Cohabitation Model Research Articles

Palmatine as a potent immunomodulator: Enhancing resistance to Micropterus salmoides rhabdovirus in largemouth bass through innate immune activation and viral suppression

Micropterus salmoides rhabdovirus (MSRV) poses a significant threat to aquaculture, causing substantial economic losses. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral efficacy and immunomodulatory potential of palmatine, a plant-derived monomer, against MSRV infection in largemouth bass. Our results demonstrated that palmatine significantly inhibited MSRV replication, with a reduction in viral nucleoprotein expression by 85 % at a safe concentration. Additionally, palmatine pre-treatment of EPC cells enhanced their antiviral capacity, with a maximum inhibition rate of 82 % following 24 h pre-incubation. Palmatine also effectively reduced MSRV-induced cytopathic effects, protecting cellular integrity and maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential. In vivo studies revealed that palmatine immersion at 80 mg/L was non-toxic and significantly suppressed MSRV replication in largemouth bass, increasing survival rates by 53 % over 15 d. Furthermore, palmatine pre-treatment enhanced the fish's resistance to MSRV, with a 78 % inhibition rate of viral replication and a 46 % increase in survival rate. Mechanistically, palmatine activated key immune genes, including IRF3, IRF7, and IFN, indicating its role in boosting innate immune responses. The compound also reduced horizontal transmission of MSRV in a cohabitation model, decreasing viral spread by up to 78 % over nine days. These findings highlight palmatine's potential as a small-molecule immunomodulator in aquaculture, offering a sustainable approach to disease management and enhancing fish health and welfare. Integrating palmatine into fish diets as an immunostimulant could provide a continuous, proactive defense against viral outbreaks, promoting more resilient and sustainable aquaculture practices.

Change in Marriage Behaviour in North-Central Namibia 1925–2009

Namibia is the only country in Africa for which historical data is available to describe the change in marriage behavior since the 1920s. The aim of this article is to describe and to understand how the age at first marriage changed and how it was related to cohabitation since the 1920s in Namibia. The description of changes is based on parish register material and the family reconstitution method. The mean age at first marriage was over 20 for both sexes as early as the 1920s. In 1945–49, the mean age at first marriage started to increase, reaching about 29 for men and 24 for women at the end of the 1950s. The explanation for the increase was labor migration. The new cohabitation model was introduced from the end of the 1970s to the 1980s. Features of this model were cohabitation before marriage, late marriage age, a low married proportion of the population and high proportion of premarital births.

The Right to Decide on Marriage of People in Le Mon Industrial Park, Thanh Hoa City, Under the Impact of Industrialization and Urbanization

Abstract The process of industrialization and urbanization has been affecting the concept and practice of marital relations in general and of communities in the outskirts of industrial zones in particular. This impact process is clearly shown in the trend of late marriage, wide connection radius, variable selection standards for communication systems. The right to decide on marriage gradually shifts from parents to children, the model of residence and cohabitation after marriage is more independent, the trend of early household separation of newlywed couples. In addition, industrialization and urbanization also have the effect of making marital relationships looser, including the right to decide on marriage, the model of residence and living together after marriage. Research on the right to decide on marriage of the residential community on the outskirts of Le Mon industrial zone, Thanh Hoa city will focus on analyzing the right to decide on marriage, the time of marriage, and the impact of the issue on the right to decide on marriage of the suburban residential community, before and after the establishment of an industrial park in Le Mon industrial park, Thanh Hoa city.

