While artificial intelligence in education (AIeD) holds substantial promise, higher education and professional training increasingly demand curriculum design approaches that systematically consider contextual, interdisciplinary, and institutional realities rather than relying mostly on the input of established educators. In this paper, we introduce Genesis, a governance-oriented framework for LLM-augmented interdisciplinary curriculum (re)design that positions large language models (LLMs) as task-bounded collaborators within a human-governed design process rather than as autonomous curriculum designers. Genesis models professional competencies and aligns them across public policy, technology, and service design disciplines, and enables the integration of interdisciplinary knowledge with real-world professional requirements. We evaluate Genesis through instrumental case studies across three professional training programs on digital public infrastructure (DPI) involving 473 learners, which adopts a challenge-based learning format. The evaluation draws on qualitative feedback to assess the perceived relevance, transferability, and didactical value of the framework in naturalistic settings. Findings indicate that when embedded within explicit human oversight and governance mechanisms, Genesis can support curricular connectivity, interdisciplinary integration, and promote a more agile and responsive approach to curriculum innovation in digital transformation education.

With appearance of non-invasive imaging techniques (MRI and optical coherence tomography), it has become possible to detect early degenerative changes in the central nervous system in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) caused by demyelination, inflammation, axonal loss, usually hidden by symptoms of acute inflammation. The possibility of early diagnosis shifts the focus in the search for effective MS treatments to the agents that enhance remyelination. The inducers of the Nrf2 transcription factor signaling pathway, such as pentacyclic triterpenoids which exhibit neuroprotective properties in MS models, are of great interest in this regard. Amide of betulonic acid (ABA), a lupane triterpenoid with pronounced cytoprotective activity, was synthesized in Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry of the SB RAS, and was studied in vivo models of toxic and inflammatory genesis. The aim of the work was to evaluate the myelin-protective properties of ABA in a model of toxic demyelination caused by cuprizon. Material and methods . The experiment was carried out on fifty C57Bl/6 male mice 8 weeks aged. All animals, except intact group, received 0.3 % aqueous solution of cuprizon instead of drinking water. ABA was administered orally at the doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg five times a week for 8 weeks at the same time of the cuprizone drinking. Control animals received a water-tween mixture. The reference group was subcutaneously injected twice a week with 17b-estradiol (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) at a dose of 0.2 µg per mouse in mineral oil (0.1 ml). The intact group was not manipulated. The myelin-protective effect was evaluated versus control as the changes in the area of the corpus callosum of the brain, which was determined on T2-weighted images using MRI on an ultra-high-field 11.7 T BioSpec 117/16 USR tomograph (Bruker BioSpin, FRG). Before MRI, the animals were anesthetized with a mixture of oxygen and isoflurane (200 ml/min, 1.5 % isoflurane). Results and their discussion . It is found that 8-week exposure to cuprizon causes a 60 % decrease in the area of the corpus callosum in the control group relative to intact mice. Administration of ABA at a dose of 50 mg / kg reduces myelin loss by 33 % (p<0.001), and at a dose of 100 mg / kg – by 20 % (p < 0.01) compared with the control. 17b-estradiol reduces the demyelinating effect of cuprizon by 17 % (p < 0.05). At the same time, significant differences in the area of the corpus callosum with intact animals persist in all experimental groups. Thus, ABA and 17b-estradiol have similar myelin-protective effects, although the remyelination mechanisms of these agents are obviously different. The potential significance of ABA as a myelin-protective agent is due to its ability to activate intracellular signaling cascades associated with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusions. The data obtained indicate the ability of ABA to stimulate remyelination processes, prolonging it in conditions of chronic demyelination caused by long cuprizon exposition. The myelin-protective effect of ABA is dose-dependent, which is confirmed by literature data concerning the dose dependence of the properties of lupane triterpenoids as regulators of various intracellular signaling pathways.

