Defense Mobilization Research Articles

O Sofrimento Ético-Político e a Reforma Sanitária Brasileira: Algumas Considerações Sobre os Trabalhadores de uma Unidade de Saúde da Família

This article has had the objective of raising some consideration about ethical-political suffering of workers of a family health program in their work process. The research was developed in a Family Health Unit (FHU) in Joao Pessoa, PB (Brazil). Under the perspective of a qualitative methodology, interviews and focal groups were conducted with workers, in addition to participating observation at their working place in the FHU. In order to achieve the research aims, data collected were analyzed according to Minayo’s operative proposal on dialectic hermeneutics. In that proposal, data must be interpreted in view of comprehending their expressive meaning and historical determination, therefore adding the communicative capacity of hermeneutics to the critical capacity of dialectic. Results have shown workers’ impotency towards user’s care as the emblematic struggle of the research, occasioned by the precarious work conditions. In order to get over the precarious situation, workers find palliative alternatives to make the care of users become a possibility. This study has pointed out that the critical potential of the ethical-political suffering is found dug under an immediate and assistance moral duty. At last, the critical aspect of the ethical-political suffering is brought back as an important factor for social mobilization in defense of the Brazilian sanitary reform. DESCRIPTORS: Health Policy. Family Health Program. Occupational Health.

Democracy, State, and Industry

Brazilian industrial entrepreneurs have shown a high degree of mobilization and political activity in defense of their specific interests since the beginning of Brazilian industrial capitalist development. They have been characterized by pragmatism, support of different governments and political regimes (dictatorships or democracies), and adaptation to the political instability typical of the country from the proclamation of the Republic until the mid-1980s. For almost half a century they have played a prominent role in sustaining the different phases of national developmentalism by joining diverse political coalitions that upheld the industrial order. The past 10 years have been marked by an important reversal of this pattern that is essentially political: the socialization of entrepreneurs in democratic values, rules, and practices. A thread of continuity is represented by an ideological pragmatism characterized by successive adaptations to positions more or less aligned with a more active role for the state.

Interoceptive threat leads to defensive mobilization in highly anxiety sensitive persons

To study defensive mobilization elicited by the exposure to interoceptive arousal sensations, we exposed highly anxiety sensitive students to a symptom provocation task. Symptom reports, autonomic arousal, and the startle eyeblink response were monitored during guided hyperventilation and a recovery period in 26 highly anxiety sensitive persons and 22 controls. Normoventilation was used as a non-provocative comparison condition. Hyperventilation led to autonomic arousal and a marked increase in somatic symptoms. While high and low anxiety sensitive persons did not differ in their defensive activation during hyperventilation, group differences were detected during early recovery. Highly anxiety sensitive students exhibited a potentiation of startle response magnitudes and increased autonomic arousal after hyper- as compared to after normoventilation, indicating defensive mobilization evoked by the prolonged presence of feared somatic sensations.

Why Foreign Fighters?: Historical Perspectives and Solutions

Insurgencies that recruit foreign nationals to join rebel groups in various civil wars around the globe are a source of growing concern to policymakers. Despite attention focused on recent Islamist groups, foreign fighters are a phenomenon that is neither new nor uniquely Islamic. In conflicts from the Spanish Civil War to the Afghanistan War, insurgencies consistently recruited foreigners by framing the local war as one that threatened a shared transnational identity group and necessitated a defensive mobilization. It is therefore possible to draw lessons about combating their flow through counter-recruitment from a wide array of historical cases.

Defensive Mobilization: Popular Movements against Economic Adjustment Policies in Latin America

In the current wave of defensive collective action across Latin America in response to neoliberal globalization, working-class groups appear most frequently in the documented protest events. The new wave of popular movement activity emerged in the region in the late 1990s and early twenty-first century and is driven by the erosion of the economic and social benefits previously available to the popular classes during the period of state-led development.