Evaluation of the antiviral activity of chlorogenic acid against white spot syndrome virus

The rapid development of crustacean aquaculture is threatened by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), which is one of the deadliest pathogens affecting various crustacean species. Based on antiviral plant screening, we found that chlorogenic acid (CGA), a polyphenolic component of Arctium lappa Linn., possessed strong activity against WSSV infection in a red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) model. The results revealed that CGA dose-dependently inhibited WSSV proliferation in the gill and haemocytes with the inhibition rates (50 mg/kg) were 94.7% and 95.03%, respectively. Through a serial of mechanical experiments, we found that CGA arrested WSSV replication by regulating innate immune defense to reduce viral gene transcription, inducing apoptosis to restrict viral spread, and enhancing anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities to alleviate oxidative and inflammatory damage caused by WSSV. Significant improvements in survival of WSSV infected crayfish have been made through injection and dietary administration of CGA compared to control group. In a static cohabitation model, pre-incubation of CGA suppressed the horizontal transmission of WSSV between infected donor crayfish and health crayfish. Thus, we have identified CGA as a potent WSSV inhibitor with high potential for further development as prophylaxis and therapy agents against WSSV outbreak in crustacean aquaculture.

The “Kamerun Idea”: E pluribus unum Cameroon

Abstract Since independence, the “Anglophone” and “Francophone” identities (both legacies of British and French colonialism, respectively) have remained the dominant national identity of Cameroonians. This linguistic national identity was formalized by the adoption of bilingualism at the dawn of independence and the enactment of English and French as the two official languages of the country. Nationalism and national integration in the Cameroonian context therefore revolve around the cohabitation of the aforementioned distinct linguistic and cultural identities, which harbors significant incompatibilities. This article probes into the effectiveness of the cohabitation model of nation-building in Cameroon and attempts a new alternative. A survey was conducted to sample the opinion of Cameroonians on national identity and nationalism in Cameroon. The results indicate there are enormous challenges with the implementation of the cohabitation model, which an overwhelming majority of respondent believe has a negative impact on national integration. A new approach dubbed “Civic-multicultural model” is proposed. This model is based on the “Kamerun Idea,” which is a glaring reminder that before being “anglicized” by the British on the one side of the Mungo river, and “gallicized” by the French on the other side, the inhabitants offshore the “Rios dos Cameroes” were first “kamerunized” by the Germans.

In Vivo Efficacy of Purified Quillaja Saponin Extracts in Protecting against Piscirickettsia salmonis Infections in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar).

Piscirickettsiosis, the main infectious disease affecting salmon farming in Chile, still has no efficient control measures. Piscirickettsia salmonis is a facultative intracellular bacterium that can survive and replicate within the host macrophages, evading the immune response. Triterpenic saponins obtained from the Quillaja saponaria tree have been widely studied, and have been shown to be immunomodulatory agents, suitable for feed and vaccine applications for veterinary and human uses. The impact of the oral administration of two extracts of Quillaja saponins on the infection of P. salmonis in Salmo salar and the corresponding gene expressions of immunomarkers were studied under three in vivo models. In the intraperitoneal challenge model, the group fed with Quillaja extracts showed lower mortality (29.1% treated vs. 37.5% control). Similar results were obtained in the cohabitation model trial (36.3% vs. 60.0%). In the commercial pilot trial, the results showed a significant reduction of 71.3% in mortality caused by P. salmonis (0.51% vs. 1.78%) and antibiotic use (reduction of 66.6% compared to untreated control). Also, Quillaja extracts significantly modulated the expression of IFN-II and CD8. These results represent evidence supporting the future use of purified Quillaja extracts as a natural non-pharmacological strategy for the prevention and control of P. salmonis infections in salmon.

Discussion on the Intergenerational Co-Living Model in Hong Kong, China

Hong Kong, China has entered a super-aging society and continues to be serious, while the birth rate in Hong Kong, China continues to decline. Although there are enough nursing homes in Hong Kong, China, there is still not enough psychological comfort for the elderly. The elderly in Hong Kong, China are well-known in the world for their longevity, but their psychological condition is only ranked 79th in the world. Therefore, we can learn from the European intergenerational cohabitation model to provide spiritual companionship for the elderly in Hong Kong, China.

Experimental infection trials with European North Atlantic ranavirus (Iridoviridae) isolated from lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus, L.).

