Mobility In Italy Research Articles

Ethnic penalty and occupational mobility in the Italian labour market

The article examines the occupational mobility of immigrants in Italy in a double perspective. First, this work compares immigrants and natives in order to understand whether, and to what extent, in a country characterized overall by low social mobility, natives and migrants have the same chances for improving their social position, or the latter are disadvantaged on an ethnic basis that affects their career (research question 1). Then, the article investigates what are the factors (referring to immigrants’ human capital, socio-cultural assimilation process and ethnic network) fostering occupational mobility among immigrants (research question 2). We conduct an ordinary least squares analysis on microdata from two retrospective cross-sectional surveys, for natives and migrants, with the same sample design, questionnaire structure and variable classification, thereby allowing the comparison of results. The empirical findings confirm that intra-generational occupational mobility in Italy is overall very limited but that geographical origin is a significant factor influencing upward mobility. Thus, the existence of an ethnic penalty is confirmed. Furthermore, among migrants, high human capital improves (short-range) upward mobility, while the socio-cultural assimilation process only partly leads to economic assimilation. Conversely, the recourse to the ethnic network acts as a trap in low-qualified occupational careers, hindering an improvement of socio-economic position.

The ‘puzzle’ of workers’ mobility in Italy

In Italy, workers’ mobility is a very complicated puzzle that is composed of different pieces. This paper deals with such different pieces under the perspective of workers' mobility within the European Union and highlights that the term mobility is not a synonym of posting (of workers), since the latter term indicates only one of the types (although the most relevant) of workers’ mobility. The author starts with workers’ mobility within the national border and beyond the European Union. Then, he concentrates his attention on the Italian way of transposing the EU Directives on the transnational posting of workers, which is very problematic, especially with reference to the role of collective bargaining agreements. Special attention is dedicated to the issue of public policy where an important role is played by Italian case law, which is very interesting and not uniform. The paper ends with some predictions about the forthcoming Italian legislation concerning both national and transnational mobility, which will be possibly influenced by the domestic political agenda.

Perspectives on Electrification for the Automotive Sector: A Critical Review of Average Daily Distances by Light-Duty Vehicles, Required Range, and Economic Outcomes

This paper aims at providing a multisource data analysis, including direct data collection, focussed on daily average distances covered with motorized mobility. Its results can be used as a basis for policies involving a shift towards new propulsions, electric motors or hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) for road vehicles. A number of variables influence the propensity of drivers to use electric traction, even the option of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). This paper addresses one of these variables: the compliancy of electric traction—regarding both hybrid plug-in solutions and full-electric vehicles, in addition to the autonomy of batteries (range)—with the daily travels by road vehicles, mainly by automobiles. We want to understand whether the constraints leading towards a greater independence from crude oil rather than constraints concerning emissions, mainly in urban contexts, might be compliant with the habitual daily trips of drivers. We also want to understand if these daily trips have varied much during recent years and the consequences they may have on operational costs of plug-in automobiles. After introducing a general overview of road-motorized mobility in Italy, the paper compares data from other studies to provide an indication of average daily driving distances. This reveals how different recent analyses converge on a limited range of average road distances covered daily by Italians, which is compliant with ranges allowed by electric batteries, provided that their low energy density in comparison with that of oil-derived fuels do not arrive to imply a significant increase in vehicle mass. Subsequently, average distances in some EU countries are taken from the literature, and the results are also compared with U.S. data. The study extends the analysis of trends on the use of automobiles and road-vehicles to the international context by also addressing average daily distances covered for freight transport in some EU countries, thereby providing a further basis for comparison and for understanding whether the daily motorized mobility can be considered as a stable phenomenon. Finally, an analysis is provided of the economic operational advantages from using plug-in vehicles.