Radio's New Deal: The NRA and U.S. Broadcasting, 1933–1935

This article describes the process of establishing the National Recovery Administration (NRA) codes in U.S. broadcasting beginning in January 1933. The National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) fortified its dominant position in shaping federal broadcast oversight during the first New Deal period (1933–1935). As it championed economic recovery efforts, the NAB largely favored President Roosevelt, a long-time supporter of radio broadcasting. Radio industry control through 1935 continued to tilt toward national broadcasters over lower-power station owners as it became clear that the medium could serve as the most efficient means for a U.S. political, economic, and/or defense mobilization.

The social life of ruins: sites of memory and the politics of a Zimbabwean periphery

This article explores conflicts over a series of ruins located within Zimbabwe's flagship National Park. The relics have long been regarded as sacred places by local African communities evicted from their vicinity, and have come to be seen as their ethnic heritage. Local intellectuals' promotion of this heritage was an important aspect of a defensive mobilization of cultural difference on the part of a marginalized minority group. I explore both indigenous and colonial ideas about the ruins, the different social movements with which they have been associated and the changing social life they have given the stone relics. Although African and European ideas sometimes came into violent confrontation – as in the context of colonial era evictions – there were also mutual influences in emergent ideas about tribe, heritage and history. The article engages with Pierre Nora's notion of ‘sites of memory’, which has usefully drawn attention to the way in which ideas of the past are rooted and reproduced in representations of particular places. But it criticizes Nora's tendency to romanticize pre-modern ‘memory’, suppress narrative and depoliticize traditional connections with the past. Thus, the article highlights the historicity of traditional means of relating to the past, highlighting the often bitter and divisive politics of traditional ritual, myth, kinship, descent and ‘being first’. It also emphasizes the entanglement of modern and traditional ideas, inadequately captured by Nora's implied opposition between history and memory.

Children’s Vocal Properties as Mobilizers of Stress-Related Physiological Responses in Adults

We measured the ways that women with varying degrees of perceived power respond physiologically to children’s elevated vocal pitch (F0 : fundamental frequency), a social dependence/immaturity cue. Listeners believed either that they would provide instructions or make judgments about the children they heard. As predicted, women with low perceived power in caregiving relationships (i.e., who attributed greater power to children than to self) were highly reactive to children’s pitch properties—in particular, when they anticipated providing instructions. When expecting to provide instructions to children with higher F0 voices, women with low perceived power showed elevations in cortisol levels and heart rate (consistent with defensive mobilization for threat). In all other pairings of women and children, cortisol and heart rate levels held relatively constant or declined. In addition, women with low perceived power showed better recall of messages from children with higher F0 voices than lower F0 voices. Implications are drawn for interaction patterns that foster caregiving stress and conflict.

Beating Plowshares Into Swords: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1606-1865 (review)