European North Atlantic ranavirus (ENARV, Iridoviridae), is a ranavirus species recently isolated from lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus, L.), which are used as cleaner fish in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farming in Northern Europe. This study aimed to investigate (1) the virulence of ENARV isolates from Ireland, Iceland and the Faroe Islands to lumpfish; (2) horizontal transmission between lumpfish; and (3) virulence to Atlantic salmon parr. Lumpfish were challenged in a cohabitation model using intraperitoneally (IP) injected shedders, and naïve cohabitants. IP challenge with isolates from Iceland (1.9× 107 TCID50 ml-1 ) and the Faroe Islands (5.9× 107 TCID50 ml-1 ) reduced survival in lumpfish, associated with consistent pathological changes. IP challenge with the Irish strain (8.6× 105 TCID50 ml-1 ) did not significantly reduce survival in lumpfish, but the lower challenge titre complicated interpretation. Horizontal transmission occurred in all strains tested, but no clinical impact was demonstrated in cohabitants. Salmon parr were challenged by IP injection with the Irish isolate, no virulence or virus replication were demonstrated. A ranavirus qPCR assay, previously validated for fish ranaviruses, was first used to detect ENARV in tissues of both in lumpfish and Atlantic salmon. This study provides the first data on the assessment of virulence of ENARV isolates to lumpfish and salmon, guidelines for the diagnosis of ENARV infection, and poses a basis for further investigations into virulence markers.

Three Different Legal Attitudes Towards Non-Marital Cohabitation in Europe

The rising number of people “just living together”, people who are neither married nor in registered partnerships, clearly demonstrates that non-marital unions can no longer be ignored. To obtain an accurate picture of the situation of non-marital partners it was essential to conduct comparative research of multiple legal orders. This analysis threw a new light (at least from the Polish standpoint) on possible solutions to the problem of the regulation of legal aspects of “living together”. It appears that three different legal attitudes towards non-marital cohabitation may be distinguished in Europe. Firstly, there are legal orders in which by virtue of an explicit reference by the legislator – the regulations on marriage are applied to cohabitation (quasi-marriage cohabitation). Secondly, there also exist countries in which a law was adopted regulating selected aspects of actual cohabitation (implied model of cohabitation). And thirdly, there are legal orders in which any cohabitant-oriented legal regime exists.

Evaluation on the antiviral activity of a nitrile phenylpropanoid against white spot syndrome virus infection in Litopenaeus vannamei

The white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is an efficiently destructive pathogen in shrimp farming, which has contributed to enormous economic losses in the global shrimp sector. After antiviral activity screening in our small molecule drug library, we found a medicine, 2-amino-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-oxo-4H,5H-pyrano [3,2-c] chromene-3‑carbonitrile (serial number: Coumarin 3004), significantly inhibited WSSV replication in Litopenaeus vannamei and reduced the mortality of WSSV-infected L. vannamei. The data indicated that the replication inhibition of WSSV exceeded 60% after WSSV particles pre-incubation with 10 mg/L Coumarin 3004 for 4 h. Moreover, Coumarin 3004 showed a stable efficacy for two days in aquacultural water, which provided a potential for its aquaculture application. The approach of consecutive Coumarin 3004 changes further decreased the mortality of WSSV-infected L. vannamei, which allows novel possibilities for treating WSSV infection. Meanwhile, up-regulation of four antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) related gene expressions revealed that Coumarin 3004 may promote AMPs-related expressions and inhibit WSSV replication. Although Coumarin 3004 blocked the horizontal transmission of WSSV in a cohabitation model, it did not entirely block the transmission. Taken together, Coumarin 3004 is a potentially excellent therapeutic agent against WSSV propagation in shrimp farming.

