Model Calculations Research Articles

An optimum structural design method for a torque sensor measuring the control moment of the micro flapping-wing robot

Abstract This paper presents an optimum structural design method for a sensor capable of measuring the control torque of the micro flapping-wing robot. Torque measurement in flapping-wing robots has special demands on the sensor bandwidth. The method in this paper focuses on the development of a multi-objective optimization method based on the surrogate model to solve the sensor indicator design issues, for example, increasing sensitivity while meeting bandwidth requirements. Initially, Latin hypercube sampling was applied to the choice of the characteristic parameters of the sensor. Based on finite element techniques, the surrogate models describing displacement and eigenfrequency were established to characterize the sensor indicators, and a multi-objective optimization was conducted. According to the optimization results, the sensor structure was manufactured, and a torque measurement platform was set up. Calibration experiments and frequency response experiments demonstrated a high level of consistency between the surrogate model and the experimental data. With the assistance of the eddy current displacement sensor, the actual displacement sensitivity coefficient of the torque sensor is determined to be 0.4325 mm mNm−1, consistent with the calculation of the surrogate model. The characteristic frequency is 488.5 Hz, with a relative error of 7.47% compared to the surrogate model. This indicates that the optimum structural design method can be utilized for the rapid design of torque sensors for special requirements, thus laying the foundation for the control torque measurement of micro flapping-wing robots.

Temperature ratio RT = TL/TH of fully accelerated complementary fragments (used for TXE partition) obtained independently of prompt emission model calculations

Several refined prompt emission model codes, nowadays employed, use the partition of total excitation energy (TXE) according to the temperature ratio RT = TL/TH of fully accelerated fragments. In such codes RT is given as input, either as an unique value for all fragmentations or as a function of AH; This temperature ratio RT being obtained by fitting the experimental ν(A) data with the respective prompt emission model code. This paper proposes a method for obtaining “experimental RT(AH)” (also based on experimental ν(A)), but without resorting to prompt emission model calculations for the fit of ν(A) data. So that this is an independent method providing RT(AH) which can be employed by any prompt emission model code in which the TXE partition is done at the full acceleration according to RT given as input. A procedure which facilitates the parameterization of RT(AH) is proposed, too. A prediction of the RT(AH) shape at very high excitation energies of the fissioning nucleus is also reported. The comparison of RT(AH) ratios obtained from any TXE partition based on modeling at scission with those provided by the present method can constitute a supplementary validation of the respective modeling at scission.

Design and field evaluation of hydraulic fracturing boreholes for terminal mining faces

The terminal mining is an essential part of fully mechanized mining, and the reasonable length of the flap roof during the terminal mining is an important basis for the smooth operation of the terminal mining. With the research background of the 213 working face of the Longde Coal Mine, the contribution of this study is the influence law of hydraulic fracturing on the terminal mining mechanical behavior of the working face. Four different numerical calculation models of terminal mining hydraulic fracturing are established, and the optimal hydraulic fracturing site plan is determined according to the length of the terminal mining flap top and the working resistance of hydraulic support. The effect of hydraulic fracturing construction and the law of mechanical behavior in the terminal mining stage in the field test are analyzed. The results show that through hydraulic fracturing technology, the control of the length of the flap roof of the working face during the terminal mining period has been realized.

Observation of flat bands and Dirac cones in a pyrochlore lattice superconductor

Emergent phases often appear when the electronic kinetic energy is comparable to the Coulomb interactions. One approach to seek material systems as hosts of such emergent phases is to realize localization of electronic wavefunctions due to the geometric frustration inherent in the crystal structure, resulting in flat electronic bands. Recently, such efforts have found a wide range of exotic phases in the two-dimensional kagome lattice, including magnetic order, time-reversal symmetry breaking charge order, nematicity, and superconductivity. However, the interlayer coupling of the kagome layers disrupts the destructive interference needed to completely quench the kinetic energy. Here we demonstrate that an interwoven kagome network—a pyrochlore lattice—can host a three dimensional (3D) localization of electron wavefunctions. Meanwhile, the nonsymmorphic symmetry of the pyrochlore lattice guarantees all band crossings at the Brillouin zone X point to be 3D gapless Dirac points, which was predicted theoretically but never yet observed experimentally. Through a combination of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, fundamental lattice model and density functional theory calculations, we investigate the novel electronic structure of a Laves phase superconductor with a pyrochlore sublattice, CeRu2. We observe evidence of flat bands originating from the Ce 4f orbitals as well as flat bands from the 3D destructive interference of the Ru 4d orbitals. We further observe the nonsymmorphic symmetry-protected 3D gapless Dirac cone at the X point. Our work establishes the pyrochlore structure as a promising lattice platform to realize and tune novel emergent phases intertwining topology and many-body interactions.