The violation of the null energy condition (NEC) is essential for constructing nonsingular cosmological scenarios, such as Genesis cosmology, which avoids the initial singularity by initiating cosmic evolution from an asymptotically Minkowski state. To address theoretical concerns regarding the accumulation of negative energy, the smeared null energy condition (SNEC) has been proposed as a quantum-motivated, semi-local bound on NEC violation. In this work, we examine the implications of the SNEC conjecture for Genesis models, typically constructed within generalized Galileon theories. Our results demonstrate that SNEC imposes nontrivial restrictions on the viability of Genesis models, highlighting the SNEC conjecture as a powerful tool for constraining nonsingular cosmological scenarios.

Modulated photocurrent mapping of electrical micro-junctions related to neighboring p-n zones in single or mixed phase sulphide assemblages can detect galvanic pairs which drive electrochemical reactions with overlaying fluids which is an important process for the petrophysics of geometallurgy. Understanding the role micro-junctions play in retarding or enhancing dissolution of an ore carrying sulphide requires imaging these couples near the surface and correlating them with both phase and elemental distributions. Here we apply multi-modal correlative imaging of a pyrite-sphalerite assemblage involving elemental mapping using electron and proton beam methods followed by laser beam induced current microscopy to reveal the spatial location of internal fields associated with micro-galvanic cells. This represents an important step in advancing electrochemical ore genesis models and further extends the toolkit for understanding and optimising mineral processing schemes based on specific geometallurgical footprints.

Abstract The Novo Mundo granitic Complex lies in the southernmost margin of the Amazonian Craton, Brazil. New petrological, geochemical, U–Pb and Sm–Nd isotopic data allow us to propose a new petrogenetic model for granite genesis in the southernmost portion of the Craton. Earlier studies attribute the complex to the Tapajós–Parima Tectonic Province. Four granitic facies have been identified: quartz monzonite, monzogranite, biotite granodiorite, and syenogranite, all of which are crosscut by diabase dikes. The monzogranite has primary muscovite. The biotite from the granites shares chemical signatures with that of volcanic arc settings. Petrographic data, mineral chemical, lithogeochemical, and isotopic data allow conclude that the Novo Mundo rocks into I-type, meta– to peraluminous, and calc–alkaline to alkali-calcic granites which are compatible with volcanic arc settings and varying degrees of crustal contribution. U–Pb LA–ICP–MS ages of magmatic zircons (quartz monzonite 2032 ± 6 Ma; monzogranite 2029 ± 4 Ma; biotite granodiorite 1989 ± 6.2 Ma; syenogranite 1987 ± 7.4 Ma) and TDM Nd model ages (2.52-2.15 Ga; ɛNd(t) = -2.0 to +1.81) indicate that the granites originated from either mantle-derived or juvenile Orosirian crustal melts, with additional continental crust input. The weak positive ɛNd(t) anomalies suggest an upwelling asthenospheric mantle that provided the thermal input to remelt the lower crust, as well as the isotopic data emphasize varying levels of crustal reworking during arc evolution. These ages are coeval with the evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Cuiú-Cuiú Magmatic Arc emplaced during the main stage of arc subduction in the region (2.05-1.99 Ga). The proposed evolutionary model suggests that quartz monzonite and monzogranite are associated with the early stages of arc evolution. The granodiorite records the contribution of juvenile sources, correlated with episodes of mafic magma influx, while the syenogranite represents the final stages of the arc formation, indicating a predominance of continental crustal contribution. The new data, combined with recent studies, allow us to suggest the existence of a Paleoproterozoic continuous magmatic arc into the south part of the Amazonian craton instead of the previously defined tectonic provinces previously defined in the literature.