5-HT3 receptor within the amygdaloid complex modulates pain hypersensitivity induced by empathy model of cohabitation with a partner in chronic pain condition in mice

ABSTRACT Cohabitation with a partner undergoing chronic pain induces pain hypersensitivity. Among a lot of other neurochemical pathways, the serotonin (5-HT) role, specifically the 5-HT3 receptor (5-HT3R), in the amygdala has never been evaluated in this model. Here we studied the effects of the amygdala’s chemical inhibition, its neuronal activation pattern, and 5-HT, 5-HIAA, and 5-HT turnover within the amygdala. Furthermore, the systemic and intra-amygdala 5-HT3R activation and blockade in mice that cohabited with a conspecific subjected to chronic constriction injury were investigated. Male Swiss mice were housed in partners for 28 days. The dyads were divided into two groups on the 14th day: cagemate nerve constriction (CNC) and cagemate sham (CS). On the 24th day, cagemates underwent a stereotaxic surgery (when necessary) and, on the 28th day, they were evaluated on the writhing test. The amygdala inactivation promotes pain-hypersensitivity behaviors in groups and dyads; cohabitation with a partner with chronic pain did not change FosB-labeled cells in the amygdala’s nucleus and increases 5-HT turnover in cagemates. Systemic and intra-amygdala 5-HT3R activation attenuated and enhanced the number of writhes, respectively. In contrast, 5-HT3R blockade reduced hypersensitivity pain response. Results suggest the involvement of amygdala serotonergic signaling via 5-HT3R in empathy-like behavior.

Antibiotic treatment alleviates red mark syndrome symptoms in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and reduces load of Midichloria-like organism

Red mark syndrome (RMS) is a skin disease of rainbow trout, the prevalence of which has increased in Europe over the last two decades. Hallmark symptoms are large, haemorrhagic skin lesions. It is believed that the disease is bacterial and caused by a Midichloria-like organism (MLO). However, the bacterium has never been isolated or cultured in vitro, and is only known from its 16S rDNA sequence. Thus there is no vaccine for the disease, and no other officially recognized way of ameliorating RMS symptoms.Here we investigate for the first time the effect on RMS of in-feed treatment with three types of antibiotics: Florfenicol, oxolinic acid and oxytetracycline under controlled experimental conditions using a cohabitation model of disease transfer.In short, 160 rainbow trout were cohabited with seeder fish, which showed the classical skin pathology of RMS and tested positive for MLO. After 55 days at 12 °C the cohabitants (now weighing 223 ± 57 g) started showing very early signs of RMS-related skin pathology and were randomly divided into 8 tanks (4 treatment groups in duplicate). The fish were fed medicated (or control) feed for 10 days. The fish were evaluated visually after 7 and 14 days and finally terminated after 20 days where skin samples were taken for testing for MLO by qPCR.All three types of antibiotics significantly affected the monitored disease parameters: Macroscopic skin lesions were less severe and less MLO 16S rDNA could be detected from skin samples by qPCR in antibiotics-fed fish compared to fish that had not received antibiotics.

Promoting grazing or rewilding initiatives against rural exodus? The return of the wolf and other large carnivores must be considered

SummaryThe human abandonment of rural areas facilitates rewilding, which is also supported by European projects and initiatives. Rewilding often implies the return of iconic predators such as the wolf (Canis lupus), leading to human–wildlife conflicts. To reverse human depopulation, initiatives such as the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) subsidize extensive grazing of areas unsuitable for intensive agriculture. Therefore, rewilding and reversing depopulation initiatives seem to be mutually incompatible, and further insight into controversial aspects of the return of apex predators is needed when considering the reform of the CAP for post-2020. To develop understanding of these different objectives in the context of large carnivore recolonizations, we analysed wolf attacks on livestock in central Spain, where livestock is managed differently between the plateau and the mountains. As with other European regions, this area is undergoing rural abandonment and is subsidized by the CAP. Free-roaming cattle at higher elevations were subject to increased attacks irrespective of the abundance of wild prey. Efforts to subsidize human repopulation of areas experiencing recolonization by large carnivores require consideration of a model of cohabitation with these predators assisted by mitigation and compensation measures. Rewilding could bring alternative sustainable income based on the values brought by the presence of large carnivores and associated ecosystem services.