Design and application of a prefabricated structure for large-span arch open-cut highway tunnels

To enhance construction efficiency, improve lining quality, and reduce project costs, this study proposes a prefabricated arch structure scheme for large-span open-cut highway tunnels, specifically targeting the ongoing construction of an eight-lane open-cut tunnel on Chongqing’s Xinsen Avenue. By establishing a finite element “load-structure” integrated calculation model and adopting an iterative analysis method, the impact of joint stiffness variations on internal force distribution was determined. Combined with long-term field monitoring and measurements, a thorough analysis was conducted on the performance of the prefabricated arch structure during different construction stages. The results indicate that after assembly into a ring, the structure undergoes a self-adaptive adjustment phase, during which the joints experience significant stress and deformation. Following top-layer backfilling and water level restoration, the axial force on the joints increases, while stress and deformation decrease, exerting a positive effect on the joint bearing capacity. From the construction period to post-opening operations, the stress variation experienced by the joints remains within a controllable range, demonstrating substantial safety margins. This fully validates the safety and reliability of the prefabricated arch structure scheme.

Fluid-Solid Coupling Analysis of the Propeller and Optimization of Boss Cap Fin Parameters

In order to ensure the accuracy of propeller modelling and hydrodynamic performance prediction, first of all, compared with atlas modelling and OpenProp modelling, it is pointed out that the characteristics of the blade model established by PropCad are more complete. Secondly, through the analysis and discussion of the computational domain distribution, grid independence verification and turbulence model, the CFD calculation model is established systematically. Thirdly, the hydrodynamic analysis of AU5-80 propeller is carried out under different advance ratios, and the simulation results are in good agreement with the open water test data. The accuracy of CFD calculation model is proved. Then, the fluid-solid coupling analysis of the propeller is performed, and it is verified that the stress field of the propeller meets the material strength requirement. It provides support for the further optimization design of propeller structure. Finally, through the design and analysis of the PBCF propeller, some optimization parameters of the PBCF are obtained. Because the PBCF can diffuse and weaken the hub vortex, the propeller thrust, and efficiency are improved.

G-YOLO: A Lightweight Infrared Aerial Remote Sensing Target Detection Model for UAVs Based on YOLOv8

A lightweight infrared target detection model, G-YOLO, based on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is proposed to address the issues of low accuracy in target detection of UAV aerial images in complex ground scenarios and large network models that are difficult to apply to mobile or embedded platforms. Firstly, the YOLOv8 backbone feature extraction network is improved and designed based on the lightweight network, GhostBottleneckV2, and the remaining part of the backbone network adopts the depth-separable convolution, DWConv, to replace part of the standard convolution, which effectively retains the detection effect of the model while greatly reducing the number of model parameters and calculations. Secondly, the neck structure is improved by the ODConv module, which adopts an adaptive convolutional structure to adaptively adjust the convolutional kernel size and step size, which allows for more effective feature extraction and detection based on targets at different scales. At the same time, the neck structure is further optimized using the attention mechanism, SEAttention, to improve the model’s ability to learn global information of input feature maps, which is then applied to each channel of each feature map to enhance the useful information in a specific channel and improve the model’s detection performance. Finally, the introduction of the SlideLoss loss function enables the model to calculate the differences between predicted and actual truth bounding boxes during the training process, and adjust the model parameters based on these differences to improve the accuracy and efficiency of object detection. The experimental results show that compared with YOLOv8n, the G-YOLO reduces the missed and false detection rates of infrared small target detection in complex backgrounds. The number of model parameters is reduced by 74.2%, the number of computational floats is reduced by 54.3%, the FPS is improved by 71, which improves the detection efficiency of the model, and the average accuracy (mAP) reaches 91.4%, which verifies the validity of the model for UAV-based infrared small target detection. Furthermore, the FPS of the model reaches 556, and it will be suitable for wider and more complex detection task such as small targets, long-distance targets, and other complex scenes.