Magnetite-apatite (MtAp) ore deposits are broadly distributed within Mesoproterozoic rocks of the New Jersey Highlands (USA); however, the age and origins of the ores, and relationships to other Fe-P-(Ti) ore deposits in the Grenvillian Orogen are presently unknown. We use zircon U-Pb geochronology and isotope geochemistry to (1) constrain the timing of MtAp mineralization in the New Jersey Highlands, (2) evaluate the relationship between the MtAp ores and associated lithologies, (3) develop a magmatic model for ore genesis, and (4) place the New Jersey ores within the context of Grenville tectonics and regional mineralization. Ore-body zircon crystals exhibit complex, magmatic textures that record episodic or prolonged crystallization over an extended duration from ca. 1074 Ma to 905 Ma, suggesting that MtAp mineralization occurred during Ottawan to post-Ottawan orogenesis. Cumulate textures of MtAp ores and a close spatial and temporal association among ores, pegmatitic granitoids (ca. 1058 Ma to ca. 986 Ma regionally), and clinopyroxene syenites (most dates ca. 1097 Ma to ca. 926 Ma at one mine) suggest that MtAp mineralization and intrusive magmatism reflect co-magmatic processes. Zircon O isotope data indicate that the MtAp deposits and associated lithologies formed from crustal melts (δ18O = 7.66‰−9.24‰ for the orthogneiss-hosted deposits and δ18O = 5.40‰−6.29‰ for the amphibolite-hosted deposit). Zircon Hf isotope data are more complex. Some MtAp deposits and associated lithologies record Hf signatures consistent with a crustal melt source (εHfi = 0.6−11.1). Whereas other MtAp deposits have extremely radiogenic signatures (εHfi = 29−542) due to the high modal abundance of apatite and monazite in the ores and, consequently, high Lu/Hf ratios. MtAp mineralization in the New Jersey Highlands is broadly coeval with MtAp mineralization in the Adirondack Highlands of New York (USA), rare earth element (REE) mineralization in the Hudson Highlands of New York, and nelsonite mineralization at Lac à l’Orignal and Lac Mirepoix in Québec (Canada). Collectively, these results indicate that orogen-scale, Fe-P-(Ti) and REE mineralization processes operated during Ottawan to post-Ottawan orogenesis throughout the Grenville orogen.

Abstract Te-Bi melts have been recognized as crucial agents for scavenging gold in gold deposits related to magmatism, often characterized by a notable Au-Te-Bi association. This association is also recognized in the gold deposits of the Jiaodong district, although the specific roles of Te and Bi in gold enrichment in this region have not been thoroughly evaluated. In this study, we investigate the mineralogy and geochemistry of Au-Ag-Te-Bi mineral assemblages and pyrite at the Taishang gold deposit to better understand the influence of Te-Bi melts on gold enrichment and refine the ore genesis models for the Jiaodong district. The gold mineralization at Taishang comprises three stages: phyllic alteration (Stage I), pyrite-quartz veins (Stage II), and polymetallic sulfide veins (Stage III). In Stage I, gold mainly occurs as inclusions of native gold and electrum within pyrite, alongside hessite, petzite, and minor tetradymite. Stage II features multiphase Au-Ag-Te-Bi-(S)-(Pb) assemblages, including native gold, electrum, hessite, petzite, tetradymite, tsumoite, joséite-B, and sub-micrometer Te-Bi-(Pb)-(Au)-(Ag)-rich phases as inclusions and fracture-fillings in pyrite. In Stage III, gold mineralization is less intense, marked by sparse native gold and electrum grains intergrown with pyrite, galena, and chalcopyrite. The mineralogical patterns reveal a strong relationship between Au, Ag, Te, and Bi, corroborated by trace element compositions of pyrite, which exhibit strong positive correlations among these elements. Furthermore, the texture of Au-Ag-Te-Bi assemblages in Stage I and II (i.e., unsharp and curvilinear boundaries) suggests crystallization from melts. Supported by relevant experimental evidence, the low temperature of Au-Ag-Te-Bi systems enables Te-Bi melts to effectively scavenge gold from fluids at the temperature conditions of Taishang (246–336 °C). The presence of Au-Ag-Te-Bi association in both Taishang and other Jiaodong gold deposits underscores the importance of Te-Bi melts in enhancing gold enrichment. This finding introduces vital insights into the established model of gold mineralization in the Jiaodong district.

