model and the REBT psychological health model. Pearson's correlation analysis was utilized to confirm the relationships between death anxiety and depression, anxiety, and stress. Results: REBT's model of psychopathology provide acceptable fit of the data. Results suggest that LFT beliefs mediate the relationship between DEM and death anxiety, while no mediation effect was found for the psychological health model. Additionally, high correlations were obtained between death anxiety and depression, anxiety, and stress. Conclusions: Results provided empirical support for the REBT models of death anxiety and underline the critical importance of cognitive constructs in the prediction of death anxiety. Results are discussed within the framework of REBT theory, which can serve as a foundation for new research directions regarding death anxiety, both theoretical and clinical.

The Strategies Sport Fans Used to Cope with the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown of Sporting Events

When the COVID-19 pandemic shut down occurred, virtually all sports leagues—from recreational sports to professional leagues—were paused or canceled. This left a gap for fans of those sports to fill. The purpose of the present research study was threefold: 1) to examine what strategies sport fans used to cope with the loss of the live sport viewership/spectatorship; 2) determine how effective fans believed those coping mechanisms to be; and 3) examine fans’ behavioral intentions once sports were allowed to resume. Participants were recruited via a snowball sample and the Amazon MTurk platform. A total of 384 sport fans responded to the survey. While not all participants responded to all items, 168 indicated coping mechanisms for dealing with not watching sports and 219 reported coping mechanisms for not attending sports. The most common coping mechanism was watching old sporting events on television or via the internet. These mechanisms were reported to be very effective in helping participants cope with the loss of sports (M = 5.76, SD = 1.68 on a 1 to 8 scale). These findings provide support for the Team Identification – Social Psychological Health Model and suggest areas for interventions for sport marketers who are looking to maintain fans’ loyalty during future shutdowns of sport seasons, or other instances of missed sporting events.

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНЕ ЗДОРОВ’Я ТА СУБ’ЄКТИВНЕ БЛАГОПОЛУЧЧЯ СТУДЕНТСЬКО-КУРСАНТСЬКОЇ МОЛОДІ В УМОВАХ НЕВИЗНАЧЕНОСТІ

The study is dedicated to identifying the impact of uncertainty stress on the psychological health and subjective well-being of an individual. The concept of “psychological health” is interpreted by the authors as a certain type of well-being, in which a person perceives his life as full of meaning, has enough mental strength and desire for moving forward, personal growth and carries out purposeful activities in accordance with his(her) goals and values. Psychological well-being is considered as a key element of mental and psychological health of a person, as well as a criterion of the life quality. The situation of uncertainty which is becoming more and more inherent in modern society occurs due to the rapid growth of the variety of changes taking place in it. Social instability is reflected in a person’s consciousness and leads to a feeling of uncertainty about the future, fears and anxieties. The situation of uncertainty places increased demands on a person’s activity and can potentially affect his(her) normal functioning, acting as a powerful stressor that negatively affects physical, mental and psychological health. The research hypothesis was put forward that experiencing the stress of uncertainty has a negative effect on the psychological health indicators of the individual and the level of his subjective well-being. An empirical study was conducted with the participation of 316 respondents – students and cadets. Three psychological tests were used: 1. E. Diner’s Satisfaction With Life Scale; 2. Test “Individual model of psychological health” by O.V. Kozlov; 3. USS-10 (10-item Chinese Uncertainty Stress Scale). The results of the conducted empirical research showed the negative impact of the situation of uncertainty on the level of subjective well-being of the individual, as well as such components of his(her) psychological health as goal setting, self-confidence, the desire for intellectual development, orientation towards social interaction, which testifies to the confirmation of the proposed hypothesis. Key words: psychological health, psychological well-being, uncertainty, uncertainty stress, life satisfaction.

Does It Matter if Sport Fans “Root for the Home Team?” A Test of the Team Identification–Social Psychological Health Model

The team identification–social psychological health model outlines that fans of local sport teams are more likely to experience feelings of social connectedness compared with fans of distant teams. We tested this proposition across two sufficiently powered studies. In both studies, sport fans (Study 1: N = 291, Study 2: N = 430) completed online surveys assessing their levels of identification with a favorite sport team and social connections derived from their fandom for that team. Team localness was operationalized based on team location (Study 1) or responses to survey questions assessing team localness (Study 2). In both studies, the positive association between team identification and social connectedness was not moderated by team localness. This research contributes to the team identification–social psychological health model and our general understanding of fan behavior by showing that the social benefits of being a highly identified sport fan are not limited to fans of local teams.