RESULTS OF THE TECHNICAL INSPECTION OF A MULTI-STORY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING DAMAGED AS A RESULT OF A ROCKET IMPACT

The article presents the results of the examination of the technical condition of part of the construction structures of the building damaged as a result of a missile strike, the determination of the characteristics and classification of their defects and damage, the provision of conclusions and recommendations regarding the correction of the life cycle and further safe and reliable operation of the building. As part of the study, the object of the survey was a monolithic 22-story residential building with a basement (ATP) floor and a complex configuration in plan. The structural scheme of the complex is a monolithic reinforced concrete frame with stiffening cores. The stability and rigidity of the frame is ensured by diaphragms of stiffness in the form of reinforced concrete walls, elevator-stair nodes and rigid nodes connecting pylons and horizontal disks of monolithic reinforced concrete floor slabs. During the examination, visual and instrumental methods of research were performed. Before the field work, measures were taken to collect design and archival information about the research object. Instrumental studies to determine the actual concrete strength of reinforced concrete frame elements and to determine the diameter, protective layer and pitch of the working rods of the reinforcing frames of the load-bearing elements were carried out by non-destructive methods. The calculation model of the spatial scheme of the structure of the frame of the residential building, taking into account the damage, was made in the subsystem (PS) "COMPOSITION" of the software complex (PC) "MONOMAH CAD". The result of the survey is conclusions and recommendations, which indicate the specifics of damage and types of defects, destruction and debris in various structural elements that were discovered during the survey. The general technical condition of the residential building is classified as emergency. As for the recommendations, two options for carrying out repair and restoration works were provided. The first option is to restore the plan-elevation position of the building, the design marks of vertical and horizontal structures and the unloading of overloaded structures, to be performed with the help of an automatic hydraulic complex. The second option is the arrangement of temporary strengthening of emergency structures with the help of a metal space frame, without restoring the planned height position of the residential building.

The Analysis of the Effect of Mischmetal Addition on the Formation of Non-Metallic Inclusions in Liquid Steel

The study focuses on the effect of rare earth elements (REM) in mischmetal on the morphology and chemical composition of non-metallic inclusions in pre-oxidised steel. Calculations were carried out using the WYK_STAL computer program according to two calculation models, considering/ignoring the sulphur partition coefficient at the liquid steel-liquid slag interfacial boundary. It was found that the chemical composition of the resulting precipitates is a consequence of the order in which deoxidising additives were admixed. Simulations confirmed the presence of Ce oxides and sulphides. This was also confirmed by the analysis of samples taken from the steel ingot after laboratory melting. Non-metallic inclusions Ce2O3 and CeS, and the complex of precipitates: La2O3-Ce2O3 was also identified in the steel. Introduction of mischmetal in the final stage refining is the most effective method. Therefore, the oxygen content is reduced below 0.001%, and the sulphfur content can be reduced to 0.004%.

Agroecological Assessment of Arable Lands in the Leningrad Region of Russia under the Influence of Climate Change

The paper presents an analysis of the influence of climatic characteristics on the rating of land suitability for agricultural use. Soil fertility is one of the most important factors in land productivity and crop capacity; it is a complex value that depends not only on agrophysical and agrochemical soil properties but also on other natural factors, such as climate. There are different methodical approaches for a quantitative assessment of fertility level. The objectives of the research were to understand whether the distributions of active temperature sums and annual precipitation sums have a significant effect on the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the rating assessment of land suitability for agricultural use in the example of the Leningrad region. The estimation and comparison between Semenov–Blagovidov’s method of quality land estimation and Karmanov’s method of appraisal of soils are given in this article. Karmanov’s method is highlighted in this paper for its ability to assess soil’s ecological indices more effectively than traditional methods. The research suggested that climate change may lead to increased variability in soil quality, with potential benefits for agriculture under certain climate scenarios, but at the same time, excessive temperatures in summer and precipitations might become a limiting factor, pushing down yields. The results of such assessment show that the performed calculation models can be used to forecast crop yields for future periods.

A comprehensive study of the enhanced oil recovery potential of low-salinity water in heavy oil sandstone reservoir