Deep structure and geothermal genesis model of Xiong’an New Area, Northern China: Insights from 3D joint inversion of magnetotelluric and gravity data

Aim. To explore the applicability of psychoanalytic concepts (specifically, the unconscious, the Oedipus complex, and Felix Guattari’s model) to the analysis of civilizations, ethnosociology, and the construction of a model for Western studies, utilizing them as tools for comparative analysis and clarifying complex correspondences between different cultures.Methodology. The analysis is focused on psychoanalytic topics, specifically the concept of the unconscious (Id) and its application to understanding the civilizational unconscious and comparative analysis of different civilizations through the prism of the proposed model. The Oedipal model of cultural genesis will be applied to the analysis of historical and political processes, such as the collapse of empires, the formation of nation-states, and the shifts in political systems.Results. It is hypothesized that the application of psychoanalytic concepts will reveal the deep unconscious structures that shape civilizations and their interrelationships.Research implications. The proposed approach can expand the tools for the study of civilizations, enriching Western studies by offering new interpretive models. The practical significance lies in the possibility of a deeper understanding of contemporary geopolitical processes through the lens of the unconscious structures embedded in the historical development of civilizations.

The Yaoshuitan geothermal field in Huangzhong District, Xining City, Qinghai Province, is located at the southern edge of the Xining Basin. The geothermal resources in this area belong to the uplifted mountain and limestone type, which are entirely different from the geothermal resource’s characteristics in the northern part of the Xining Basin. Studying its formation mechanism is of significant importance for guiding the search for geothermal resources in limestone regions. The results indicated that: (1) The study area is characterized as a small-scale, low-to-medium temperature geothermal field. Groundwater from wells YST1 and YST2 was measured at 41 °C, and the hydrochemical composition was classified as the HCO3-Ca·Mg type. (2) The geothermal water is primarily replenished by atmospheric precipitation from the southern Laji Mountains at elevations ranging from 3619.52 to 3797.52 m. The temperature of the thermal reservoir ranges from 56.52 to 67.34 °C. (3) The genesis model is as follows: The heat source is derived from heat flow in the lower crust and upper mantle. Due to the unique geological conditions of the region, no effective cap rock is present in the Yaoshuitan geothermal field. The thermal reservoir is primarily composed of carbonate rocks of the Kesuer Formation within the Jixian System.

The Jiaodong Peninsula is China’s largest gold province, with most of the 120 ± 2 Ma gold deposits located along the margins of Jurassic intrusions emplaced into high-metamorphic-grade late Archean–early Proterozoic basement rocks of the Jiaobei terrane of the North China block. Existing ore genesis models have suggested fluid and metal sources from metamorphism of the subducted paleo-Pacific slab, from magmatic exsolution or from enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle; yet each of these has serious weaknesses. We present an alternative equally viable model in which metamorphism of late Proterozoic–Paleozoic sedimentary rocks of the Sulu terrane intercalated within the upper to middle crust of the North China block served as the fluid and metal source reservoir. Seismic data, inherited zircon ages in Jurassic and Cretaceous intrusions, and a Neoproterozoic roof pendent in the Jurassic Linglong batholith indicate buried Sulu terrane rocks across the length of the peninsula and below the goldfields. These shallow sheets of Sulu terrane rocks along the landward side of the Permian(?)–Triassic collisional suture between the North and South China blocks would have been detached at shallow crustal levels and thrust into the North China block during the deeper subduction of the more seaward Sulu rocks. Such a ‘flake tectonic’ process is commonly recognised during continent–continent collisions, although the geodynamics of such a process are poorly understood. Early Cretaceous rollback of the paleo-Pacific plate below the 200-km-thick Jiaobei lithosphere and exposed high-pressure Sulu metamorphic rocks led to ca 130–120 Ma erosion of the base of the lithosphere, a consequential 35-km-thick remaining crust, and rapid exhumation until ca 122 Ma. The upwelling asthenosphere and resulting rising geotherm would have devolatilised the intercalated low- to medium-grade Sulu terrane rocks within the older basement units. Resulting gold-bearing fluid migration into the uplifted metamorphic complexes would have been facilitated by a ca 122–118 Ma clockwise rotation of the retreating paleo-Pacific slab causing oblique movement along the associated normal fault systems.