Teachers’ adjustment to work: Effects of organizational justice and teacher resilience via psychological need satisfaction

There is a gap in the literature for how organizational and individual factors affect teachers’ adjustment. This study, focused on teachers, attempts to fill this lack by examining the extents to which psychological need satisfaction acts as a mediator between organizational justice, resilience, and teachers’ adjustment to work. We based this study on the predictive model of psychological health at work, psychological adjustment theory, and self-determination theory which argue that individuals have a sense of well-being at work if it promotes the satisfaction of their needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. We tested our model in the education sector. Using a cross-sectional design, we asked French teachers (N = 393) to fill in a one-step self-report questionnaire. Mediation analyses showed that satisfaction of the three needs played a mediating role between organizational justice and job adjustment, and between resilience and job adjustment.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПСИХОЛОГІЧНОГО ЗДОРОВ’Я СТУДЕНТІВ У ПРОЦЕСІ АДАПТАЦІЇ ДО НАВЧАННЯ В УМОВАХ ПОВНОМАСШТАБНОЇ ВІЙНИ

The article explores the peculiarities of psychological health among first-year students in relation to external factors such as the large-scale Russian aggression against Ukraine and the form of educational organization. The research utilized the "Individual Model of Psychological Health" technique developed by Ukrainian researcher O. V. Kozlov. Using this methodology, we analyzed the vectors and corresponding spheres of psychological health realization in individuals. Two samples of first-year students were randomly selected: one in 2017 and the other in 2022, corresponding to the respective years of their admission to higher education. The research findings revealed several key points. First, differences in the individual model of psychological health were observed only in the "family vector." Second, the most prevalent type of psychological health among both student groups was the mixed type, characterized by a broader range of coping mechanisms for challenging life situations. Third, first-year students exposed to full-scale war or mixed (distance) forms of education exhibited a decrease in individuals with an undifferentiated type of psychological health and an increase in individuals with a pure type. Fourth, irrespective of the context (nature of the war and form of training), the most common type was intellectual. The study also identified the most common combinations of psychological health vectors. For first-year students entering higher education during the anti-terrorist operation and studying offline, dominant combinations included creative + intellectual, strategic + creative + intellectual, and strategic + intellectual. For those entering higher education during the full-scale war between Russia and Ukraine and studying online or in a mixed format, prevalent combinations were creative + intellectual, strategic + creative + intellectual, pro-social + intellectual, and strategic + pro-social + creative + intellectual.

Associations of Circulating Insulin-Growth Factor-1 With Cognitive Functions and Quality of Life Domains in Ambulatory Young Adults With Cerebral Palsy: A Pilot Study.

ObjectiveAdults with cerebral palsy (CP) often have impaired cognitive functions. CP also has deteriorations in multiple quality-of-life (QoL) domains. The bio-psycho-social health psychology model posits that biological factor interacts with social and psychological functions. However, the biological determinant of psycho-social and functional outcomes in CP has been scarcely examined. Circulating Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is associated with cognitive deficits in older adults, we thus aimed to examine the associations of circulating IGF-1 with: (1) objectively measured cognitive functions, (2) self-reported cognitive functions, and (3) QoL measures in adults diagnosed with CP.MethodsSeventy-two adults with CP and varying degrees of cognitive functions were recruited from an accredited clinical motion analysis laboratory at a regional Children's Hospital. Circulating IGF-1 was measured using post-fasting serum. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) tests were administered to assess multiple cognitive functions, whereas the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) was used to measure multiple domains of self-reported health, including cognitive complaints and eight QoL domains.ResultsSixty-eight participants had complete data [mean age = 25 (SD = 5.3), female = 52.8%]. Controlling for covariates, circulating IGF-1 was associated with multiple cognitive domains, including positively with declarative memory and executive function and inversely with visual-spatial and motor skills, and processing speed, while no association with subjective memory complaint was detected. Circulating IGF-1 was also inversely associated with four QoL domains, including depressive symptoms, executive function, physical function, and social roles and activities.ConclusionsIn CP, circulating IGF-1 might be a useful biological determinant of objective cognitive functions and several quality-of-life domains commonly impaired in CP.