BOOK REVIEWS73 of 1 846 to 1 848. His study treats both regular and volunteer organizations, general officers and privates, to find that the army was truly reflective of its time. In the tradition of Bell I. Wiley, Winders explores the everyday life of the common soldier, revealing predictable complaints of arduous marches, bad food, and periods of relentless boredom. Officers expressed similar complaints. Throughout the war regulars displayed open contempt for volunteers, while volunteers had little regard for the professionals, especially West Pointers. Perhaps not so predictable, as Winders observes, was that many soldiers exhibited a keen political awareness. And this was a most political war. Whig critics condemned it as further evidence of Jacksonian expansionism, an effort to secure new lands for slavery. Democrats saw it, among other things, as a path to continued political dominance in the United States. The war gave President James K. Polk the opportunity to appoint loyal or influential Democrats as volunteer generals, and the rivalry between Whigs and Democrats became a major aspect of the war. But military victory in Mexico and the addition of vast lands to the United States, as it turned out, failed the Democrats at the ballot box in 1 848, when Polk's nemesis , Zachary Taylor, won the presidency for the Whigs. Winders ably describes the development of an American military establishment during a time of intense political turmoil and how it reflected the era. His command of the subject and its source material is most impressive; interested scholars should find his notes and bibliography of great value. Also highly useful are numerous tables and illustrations. For its relative brevity, this is a remarkably comprehensive book. In a clear and concise fashion, Winders manages to include a wealth of information. His lively narrative and eye for the entertaining should appeal to specialists and general readers alike. Mr. Polk'sArmy captures the MexicanWar's considerable uniqueness and affords its American participants an identity of their own. This is a major contribution to Mexican War and U.S. military historiography. David Coffey Texas Christian University Beating Plowshares Into Swords: The Political Economy ofAmerican Warfare, 1606-1865. By Paul A. C. Koistinen. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996. Pp. xi, 376. $39.95) For years, scholars have written about wars and, in particular, America's way of waging wars, but rarely have scholars studied the way the United States mobilized itself for war. Paul A. C. Koistinen tackles this topic in the first of an ambitious five-volume study that analyzes the political economy of war. According to the author's Preface, the volume attempts to "demonstrate the impact ofthe political economy of warfare upon domestic life and what economic mobilization for defense and war reveals about the nature and operations of society" (xiii). 74CIVIL WAR HISTORY Koistinen divides his book into two parts. Part I discusses what he terms the "pre-industrial phase" of warfare. The American Revolution is the focus of this section. For Koistinen, the mobilization for the American Revolution was the most complex in American history because "the process of warfare created the nation" (? i). The Mexican War, and especially the American Civil War, represent the transitional phase between the preindustrial and industrial stages ofwar mobilization. Although the title indicates that the volume begins with the colonial era, the book, in fact, starts with the Revolution. But the main focus is on the Civil War period. Indeed, the author devotes six of his ten chapters to the mobilization efforts, both military and civilian, ofthe Union and the Confederacy. Koistinen's argument is not particularly new or revisionist. Rather, he has synthesized an enormous amount of literature on war mobilization. For example, his coverage of Confederate mobilization echoes the work of Richard Goff, Robert C. Black III, and Douglas Ball. Although he states in his notes that he utilized primary sources extensively, the citations are composed overwhelmingly of secondary literature. Still, those notes are invaluable, for they approximate a bibliographic essay (in the absence of a comprehensive bibliography). Koistinen states that his research interests he in the twentieth century and that he views nineteenth-century warfare and its political economy from a twentiethcentury perspective. That bias is...

Into the Wound: The Psychic Healing of Abused Children

Referred to as "soul murder," sexual abuse affects deeply the developing psyche of the young child and is reflected in their artwork. Based upon dissertation research and clinical material, the sandplay process of two boys, ages 9 and 10, who were sexually abused by their fathers is presented. A major focus is on specific disturbances expressed in their creative play that include a loss of humanity and sense of isolation from the community, mobilization of defenses, ego fragmentation and dissociation, and repetitive self-destruction. These expressions were continuously acted out into their 12-tray process until a level of the Self was portrayed that suggests a releasing of a constellation of its archaic or dark side. Then, through the release of this suffering darkness, in both cases, spiritual tray and opening to the divine was created. How it resulted for each boy in the end, however, depended upon the emotional involvement of their mothers.

Criteria for Planning the Transition to Lower Defense Spending

Expected cuts in defense spending will not constitute a large enough portion of gross national product to have significant effects on the U.S. economy. Nevertheless, the United States has invested vast resources in developing human and physical capital for military production. If defense requirements, military personnel, and industrial capacity shift rapidly to nondefense work, it will be difficult for them to move back quickly to the military sector, and, therefore, the defense mobilization base will have been weakened, if not destroyed. The transition should be planned in order to maintain an adequate mobilization and surge capability and to ensure that research and development do not atrophy.