To determine the enhanced oil recovery potential of low-salinity brine for a heavy oil sandstone reservoir, a holistic approach including both experimental and theoretical studies was employed in this study. Macro-scale forced and spontaneous imbibition tests were performed to quantify the oil recovery potential by our considered three brines. Furthermore, micro-scale experiments, including FTIR (Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis) and zeta potential, were executed to explore the micro-scale oil-brine-rock interactions (i.e., polar component desorption from the rock surface) that has controlled the macro-scale oil recovery efficiency. In addition, to further investigate the underlying physical mechanism that leads to the discrepancy in polar component desorption when subjected to different brines, charge-distribution multi-site complexation model (CD-MUSIC) and DLVO-based disjoining pressure calculation were performed to describe the molecular-level electrokinetic interactions at the oil-brine and rock-brine interfaces, as well as the total interaction force between these two interfaces. Our results show that the oil recovery efficiency of the low-salinity aquifer water (LSAW) was markedly higher than produced water (PW) and seawater (SW) from the forced and spontaneous imbibition tests. Combined with the marginal difference on interfacial tension (IFT) results, it guided us to conclude that the micro-scale oil-brine-rock interaction controlled the macro-scale oil recovery performance. FTIR and TGA experimental results on pristine quartz, oil aged quartz, as well as different water treated aged quartz powders revealed that the polar component desorption efficiency in different brines followed the order of LSAW > PW > SW, which was consistent with the macro-scale oil recovery trend. The total disjoining pressure result gave rise to the conclusion that the most repulsive disjoining pressure in LSAW leads to the most efficient desorption of polar oil component from the rock surface. In addition, the electrokinetic properties of the oil/brine and rock/brine interfaces, as well as the consequent electrical double layer force play a crucial role in differentiating the oil-brine-rock interactions in different brines. This study has shed light on the further application of low-salinity aquifer water in our target heavy oil reservoir.

Ferrimagnetic second-order topological insulator with valley polarization in two-dimensional magnet

Two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic second-order topological insulators (SOTIs) coexisting with valley polarization have received increasing attention recently, while 2D valley-polarized ferrimagnetic (ferri-valley) SOTI has not been reported yet. In this work, we propose an effective six-band tight-binding model based on structural symmetry to confirm the possibility of coexistence of ferrimagnetism, second-order topological corner states, and valley polarization in 2D systems, and predict Mo2CSCl monolayer as the robust 2D ferri-valley SOTI with good structural stability, considerable Curie temperature estimated to be 100 K, and distinct valley polarization up to 109 meV under out-of-plane exchange field based on our model and first-principles calculations. Also, we find that the spin polarization direction of corner states combined with valley polarization can be controlled by switching the direction of the magnetization direction using an external magnetic field. These findings of the combination of intrinsic ferrimagnetism, second-order topological properties, and valley polarization in single 2D materials provide an ideal platform for practical applications in multifield-control spintronic devices.

Application of 5G network technology in agricultural production and information management

Establishing a management information system that adapts to the continuous development of agricultural production management today, adopting advanced 5G technology and means, and comprehensively managing the entire agricultural production is an inevitable trend in the development of agricultural production management. In order to improve the effect of agricultural production informatization management, this paper combines 5G (fifth-generation) network technology to construct agricultural production and informatization management models. In view of the massive dynamic agricultural production management data, this paper studies the efficient multi-copy management strategy, which can consider the two aspects of load balancing and energy efficiency at the same time, so as to achieve efficient data access and energy efficiency. Moreover, this paper introduces a time series-based file access heat calculation model. In terms of determining the number of copies of files, this paper proposes a copy factor allocation algorithm centered on the ranking of file access popularity, and gives a characteristic function. Through cluster analysis, it can be seen that the agricultural production informatization management model based on 5G technology proposed in this paper can effectively improve the efficiency of agricultural information management.

Investigation of dynamic characteristics of a vibration isolation system for impact resistance of the marine container

ABSTRACT To achieve impact load resistance for the marine container, the paper designs a novel vibration isolation system. The dynamic characteristics of the system are experimentally investigated to verify the mathematical model. Based on the model, the vibration isolation rate is predicted under different conditions and its sensitivity to different influencing factors is investigated. The system is optimally designed for multiple parameters using adaptive particle swarm optimization (APSO). The results show that the vibration isolation system temporarily enters the pressure building displacement stage which does not affect the properties of the system. The model calculations coincide with the test results by more than 97%, except for the pressure building displacement stage. The predictions of vibration isolation rate are more than 80% and the sensitivity to excitation direction, load mass, system frequency and damping ratio is significant. The optimal system can meet the design requirements of engineering applications.