Virtual cohabitation in online dating sites: a netnography analysis

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore in depth the special context and unique life experience of the online dating site and provide insights regarding an interpretation of virtual cohabitation model.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses netnography, online interviews and the physical travel of researchers to the field for field participation and observations. The combination of netnography and online interviews combines online and offline studies to achieve more consistency in the data collection, analysis and other processes. In-person participation in observations makes the research more realistic. The combination of these qualitative methods is helpful in achieving a more comprehensive and accurate research process.FindingsThe findings of the study can be classified into a three-stage situational context approach, which is presented in the form of propositions. Finally, the insight of the virtual cohabitation context model was developed, namely, motivation (including escapism, hedonic gratification and autonomous), showing off and psychological compensation, stimulation and fantasies, emotions (including impulsiveness, emotions and desires), over-control and low self-control, behavioral control, gratification and dependence and love trap (including sex transactions and consumption traps).Originality/valueThe theoretical contribution of this study is to establish an interpretation of virtual cohabitation model and ten related propositions.

Laboratory cohabitation challenge model for shrimp hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis (HPM) caused by Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP).

Background Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) causes hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis (HPM) in shrimp. It is probably endemic in Australasia and was first characterized and named from the giant or black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon from Thailand in 2009. Later, it was also found to infect exotic Penaeus vannamei imported for cultivation in Asia. HPM is not normally associated with shrimp mortality, but information from shrimp farmers indicates that it is associated with significant growth retardation that is not clearly noticeable until 2–3 months of cultivation. In order to study modes of HPM transmission and to test possible control measures, a laboratory challenge model was needed that would mimic the mode of infection in shrimp ponds.ResultsWe describe successful transmission in a cohabitation model with natural E. hepatopenaei (EHP)-infected shrimp in closed, perforated plastic containers placed in aquaria together with free-swimming, uninfected shrimp. After a period of 14 days all the free-swimming shrimp tested positive by PCR (approximately 60% with heavy infections evident by 1-step PCR positive test results) and gave positive histological and in situ hybridization results for E. hepatopenaei (EHP) in the hepatopancreas.ConclusionsA laboratory cohabitation model for studying E. hepatopenaei (EHP) has been developed and used to confirm that E. hepatopenaei (EHP) can be directly transmitted horizontally among shrimp via water. The model will facilitate studies on methods to prevent the E. hepatopenaei (EHP) transmission.

Fast detection of Piscirickettsia salmonis in Salmo salar serum through MALDI‐TOF‐MS profiling

Piscirickettsia salmonis is a pathogenic bacteria known as the aetiological agent of the salmonid rickettsial syndrome and causes a high mortality in farmed salmonid fishes. Detection of P. salmonis in farmed fishes is based mainly on molecular biology and immunohistochemistry techniques. These techniques are in most of the cases expensive and time consuming. In the search of new alternatives to detect the presence of P. salmonis in salmonid fishes, this work proposed the use of MALDI-TOF-MS to compare serum protein profiles from Salmo salar fish, including experimentally infected and non-infected fishes using principal component analysis (PCA). Samples were obtained from a controlled bioassay where S. salar was challenged with P. salmonis in a cohabitation model and classified according to the presence or absence of the bacteria by real time PCR analysis. MALDI spectra of the fish serum samples showed differences in its serum protein composition. These differences were corroborated with PCA analysis. The results demonstrated that the use of both MALDI-TOF-MS and PCA represents a useful tool to discriminate the fish status through the analysis of salmonid serum samples.