Sleep disturbances in HIV-infected homosexual men

To provide a better understanding of the etiology of subjective sleep complaints in HIV-infected individuals, a study to evaluate sleep/wake disturbances in 10 healthy HIV-infected male volunteers was performed. All subjects were HIV-infected but had no history of AIDS-related infections, and considered clinically asymptomatic. Interviews and sleep questionnaires revealed sleep complaints in nine subjects. Five healthy HIV-seronegative male subjects, with no history of sleep complaints, were also evaluated. Sleep architecture analyses detected that, in comparison to published normative data and to negative controls, there was a significant increase in the total percentage of slow wave sleep (SWS) and an increase in the percentage of SWS in the later sleep cycles. When compared with normative data, an increase in stage 1 shifts, rapid eye movement (REM) periods, and arousals were also observed in the HIV-infected group. Significant decreases in sleep latency, total percentage stage 2 sleep, and average REM durations were also observed in the HIV-infected group compared with normative data. These sleep architecture abnormalities could not be attributed to known sole primary sleep disorders, first night effect, medications, anxiety or depression. This study indicates that sleep disturbances occur early in the course of HIV infection and suggests that the observed alterations of sleep physiology may be a consequence of central nervous system involvement and/or immune defense mobilization in the early phases of HIV infection.

Science and Technology Advice to the President, Congress, and Judiciary ed. by William T. Golden

technology and culture Book Reviews 501 for the details of his chronology; and, if often dull, it is shrewd and tenacious nevertheless. Laurence Veysey Dr. Veysey retired as professor of history at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and now lives in Hawaii. Science and Technology Advice to the President, Congress, andJudiciary. Edited by William T. Golden. Elmsford, N.Y.: Pergamon Press, 1988. Pp. xv+ 523; notes, appendixes, index. $49.95 (cloth); $24.95 (paper). Some forty-five years ago, President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked his wartime research and development chief, Vannevar Bush, for ad­ vice about the postwar years: What should the relationship of the government to science and technology be once the war ended? Ever since it was first stated, that query has surfaced periodically. Many answers have been formulated, including Bush’s 1945 report, Science— the Endless Frontier. One part of the answer has been the establishment of federal agencies, such as the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health, to provide financial support for research in science, engineering, and medicine. Another response has been the establishment, disestablishment, and reestablishment in one form or another of an advisory mechanism to the president for science and technology. The editor of this volume, William T. Golden, who at the start of the Korean War in 1950 was called in as a special consultant to Pres­ ident Truman on this subject, was himself the author of an early study in this field. Entitled “Government Military-Scientific Research: A Review for the President of the United States, 1950—51,” this 432page document unfortunately remains unpublished. However, Gold­ en’s report led to the appointment of Oliver Buckley from the Bell Laboratories as the first presidential science adviser, a post that, until the launching ofSputnik seven years later, was located within the Office of Defense Mobilization. Golden has retained an active interest in science and technology advice at the presidential level. In 1980, he edited the volume Science Advice to the President that contained contributions by twenty-three authors, including the eight individuals who had held the science adviser post up to that time. In the present volume, Golden has brought together no less than eighty-three writers plus interviews with three other distinguished scientists (Frank Press, I. I. Rabi, and George Kistiakowski). He has also expanded the scope to include science and technology advice to the Congress and the judiciary. The result is a 500-page volume of essays ranging in length from two to twenty-two pages. Former Reagan science adviser George Key- 502 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE worth weighs in with the longest piece, while his successor William Graham contributes two pages. Harvey Brooks and Jerome Wiesner each contribute essays of thirteen pages, while Solomon Buchsbaum, Norman Hackerman, and Robert Rosenszweig limit their discussions to two pages. The typical piece runs four or five pages. Contributors in that range include, for example, David Hamburg, Richard Garwin, Walter Massey, Simon Ramo, Alvin Trivelpiece, and John Gibbons. President Ford and seven present and former members of Congress, including Robert Roe, John Kerry, and E. Q. Daddario, also have made significant contributions. What is one to make of such a many-faceted and diverse group of contributions? Golden opens with a concise statement of his own in­ tent: “'Phis book has a purpose. It aims to attract attention to the necessity for quality advice on science and technology issues to the President of the United States. . . .And it aims to stimulate discussion, and to encourage action” (p. 1). Underlying that rather direct state­ ment is the belief by many in the scientific community that in the Reagan administration, especially during the second term, science and technology have not had the high-level visibility that they had in the Eisenhower and Kennedy years, and to a lesser extent in the Ford and Garter years. President Nixon’s decision to abolish the President’s Science Advisory Committee in 1971 was a serious mistake, it is widely felt, and the time has come, with a new administration about to take office, to bring a committee of the best minds from science and tech­ nology back into the White House reporting directly to...