Community Members Prioritise Indicators of Both Mental Health and Wellbeing to Define Flourishing and Quality of Life: Towards The Total Psychological Health Framework

Current frameworks define flourishing in terms of wellbeing alone. This paper examines whether community members similarly define flourishing in terms of wellbeing or whether they prioritise both wellbeing and mental health. We also compare whether those indicators of wellbeing and mental health prioritised to define flourishing are similarly important for community members’ definition of quality of life. Results are from 2 surveys of community respondents (Survey 1 n = 359; Survey 2 n = 287) aged between 18 and 84 years. Participants were asked to identify 5 indicators of wellbeing or mental health which best reflected ‘Quality of Life’ (Survey 1), and Flourishing (Survey 2). Eleven indicators of wellbeing were from the European Social Survey (ESS) Wellbeing module and nine indicators of mental health were from the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Disorders V.5 (DSM 5) diagnoses for Major Depressive Disorder and Generalised Anxiety Disorder. Respondents defined flourishing and quality of life in similar ways and in terms of a combination of mental health and wellbeing indicators. Importantly respondents rated both wellbeing and absence of mental illness as reflecting flourishing. There was no single indicator that was endorsed by all participants; instead a range of wellbeing and mental health indicators were endorsed by participants as reflecting flourishing and quality of life. Contrary to current flourishing frameworks, community respondents defined flourishing in terms of both the presence of wellbeing and absence of mental illness. We propose a new model of psychological health that is informed by both wellbeing and mental health/illness and where flourishing is defined in terms of both wellbeing and mental health.

An Assessment and Analysis Model of Psychological Health of College Students Based on Convolutional Neural Networks.

Psychological health assessment and psychological problem identification essentially belong to problems of pattern recognition or nonlinear classification; its system contains complex nonlinear interactions among various factors, having basic characteristics of multivariable, multilevel, and strong coupling. An important problem in the field of artificial intelligence solved by convolutional neural networks (CNN) is to simplify complex problems, minimize the number of parameters, and thus greatly improve the algorithm's performance. Therefore, CNN has outstanding advantages in establishing the assessment and analysis model of college students' psychological health. This study determined the psychological health standards of college students, selected measurement tools for college students' psychological state, elaborated the principles of psychological assessment based on text information, performed the sample set data establishment and data processing of the assessment and analysis model of psychological health, conducted network establishment, training, and simulation, carried out a case experiment and its result analysis, explored the cause analysis of college students' psychological health problems, and finally discussed the prevention and intervention of college students' psychological problems. The study results show that the input and output of the CNN-based assessment and analysis model of college students' psychological health are their evaluation data and assessment results, respectively, and the optimal hyperparameters of the model are determined through fold cross-validation analysis to improve the model's over-fitting problem. After the training is completed, the model can predict the changes in college students' psychological state in the future through the psychological test data. The CNN uses supervised machine learning method to construct an assessment and analysis model of college students' psychological health, and establishes the mapping relationship between college students' personal background and their psychological health. The network error continuously adjusts network connection weight according to gradient descent algorithm to minimize its error, so that the convolutional layer and the pooling layer can learn the optimized feature expression of the input data.

COVID-19 and sports fans: examining the pandemic’s impact on need fulfillment and psychosocial outcomes