Abstract Observational data from black hole mergers increasingly challenge classical gen-eral relativity (GR). Features such as asymmetric jets, prolonged ringdowns, andrepeating fast radio bursts (FRBs) suggest internal dynamics beyond GR’s scope.This manuscript introduces a physically grounded model based on QuantumSubstrate Dynamics (QSD), in which mass arises from phase-bound coherence within a Lorentz-invariant substrate field. In this framework, black hole mergers are not guaranteed. When internal phase,spin, or coherence conditions are misaligned, unification can fail—a scenario termed merger frustration. The result is a metastable dual-core system, or blackhole molecule, stabilized by a persistent coherence trench. This trench explainsjet asymmetries, post-merger emissions, and periodic scalar bursts. The Lorentz–Einstein Substrate (LESt) complements GR by modeling internal structure without contradicting external metric predictions. It provides falsifiable mechanisms for alternatives to singularity-driven collapse and reframes black hole thermodynamics as a structural, not horizon-based, process. The model predicts testable signatures across gravitational and electromagnetic channels, including jet precession without accretion, scalar yield, and delayed emissions. Observed systems such as GW190814, M87, SS 433, and FRB 180916 align with these behaviors.

The South China Sea (SCS) is located in the region of convergence between the Eurasian, Indo-Australian and Pacific plates. In previous studies, the diachronic movement of these plates led to a complex picture of tectonic evolution of the rifting stage before opening of the SCS. The Yundong Low Uplift (YLU) is a synrift uplift with an asymmetric structure located in the Baiyun Sag in the northern SCS. In this study, the formation process of the YLU is studied on the basis of 3D seismic reflection data. Based on multiple profiles comparing the 3D structures, we determined that the detachment faults controlling the formation of the YLU are composed of several secondary faults. There is significant cross-cutting and uplift on these secondary faults, accompanied by rotation of the fault blocks, denudation of the strata and some synrift magmatism. Therefore, the cross-cutting and merging relationships of multiple faults revealed in the seismic profiles indicate that the formation of the YLU in the northern SCS is consistent with the classical listric normal fault-controlled model proposed for North American metamorphic core complexes. Finally, we determined that the YLU formed during the synrift stage and underwent three uplift processes, and the formation of the YLU corresponded to the Huizhou movement ( c. 43 Ma) defined by previous studies in the Zhu 1 Depression. This study enriches the model for genesis of synrift uplift in the northern SCS margin, and also contributes to our understanding of the regional tectonic evolution.

The magnetotelluric (MT) method is highly advantageous in geothermal resource exploration because of its deep probing capability, low cost, and sensitivity to key geothermal system elements, such as heat sources, reservoirs, and caprocks. To address the challenge of balancing the MT inversion resolution and computational efficiency, we develop a Gauss-Newton optimization inversion algorithm based on the solution space dimensionality reduction (SSDR) technique. This algorithm uses SSDR to establish algebraic mapping relationships between the edges of grid cells, effectively reducing the degrees of freedom in the linear equation system required for forward and pseudoforward modeling, thereby saving computational costs. In addition, during the inversion process, a multiple right-hand direct-iterative hybrid solver is used to solve the dimensionally reduced linear equations, further enhancing the computational efficiency of the inversion. We then validate and analyze the accuracy and efficiency of the forward and inversion algorithms using various synthetic models. Finally, we apply this inversion strategy to field MT data from the Dabie Mountain geothermal area in eastern China. On the basis of the inversion results, we then analyze the thermal genesis model of the region, providing technical support for the exploration and development of deep geothermal resources.

Abstract The composition of quartz has historically been considered unimportant for mineral exploration, although this perspective is changing with the advancement of analytical techniques. The ability to measure trace element variations in quartz provides a unique window into the evolution of mineral deposits. Granites are currently of interest as they can host late-stage magmatic-hydrothermal mineralisation, such as Sn and other critical metals. The Nebo, Bobbejaankop, and Lease granites in the Zaaiplaats Tin Field of the Bushveld Complex represent well-exposed expressions of endogranitic Sn-mineralisation. These granites display an upward increase in their degree of hydrothermal alteration. Disseminated Sn-mineralisation is restricted to the Bobbejaankop and Lease granites and high-grade cassiterite-bearing tourmaline-quartz hydrothermal pipes that radiate upwards through these granites, terminating below the roof contact. Trace element compositions of the quartz from the Zaaiplaats Tin Field shows evidence that supports the suggested fractionation and fluid-saturation models of ore genesis. The Al/Ti and Ge/Ti ratios in quartz increase from the base to the roof and illustrate the sequential fractionation and increase in the degree of fluid-rock interaction. The trace element data display a shift from a magmatic fractionation-controlled evolution to a hydrothermally-controlled system influenced by the saturation of a late-stage magmatic-hydrothermal fluid. Thus, trace element variations in quartz can record the point of fluid-saturation and the magmatic-hydrothermal transition. Therefore, the recognition of the most evolved, fluid-saturated facies indicates lithologies with the best mineralisation potential for cassiterite. The use of trace elements in quartz extends beyond granite-hosted deposits and is potentially applicable to various mineralised systems.