Toward a U.S. national security strategy for the 1990s: Assuring 21st. Century competitiveness

Abstract Contrary to what 1980s trends appear to suggest, U.S. policy makers in the next decade will confront a daunting national security challenge, having to make critical choices over the distribution of national resources and defense sector investment policies. In a period of unusual constraints on national resources, the U.S. will have to engineer a strategy that revitalizes its economy while managing an uncertain Soviet threat with fewer resources devoted to defense. Failure to navigate this course could lead to a weakening of the U.S.’s defense mobilization base and a retreat from global security objectives by the beginning of the next century, an especially alarming result since the stakes involved in this coming test of American skill and resolve will have been raised by a looming transcentury weapons revolution that heightens the potential for destabilizing strategic asymmetries. How well the U.S. meets this test will strongly influence its competitiveness in the transcentury security environment.

ARTHUR FLEMMING'S LEADERSHIP AND STYLE

This paper was not developed from objective research about leadership behavior. Given the author's long association with Arthur Flemming, no claim is made for objectivity, and many of the observations presented are admittedly subjective. Trained in the law, Mr. Flemming was a churchman, university president, and Director of Defense Mobilization. At various times during his distinguished career he was civil service commissioner and U.S. Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare. This paper discusses the personal characteristics and leadership techniques that empowered Arthur Flemming to effectively assume the roles of Chairman of the U.S. Civil Rights Commission and U.S. Commissioner on Aging. Based on the author's experiences as policymaker and administrator, comments and insights are offered about the leadership and style of Arthur Flemming.

A Unified Approach to Existing Models of Adaptation to Disability: Part I - A Model Adaptation

A review of existing stage models of psychosocial adaptation to physical disability suggested that these models may be incorporated into a unified model consisting of five broad stages. The five delineated stages are as follows: I. Initial impact - shock and anxiety; II. Defense mobilization - bargaining and denial; III. Initial realization - mourning, depression and internalized anger; IV. Retaliation - externalized aggression; and V. Reintegration - acknowledgement, acceptance and final adjustment. Each of the suggested stages is further described as to its identifying defense mechanisms; affective, cognitive and behavioral correlates; and the direction assumed by the mastered energies. The paper concludes with a comparison of the present model to several existing psychodynamic theories.

The U.S. Defense Mobilization Infrastructure

The U.S. Defense Mobilization Infrastructure

U.S. Defense Mobilization Infrastructure

U.S. Defense Mobilization Infrastructure

Obsolescence, Declining Productivity, and the American Defense Mobilization Infrastructure

Numerous problems affect the mobilization capability of U.S. defense industry. These include legal requirements; the recent growth in lead times—perhaps the most meaningful indicator of defense industry responsiveness—and factors which determine this responsiveness, such as the adequacy of raw material supplies, investment in new processes and technologies, machine-tool industry capacity, availability of subcontractors, contractor productivity, and requirements imposed by socioeconomic policies. Mobilization capability is not a static phenomenon: it can either improve or deteriorate. Efforts to improve mobilization capability will also increase the efficiency of defense industry and its ability to meet near-term demands; failure to address these problems over the near term will result in continued deterioration of industry mobilization capability and responsiveness to short-term as well as long-range needs.

Defense and Mass Mobilization in Romania

Defense and Mass Mobilization in Romania