ABSTRACT Rational/Purpose: In March 2020, the sports world came to a standstill as COVID-19 spread across the globe. Sport fans were among the industry stakeholders most affected. Fans turn to sports to satisfy a variety of needs [Trail, G.T. (2018). Sport consumer behavior (4th ed.). Printed by the author.] and experience psychosocial benefits by way of their fandom [Wann et al. (2000). The self-presentation of sport fans: Investigating the importance of team identification and self-esteem. Journal of Sport Behavior, 23(2), 198–206.; Wann et al. (2017). Testing the team identification–social psychological health model: Mediational relationships among team identification, sport fandom, sense of belonging, and meaning in life. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 21(2), 94–107.] Without games, however, to what extent were fans able to fulfill these needs? Further, did fans experience detrimental impacts to their self-esteem and sense of belongingness in relation to their team/fan communities? Design/methodology/approach: Data were collected via an online survey using select online NBA and MLB team message boards in addition to Amazon MTurk. Fan needs were measured using adapted versions of prior sport fan motivation scales [Trail & James (2001). The motivation scale for sport consumption: Assessment of the scale’s psychometric properties. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24, 108–127; Wann (1995). Preliminary validation of the sport fan motivation scale. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 19(4), 377–396.]. Self-esteem was measured using an adapted version of Harris et al.’s [Harris et al. (2018). The Lifespan Self-Esteem scale: Initial validation of a new measure of global self-esteem. Journal of Personality Assessment, 100(1), 84–95]. Lifespan Self-Esteem Scale. Belongingness was measured using four items from Malone et al.’s [Malone et al. (2012). The general Belongingness Scale (GBS): Assessing achieved belongingness. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 311–316]. General Belongingness Scale. Findings: Survey results from 417 sports fans revealed many of the needs typically met through sport consumption (i.e. achievement, drama, escape, family togetherness, social connections, group affiliation, and entertainment) went largely unmet during the pandemic. Further, highly passionate fans maintained higher perceived levels of self-esteem and belongingness than less passionate respondents. Practical implications: Results of this study should aid sports organizations in understanding the experience of their fans during the pandemic and better prepare teams and leagues to engage their consumers in future situations where live sports are unavailable. Research contribution: This paper builds on our understanding of fan motivation and psychosocial outcomes of fandom in a time when the sport was suspended due to COVID-19.

Evaluation of a Web-Based Stress Management Program for Persons Experiencing Work-Related Stress in Sweden (My Stress Control): Randomized Controlled Trial.

BackgroundStress is one of the most common reasons for sick leave. Web-based interventions have the potential to reach an unlimited number of users at a low cost and have been shown to be effective in addressing several health-related problems. Handling stress on an individual level is related to behavior change. To support behavioral changes in stress management, My Stress Control (MSC) was developed. The development of MSC was based on several health psychology theories and models; however, central in the development were Social Cognitive Theory, Theory of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behavior, Transactional Theory of Stress and Coping, and the Transtheoretical Model and Stages of Change. MSC is a fully automated program. The program is tailored to the user’s specific needs for stress management and behavior change.ObjectiveIn this study, we aim to conduct a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the extent to which MSC affects perceived stress in persons experiencing work-related stress.MethodsThis was a randomized controlled trial with 2 arms. Study participants were recruited by visiting the worksites and workplace meetings. Participants were assigned to the intervention or wait-list group. Web-based questionnaires were used before and after the intervention to collect data. Perceived stress measured using the Perceived Stress Scale-14 was the primary outcome measurement. Analyses were conducted for both between-group and within-group changes.ResultsA total of 92 participants were included in this study: 48 (52%) in the intervention group and 44 (48%) in the wait-list group. Overall, 25% (12/48) of participants in the intervention group and 43% (19/44) of participants in the wait-list group completed the postintervention assessment. There were no significant effects on perceived stress between the intervention and wait-list groups or within the groups. A small effect size (Cohen d=0.25) was found when comparing mean change over time on the primary outcome measure between the intervention and wait-list groups. In addition, a small effect size was found between pre- and postintervention assessments within the intervention group (Cohen d=0.38) as well as within the wait-list group (Cohen d=0.25).ConclusionsThe effect of MSC on perceived stress remains uncertain. As adherence was low in the intervention group, elements or features that facilitate adherence and engagement must be further developed before firmer conclusions regarding the effect of MSC can be made.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03077568; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03077568

Irrational/Rational Beliefs, Procrastination, and Life Satisfaction: An Empirical Assessment of REBT Models of Psychological Distress and Psychological Health Model

Irrational/Rational Beliefs, Procrastination, and Life Satisfaction: An Empirical Assessment of REBT Models of Psychological Distress and Psychological Health Model

Psychological health: values and self-identification of adolescent schoolchildren