Comparative assessment of simple and detailed energy performance models for urban energy modelling based on digital twin and statistical typology database for the renovation of existing building stock

The renovation wave calls for an integrated, participatory, and neighbourhood to neighbourhood approach tailored to the local environments. This can be hindered by the lack of geometric and performance input data about the existing building stock. A parametric digital urban building energy modelling (UBEM) tool was developed for local municipalities to automate calculations for comprehensive renovation strategies utilizing public databases specifically at the neighbourhood level. This article compares the accuracy of two energy performance calculation models (seasonal heat balance method and hourly resistance–capacitance method) used within the tool to detailed energy simulation software and measured energy consumption data of existing group of residential buildings in a same neighbourhood. The accuracy for estimating the total primary energy demand was roughly below 10 % for both simplified models. The seasonal calculation method showed consistent overestimation of space heating, depending on building characteristics. Solar and internal heat gains significantly affect the accuracy of simplified heat balance calculations, particularly in well-insulated buildings, while the more detailed 5R1C lumped capacitance hourly method provides improved accuracy for space heating demand. The comparison of uniform (proportional) and project based window area distribution used in the calculation models showed only marginal difference. The study validated simple seasonal and 5R1C hourly calculation methods using data from an apartment building neighbourhood with 22 apartment buildings. Despite larger deviations in the case of individual buildings, the average deviation from measured heating demand was only around 3 %, the seasonal method slightly overestimating and the 5R1C hourly method slightly underestimating the measured values. The primary energy demand including typical values of domestic hot water and household electricity was overestimated by both simplified methods due to lower electricity and water consumption in reality although the difference was below 7 % for the entire district. This concludes that pooling the building envelope heat loss calculation on a district level improves accuracy on average allowing better assessment of comparative renovation strategies.

Determination of a normal orogenic palaeo-geothermal gradient with clay mineral and organic matter indices: a review

A collection of large data sets from different orogenic belts was compiled for a correlation between organic matter (OM) versus clay mineral (CM) indices calibrated with the vitrinite reflectance, (VR) vs Kübler-Indices (KI) method. Data selection was based on a normal geothermal gradient (25 to 35 °C/km) as determined in previous studies, e.g. by maturity modelling and clay mineral reaction progress calculations. In the Lower Austroalpine (Eastern Switzerland, European Alps) a 20 myr lasting metamorphic overprint caused an OM–CM thermal equilibrium among the indices used. The observed correlation enables to determine gradual changes in metamorphic factors such as pressure, temperature and time causing sensitive shifts of the gradient slope in the range of normal gradients. For New Caledonia, an identical correlation has been determined. Prior to re-equilibration of the VR/KI indices, sediments in New Caledonia of diagenetic to incipient metamorphic grade underwent a high-pressure subduction event. VR/KI indices are in or close to equilibrium, while slight differences in OM vs CM indices allow for a better understanding of polyphase conditions, especially with respect to pressure. Temperature estimations are identical despite of their poly-phase metamorphic history, which was mainly controlled by the last orogenic thermal event lasting > 5 to < 10 myr. In the eastern Helvetic Alps and Northern Calcareous Alps similar correlations were found with slightly different slopes. Comparison between different regions is possible when using KI standardization and same data discrimination. In both parts of the Alps a complex thermal history of short durations (< 5.0 myr for the Northern Calcareous Alps to 10 myr for the Helvetic Alps) caused similar VR/KI trends, but disequilibrium is suggested by weaker regression parameters. The following correlation is calculated for a moderate geotherm (55 to 74 mWm2, mean = 61 mWm2) and normal temperature gradient conditions (25 to 35 °Ckm−1): KI = 1.134e−0.305VR, (R2 = 0.880, n = 462) with VR given as %Rmax, KI as Δ°2θ (limited to values between 0.2 to 1.0 Δ°2θ). With increasing depth (z) a VR gradient of 1.4 ± 0.2%Rmaxkm−1 is determined and a KI gradient of 0.09 ± 0.002 Δ°2θ km−1 is observed. The study illustrates that a normal geotherm can be described by VR/KI correlation, even if different heating episodes may occur. For the detection of a poly-phase or plurifacial thermal history, several indices of clay minerals and organic matter with very different kinetics should be used, as e.g. demonstrated by strong differences in smectite content at equal VR/KI values versus structural depth. A specific interest is given to the correlation of vitrinite like solid bitumen reflectance as an alternative method to VR, the persistent preservation of liptinite macerals and the stability range of clay minerals and sub-greenschist facies critical minerals compared with VR/KI data. Until now, despite the Alps in this study, systematic liptinite maceral studies have not been published in other orogenic settings.

Water Vapor Adsorption-Desorption Hysteresis Due to Clustering of Water on Nonporous Surfaces.