Evaluation of immune responses against the parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis between channel catfish and hybrid catfish

Channel catfish is a dominant aquaculture species in the USA and has been cultured for several decades. Recently, an increasing number of producers are showing an interest in the culture of hybrid catfish (channel catfish × blue catfish) instead of channel catfish due to its performance traits. The hybrid catfish has been reported to exhibit many commercially desirable characteristics, including faster growth, better feed conversion, low oxygen tolerance and resistance to some diseases. Ciliated protozoan Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, commonly referred as Ich, is a serious parasite of freshwater fish and causes heavy economic loss in aquaculture. Chemical treatment of Ich infection is difficult after the parasite penetrates into the fish skin and gills. Vaccination against the parasite is an alternative to chemical treatments since fish that survive an Ich infection acquire immunity against reinfection by the parasite. There is limited information available on the immune protection of hybrid catfish against Ich. In this study, we evaluated immune responses and host protection between channel catfish and hybrid catfish using a cohabitation model. Channel catfish and hybrid catfish were put in the same tanks and subjected to the same treatment, including vaccination methods, parasite challenge concentration, infection duration, water quality, and feeding to evaluate fish immune protection against the parasite, whereby all environmental parameters would be consistent due to experimental animals being housed together in the same tank. Anti-Ich antibody levels were measured by immobilization assay and the immunized channel catfish and hybrid catfish showed a significantly higher anti-Ich antibody (titer > 3800) compared to nonimmunized controls (titer 0.05) on anti-Ich antibody titers, parasite infection level and fish survival rate between immunized channel catfish and hybrid catfish. Therefore, these results indicate that hybrid catfish do develop the same strong immune protection against Ich as its parent channel catfish. The results in this study will help fish farmers to select disease resistant fish to minimize the impact of disease on cultured fish.

Beta-adrenergic antagonist prevents anxiety like behavior and natural killer cells migration to the spleen in a model of cohabitation with sick partners

Cohabitation for 11 days with two Ehrlich tumor bearing-mice: two mice from control group were treated with vehicle (experimental day 1) and the other mouse was kept undisturbed (companion of health partner). Between ED6 and ED11, CHP were treated with vehicle or propranolol. Two mice from experimental group were inoculated with Ehrlich tumor cells i.p. and the other was kept undisturbed (companion of sick partner). Between ED6 and ED11, CSP were treated with vehicle or propranolol. During psychological stress, catecholamines produced by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) regulate the immune system and cohabitation for 11 days with two Ehrlich tumor bearing-mice induces psychological stress. Besides, the aversive effects in cohabitation with sick partners are related with the release of odor cues. After cohabitation with sick companions the open field test was used to measure behaviors characteristic of anxiety and indicated that the cohabitation increase in anxiety-like behavior was blocked by pre-treatment with the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol. Pre-treatment with the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol did not significantly alter corticosterone levels indicating no difference in activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Likewise propranolol pre-treatment abrogated the migration of natural killer (NK) cells to the spleen. Collectively, these data suggest that behavioral and immune changes in the model of cohabitation with sick partners occur through beta-adrenergic dependent signaling.

Reconciliation model of heterogeneous information in decisional information systems

In this paper, we propose a reconciliation and cohabitation model of heterogeneous information in Decisional Information Systems DIS. Among this heterogeneous information are data that represent the analysis basis in DIS systems and metadata that represent a very important role to interpret the results and lead to a good analysis. In the current generation of DIS systems, we can find knowledge represented by ontologies, which is used to enjoy the semantic side offered by these systems. Our reconciliation model focuses on semantic mediation approach, based on the hybrid ontology architecture and semantic similarity measures to integrate each information type. Our modelling is based on a common model that represents a global view of heterogeneous information, allowing to find the mapping between different information types, to respond effectively to a posed query. To validate our work, we have applied our model on real business information, containing data, metadata and knowledge.

Cohabitation reaction–diffusion model for virus focal infections

The propagation of virus infection fronts has been typically modeled using a set of classical (noncohabitation) reaction–diffusion equations for interacting species. However, for some single-species systems it has been recently shown that noncohabitation reaction–diffusion equations may lead to unrealistic descriptions. We argue that previous virus infection models also have this limitation, because they assume that a virion can simultaneously reproduce inside a cell and diffuse away from it. For this reason, we build a several-species cohabitation model that does not have this limitation. Furthermore, we perform a sensitivity analysis for the most relevant parameters of the model, and we compare the predicted infection speed with observed data for two different strains of the T7 virus.