The paper is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of “sanitary-genetic identity” of adolescents, which is the value self-determination of a forming personality, coupled with an attitude towards achieving psychological health. In previous works, we presented an integral model of psychological health, which includes emotional, regulatory-volitional, cognitive-creative, reflexive-acmeological and socio-communicative components. Based on the presented model, we have developed and carried out a methodology for studying sanitary-genetic identity, which allows us to study the values of psychological health, the current and prospective sanitary-genetic identity of adolescents. The study involved 119 adolescent schoolchildren of St. Petersburg. It was found that adolescents are aware of the value of psychological health, predominantly identify themselves with a group of peers who exhibit constructive behavioural patterns, and also demonstrate targeted health-forming and health-preserving attitudes. The most problematic for girls are emotional patterns of psychological health, which at the same time have a high value for them. The cognitive-creative component of psychological health (interest in cognition, study, creativity) has a low value for boys in comparison with other components, both in the designation of values and in the structure of sanitary-genetic identification. The conducted factor analysis made it possible to single out the key value-self-identification factors of the psychological health of adolescent schoolchildren.

Oral health competence and its communication in "talking dentistry"

The concept of health literacy has received much attention in recent years. Essential approaches are the provision of health information, teaching through educational programs, and transfer via communication techniques. From adental point of view, the individual discussion between patient and dentist is of particular importance ("talking dentistry").The aim of our article is to present the current state of knowledge on the relationship between oral health literacy and talking dentistry, to present existing concepts for teaching communicative competencies, and to identify the further need for action from the point of view of the German Dental Association. Several health psychology models emphasize apositive relationship between oral health literacy, oral health behavior, and oral health. Further determinants seem to be the patient's self-efficacy beliefs and the individual interaction with the dentist. Therefore, it seems purposeful to intervene in an occasion-related manner in the sense of talking dentistry. The personal conversation between dentist and patient can cover counselling, education, motivation, and practical guidance and can lead to participatory decision-making.Offers for learning and deepening communication techniques represent important aids for the practice. Some are presented in this article as examples. However, in order to establish talking dentistry on abroad level, more far-reaching offers and incentives are needed. Through our suggestions, we would like to show ways in which talking dentistry can be further promoted and consolidated as an integral part of dental care.

Individual Model of Psychological Health in Educational Process Subjects in Distance Learning Conditions

The article examines the problem of studying the individual model of psychological health of the students and employees of the Moscow International Academy (MIA). The goal is to explore the specific characteristics of personal psychological health in MIA students and employees. The implementation of the research program required the researcher to be ready and able to interact in the field of mental and psychological health of the individual, knowledge of age, individual psychological characteristics of the respondents to develop a research program, the ability to conduct psychodiagnostic work, the ability to analyze their own activities in order to optimize it, as well as to be creative. solving the assinged tasks. Authors used the methodology “Individual model of psychological health” by A.V. Kozlov. The method “Individual model of psychological health” was developed in 2014 in the course of psychosemantic analysis of the concept by students of the phenomenon of psychological health. Based on the data acquired, it can be concluded that the hypothesis on the influence of self-isolation on the model of psychological health in various age groups is partially confirmed as older study participants face difficulties with life prospects and experience stress when planning their future. Students also demonstrate low development levels in some components of the model explained by the general level of personality development in the intellectual and spiritual aspects.

Psychological health and subjective perception of happiness in mental disorders

The aim of the study was to study psychological health (PH) and its relationship with subjective perception of happiness in patients with various types of mental disorders (MD). The set of research methods included the methodology “Individual model of psychological health”, “Semantic diff erential of happiness” (SDH) and methods of statistical processing of the data obtained. The study involved 210 patients with MD (70 with organic disorders, 70 with depressive disorders and 70 with neurotic disorders). It was found that with all variants of MD, a signifi cantly lower level of realizability of the “Prosocial” vector was determined, which refl ects the presence of internal and social coherence of the individual. In neurotic disorders, apart from Prosocial, the “Strategic” and “Family” vectors were also signifi cantly less realizable, which refl ected signifi cantly lower levels of family well-being, the ability for strategic planning, purposeful functioning, and persistence of these patients. In depressive disorders, the “Strategic”, “Intellectual” and “I” vectors were also signifi cantly less realizable, determining the low realizability of patients in this group, primarily in the spheres “I”-Realization, — emotional, intellectual, social and physical. In organic disorders among the components of the PH, the “Intellectual” vector was also less realized in comparison with the healthy group; The data obtained indicate that the subjective perception of happiness by patients with MD is associated primarily with the “Strategic”, “Prosocial”, “Family”, “Intellectual” and “I” vectors of the PH. The “creative”, “Spiritual” and “Humanistic” components of PH did not fi nd a relationship with the level of subjective perception of happiness in patients with MD.