Water vapor is continuously adsorbed onto and desorbed from all kinds of surfaces depending on changes in relative humidity. Adsorption-desorption hysteresis of water that occurs on various nonporous surfaces and extends down to low relative humidities has been reported for decades, but remains unexplained. Here we show experimentally that such hysteresis is a common phenomenon on metal oxide and mineral surfaces and can be divided into two distinct categories based on the wettability of the adsorbent surface. Type I hysteresis occurs on more hydrophobic surfaces and is associated with adsorption isotherms that behave rather linearly as water saturation is approached, whereas type II hysteresis occurs on more hydrophilic surfaces and is associated with adsorption isotherms that curve steeply upward close to saturation. Our model calculations strongly indicate that adsorption in both types occurs cluster-wise, and the type I hysteresis is caused by contact angle hysteresis, while type II hysteresis is associated with film formation close to saturation. The understanding of water vapor adsorption and desorption mechanisms may be key for explaining and quantifying physical and chemical interfacial phenomena in atmospheric and industrial environments.

Disaster mechanism of large-diameter shield tunnel segments under multi-source load coupling: A case study

The deflection squeezing of the shield shell and the eccentric jack thrust significantly impact the segment dislocation and damage. Based on summarizing the derivative relationship between engineering factors and disasters, this study established a 3D numerical calculation model under the multi-source load coupling. Then, this study explored the displacement and dislocation distribution of segments, as well as their derivative relationship with bolt failure. Furthermore, this study analyzed the spatial distribution and evolution characteristics of segment damage. Further revealing the disaster mechanism and proposing the engineering treatment measures. The research results indicate that as the deflection angle increases, the vertical relative compression deformation of the segment that is detaching from the shield tail (segment-DFST) becomes more significant. The plastic strain of the internal bolts inside the two segments in direct contact with the shield shell is mainly related to the radial and longitudinal dislocation. The increase in the deflection angle will lead to a more significant increase in the adjacent dislocation on both sides and the internal dislocation. The plastic strain of the internal bolts of the segment that is completely in the shield shell (segment-CSS) is more influenced by joint opening and longitudinal dislocation under the lower eccentric compression (LEC) state. The plastic strain of the internal bolts in segment-DFST is more influenced by radial dislocation and joint opening under the LEC state. The tension damage of the segments mainly occurs on both sides of the circumferential joint and the lower part of the segment-CSS. The compression damage of the segments is mainly distributed at the top and bottom of the segment-CSS. The eccentric distribution of jack thrust has the most significant impact on the block damage of the lower part of the segment-CSS. With the increase of the deflection angle, the compression damage and distribution range of the blocks at the bottom of the segment-DFST increase sharply. The compression damage and distribution range of the segment-CSS gradually spread from the upper and lower parts to the middle of the segment. The increase in deflection angle will promote the influence of the thrust in LEC state on the compression damage of the lower block of the segment-CSS, and on the tension damage of the upper block of the segment- DFST.

Experimental and numerical study of a hinged floating bridge under waves and moving loads

ABSTRACT As an important means of water transportation, floating bridges have broad application prospects. In this paper, a numerical calculation model of the floating bridge considering the combined actions of waves and moving loads is established based on the potential flow theory, and model tests are carried out to verify the accuracy of the numerical method. The effects of motorcade loads and wave parameters on the dynamic responses of the floating bridge were further investigated. The results show that the larger vertical displacements of the floating bridge are affected by both the increase in the number of vehicles and the decrease in vehicle distances. The wave frequency and wave amplitude ranges dominated by the waves and vehicle loads were provided. The extreme dynamic responses of the hinged floating bridge under the combined effect of the waves and moving loads are less than the linear superposition of the individual effect.

Future Climate Projections and Uncertainty Evaluations for Frost Decay Exposure Index in Norway

To implement the geographical and future climate adaptation of building moisture design for building projects, practitioners need efficient tools, such as precalculated climate indices to assess climate loads. Among them, the Frost Decay Exposure Index (FDEI) describes the risk of freezing damage for clay bricks in facades. Previously, the FDEI has been calculated for 12 locations in Norway using 1961–1990 measurements. The purpose of this study is both updating the FDEI values with new climate data and future scenarios and assessing how such indices may be suitable as a climate adaptation tool in building moisture safety design. The validity of FDEI as an expression of frost decay potential is outside the scope of this study. Historical data from the last normal period as well as future estimated climate data based on 10 different climate models forced by two emission scenarios (representative concentration pathways 4.5 and 8.5) have been analyzed. The results indicate an overall decline in FDEI values on average, due to increased winter temperatures leading to fewer freezing events. Further, the variability between climate models and scenarios necessitates explicit uncertainty evaluations, as single climate model calculations may result in misleading conclusions due to high variability between models.