The uncertainty of climate change effect on the tropical cyclone (TC) frequency and intensity has big impact on TC hazard assessment. In this study, a statistical dynamics synthetic TC model is used to generate TCs in the Western North Pacific (WNP) basin. Accordingly, three approaches are proposed to study the climate change impact on TC induced extreme wind speeds, using marine and atmospheric parameters from global circulation models (GCMs). The study covers three timespans, historical (1981–2010), mid-century (2041–2070), and late-century (2071–2100) and focuses on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 585 (SSP585) scenarios. For the genesis model: Approach #1 uses the TC detection method to extract the TC genesis properties from GCMs; Approach #2 uses the statistical TC genesis index to evaluate the TC genesis information; and Approach #3 calculates the relative genesis change between timespans under GCMs and then uses it to scale the observed datasets. For the intensity model, Approaches #1 and #2 use the marine and atmospheric parameters from GCMs directly, while Approach #3 replaces the GCM future datasets by adding the relative change to the reanalysis datasets. A 50-year wind speed ratio between current and future scenarios is used to assess the impact on TC hazard. All approaches indicate that the climate impact on TC risk varies over the WNP basin, with coastal cities in high latitude more likely to experience increased extreme TC wind speeds than those at low latitude. Approaches #1 and #2 give close relative extreme wind speed change, compared to further larger increase by Approach #3.

Thyroid nodules are a common endocrine condition, and accurate differentiation between benign and malignant nodules is essential for making appropriate treatment decisions. Traditional ultrasound-based diagnoses often depend on the expertise of physicians, which introduces a risk of misdiagnosis. To address this challenge, this study proposes a novel deep learning model, ThyroNet-X4 Genesis, designed to automatically classify thyroid nodules as benign or malignant. Built on the ResNet architecture, the model enhances feature extraction by incorporating grouped convolutions and using larger convolution kernels, improving its ability to analyze thyroid ultrasound images. The model was trained and validated using publicly available thyroid ultrasound imaging datasets, and its generalization was further tested using an external validation dataset from HanZhong Central Hospital. The ThyroNet-X4 Genesis model achieved 85.55% and 71.70% accuracy on the internal training and validation sets, respectively, and 67.02% accuracy on the external validation set. These results surpass those of other mainstream models, highlighting its potential for clinical use in thyroid nodule classification. This work underscores the growing role of deep learning in thyroid nodule diagnosis and provides a foundation for future research in high-performance medical diagnostic models.

This article describes dwellings and pottery assemblages from the settlements of Barsova Gora III/16 and Barsova Gora III/17 of the Kulaika culture in the locality of the same name near the city of Surgut (right bank of the Ob River, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug). The sites were initially excavated in the early 1970s. The modern village of Barsovo is now located in their places. Significant distance from the water (from the river bank) suggests that these settlements functioned during the winter season. The study of field documentation has made it possible to clarify specific features of the excavated objects. The remains of the structures were reconstructed using the current concepts of stratigraphy and formation of cultural layers in podzolic soil conditions. It is suggested that the dwellings were larger than indicated in the original report, and had unexcavated parts above the ground beyond the dwelling pit. In the structure at Barsova Gora III/16, this area might have contained sleeping platforms. The absence of a hearth in the structure at Barsova Gora III/17, combined with its winter character, suggests that it had a communal or public function. Typological analysis of the collections confirmed the attribution of the settlements to the Kulaika culture. The pottery assemblages were analyzed using statistical methods, based on the attributes such as rim morphology, types of ornamentation, and stamps used for its making. The assemblages were compared with other similar complexes from the Surgut Ob region, and their place among other Kulaika settlements in the region was established. The settlements were dated to the early stage of the Kulaika culture in the Surgut Ob region. It was also noted that scarcity of publications on the evidence of the Early Iron Age from the taiga zone of the Ob region hinders the development of reliable models of cultural genesis for that area.