The health psychology approach to normal ageing

AbstractApproaching the process of normal ageing with a health psychology model was an important development in health science. In earlier healing models, questions of old age were either ignored or dealt with only in the context of various diseases. Definitions of the stages of human life have changed and pushed the limits of old age to a higher level. The expanding human life course raises important medical, psychological, and sociological issues. The definition of ageing and the characteristics of normal ageing need to be reconsidered. The cognitive representations of ageing people are a good reflection of how they think about themselves, the world, and the stage of life ahead. The contribution of health psychology as a modern approach to healthy ageing has greatly altered the attitudes of healthcare professionals. The concept of active old age helps to deal with the growing number of elderly people in a new context. In this brief overview of the health psychology approach to normal ageing, we aim to help healthcare professionals better manage the problems in their daily work. In a brief introduction, we review the physical and mental symptoms of ageing. We strive to isolate the normal variants from gerontopsychiatric and neuropsychiatric disorders. While normal ageing does not require clinical attention, psychiatric disorders do, and we briefly describe the therapeutic forms. Psychoeducation, group therapy, and supportive techniques prove to be the most effective.

The experience of living with rheumatoid arthritis: A qualitative metasynthesis.

To develop a model of understanding of how rheumatoid arthritis (RA) affects daily life based on a third-order interpretation of qualitative findings. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic condition subject to a progressive deterioration of joints, limiting the ability to move and causing severe impairment in patients' lives. A qualitative metasynthesis. CINHAL, ProQuest, PsycINFO, PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant studies applying appropriate criteria. Screening and selection of studies were performed following the PRISMA guidelines and the PRISMA checklist was completed. Thirty-eight qualitative articles were retrieved: in total, 17 were excluded for failing to meet inclusion criteria, and 21 were considered for synthesis. Data analysis followed a third-order interpretation of data for synthesising qualitative research. Findings led to the creation of a model consisting of two overarching categories: "rheumatoid arthritis impact on life domains" and "Confronting the illness," and two cross-sectional codes: "Health" and "Independence and normality." This meta-study provides a model that is both inclusive of participants' own viewpoint and solidly grounded in a health psychology model. The model can be highly informative for both practitioners and researchers in developing tailored interventions of support and prevention.

Gender Differences in the Organizational Structure of the Rational/Irrational Beliefs in Depressive Symptoms

We conduct a cross-sectional study to examine gender differences in the organizational structure of irrational/rational beliefs in the symptoms of depression in a sample of undergraduate students (N = 476). The findings suggest that the psychological distress and health models of REBT are valid for both genders. The demandingness, as the primary irrational belief process, indirectly predicts depressive symptoms through the secondary irrational belief process (awfulizing) for both males and females. However, there are some gender differences. Frustration intolerance has a unique contribution to the symptoms of depressive for males, while global evaluation of self plays a vital role in the relationship between demandingness and depressive symptoms for females. Regarding the psychological health model, findings suggest that the primary rational belief process (preference) predicts the symptoms of depression through secondary rational belief processes (non-awfulizing) for both genders. However, unconditional self-acceptance beliefs play a significant role in this relationship only for women. Furthermore, current findings suggest that the indirect predictive effect of demandingness on the symptoms of depression via global evaluation of self and awfulizing beliefs differs depending on the level of non-awfulizing and unconditional self-acceptance beliefs for women. Non-awfulizing beliefs function as a protective factor against the indirect predictive effect of demandingness on depressive symptoms via awfulizing beliefs for the total sample. We discussed the potential theoretical and clinical implications in detail.