Purpose. This study aims to investigate the ore mineralization characteristics and genesis models and assess the mineral potential of the Na Bop-Pu Sap lead-zinc deposit, which represents a novel deposit type in northeastern Vietnam. Methods. This research employs several analytical methods, including microscopic analysis of ore minerals, sulfur and lead isotope analysis of ore sulfide minerals, Ar-Ar dating of sericite samples contemporaneous with sulfide ores, and fluid inclusion studies to determine ore-forming temperatures. Findings. Field observations suggest that the ore deposits manifest as Pb-Zn-bearing veins along faults and as strata-bound ore types within early Devonian sedimentary carbonate rocks. Microscopic analysis identifies galena, sphalerite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, and arsenopyrite as ore minerals, accompanied by gangue minerals such as quartz, calcite, and dolomite. Sulfur-isotope values (δ34S) of galena, sphalerite, and pyrite range from +0.10 to +8.49‰ (mean = +4.48‰), suggesting a magmatic origin with a deep source. Lead isotope ratios of galena (206Pb/204Pb: 18.451-18.651, 207Pb/204Pb: 15.685-15.836, 208Pb/204Pb: 38.909-39.501) point to an upper crustal source. Ar-Ar dating of sericite yields plateau ages of 237.1 ± 2.3 Ma and 242.6 ± 2.4 Ma, correlating with the timing of lead-zinc mineralization, as indicated by the syntectonic texture between sericite minerals and sulfide ores. Fluid inclusion studies on calcite from galena-hosted veins suggest moderate temperatures (201-245°C) and salinities (4.65-8.00 wt.% NaCl equiv.), indicative of evolving 2O – NaCl systems and variable physicochemical conditions. These findings classify the Na Bop-Pu Sap deposit as an epithermal-type deposit. Originality. The Na Bop-Pu Sap Pb-Zn deposit in northern Bac Kan Province, Vietnam, is one of the largest deposits in the Cho Don area. It is notable for its significant reserves and unique metal combination. Despite extensive knowledge of Pb-Zn mineralization, the timing and origin of ore-forming fluids remain poorly understood. Practical implications. This study provides insights into the genesis and spatio-temporal evolution of Pb-Zn mineralization in the Na Bop-Pu Sap deposit within the Cho Don area.

Nutrition is the main factor determining the potential of farmed fish to exhibit their growth capacity as a function of the protein content and certain additives contained in the diet. Thus, the present study was conducted to access dietry supplementation effect of Ginger and Garlic as feed additives of blood heamatological analysis for Clarias gariepinus fingerlings.in this experiment, following a week of acclimatization 180 fingerlings were randomly divided into triplicate in four treatment containing fifteen fingerlings each and fed for 56 days. In treatment 1(T1) fingerlings are fed with control basal diet, treatment 2(T2) are fed with basal diet containing 1% garlic and treatment 3(T3) are fed with basal diet containing 1% Ginger while treatment4(T4) are fed with basal diet containing 1% mixture of Ginger and Garlic. The main water quality parameters were recorded on weekly basis. After the feeding trials the blood samples were analysed using NORTEK GENESIS MODEL HA6000 automatic haematology analyzer at laboratory department of federal medical center birnin kudu. Fish fed with basal diet containing 1% Ginger (T3) recorded the best heamatological result interms of Redblood cells(RBC),white blood cells(WBC),Heamoglobin concentrations(HGB), monocytes, MVC,HCT,MVC and lymphocytes. In conclusion Clarias gariepinus fingerlings fed with1% dietry inclusions level of Ginger has had a Better heamatological analysis which has been attributed to it's physiological , phamarcological properties and it's nutritional effects.