Student mobility in Italy: The increasing role of family background during the expansion of higher education supply

Student mobility is a significant component of Italian internal migration patterns, but its role in preserving or dismantling social inequalities is still largely under-investigated, especially when considering parental background—that is, the educational, occupational and social statuses of the parents. This paper has two aims. First, by analysing the effect of parental background on children’s decision to move to northern regions for tertiary education, it examines the selectivity into student internal geographical mobility in Italy and discusses it in terms of possible social mobility pathways. Second, the paper adopts a diachronic perspective to evaluate if the relationship between geographical mobility and family background persisted over the years 1995–2011, a period characterized by crucial changes in the tertiary education system in Italy. We applied multinomial logit regression to a repeated cross-section of Istat’s Survey on Educational and Professional Paths of Upper Secondary School Graduates. The findings highlight that student mobility in Italy is characterized by a positive self-selection in terms of family background—especially explained by parental education—which has increased over time despite the proliferation of degrees and university branches across the country resulting from the local university reform.

Moving for Cures: Breast Cancer and Mobility in Italy

ABSTRACTI combine the theoretical tools of medical anthropology and the framework of mobility studies to explore the intranational movements of women with breast cancer from Southern and Northern Italy. Differences include patients’ technical and moral evaluations of doctors, that influence the patients’ definitions of cure and illness experiences through their mobility and immobility. These (im)mobilities are, in turn, linked to the material and symbolic inequalities between Southern and Northern Italy and to the stigma attached to the south. These (im)mobilities suggest the need to further articulate the concept of cure.

Cities as Drivers of Social Mobility

Intergenerational mobility refers to children moving up from the social class position held by their parents. Previous studies indicate family background as one of the major determinants of socioeconomic mobility and, in general, of individual life chances. This paper extends the standard approach to measure intergenerational social mobility by examining the role of cities where offspring grew up. The idea is that cities can provide resources and opportunities able to increase the chance of employment and status attainment. We assess intergenerational mobility in Italy, the most immobile country in Europe together with Greece and Portugal. We use a data survey provided by the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), which provides information on the individual-level track of Italian students’ life path from high school to occupation. We merge these data with city-level data on economic conditions, human capital, and social capital. We distinguish between students who attended university in the same province where they presumably grew up and those who migrated to another province for higher education. This allows us to test whether migration affects the shift in occupation type and, if so, which characteristics of cities enhance upward mobility.

'And Yet, it Moves': Intergenerational Mobility in Italy

We link tax returns across two generations to provide the first estimate of intergenerational mobility in Italy based on administrative income data. Italy emerges as less immobile than previously depicted by studies using proxies for economic status or survey data with imputation procedures. This conclusion is robust with respect to a number of concerns, both standard when using administrative data and specific to our sample. A 10 percentile increase in parental income is associated with a percentile increase in child income between 2.5 and 3. The expected rank of children born from parents with income below the median is around 0.43. Upward mobility is higher for sons, first-born children, children of self-employed parents, and for those who migrate once adults. We uncover substantial geographical variation in the degree of upward mobility. Provinces in Northern Italy, the richest area of the country, display levels three times as large as those in the South. This regional variation is strongly correlated with local labor market conditions, indicators of family instability, and school quality.

Individual skills and student mobility in Italy: a regional perspective

ABSTRACTInvestigating how qualified human capital is spatially redistributed within a country, and what drives such process in the first place, is essential to understand which regions benefit from its concentration in terms of enhanced productivity and potential for growth. Applying structural equations modelling to the Italian National Institute of Statistics’ (ISTAT) Survey on Educational and Professional Paths of Upper Secondary School Graduates 2011, this paper evaluates the relationship between the propensity to experience interregional student mobility and individual skills in Italy. Findings confirm that the positive link between the two holds also controlling for family background and the characteristics of the region of origin.

Ageing and private transport fuel expenditure: Do generations matter?

An ageing population is generally associated with decreasing private transport-related energy demand. However, we hold that besides this pure age effect other cultural elements should be considered in order to understand and forecast energy-related choices. Individuals react to the pressure of several factors that define the concept of energy culture (Stephenson et al., 2015), among which are sociodemographic and economic transformations and changes in lifestyle and pro-environmental attitudes. In this paper, we analyse the use of fuels for private mobility in Italy. In our view, this case is particularly interesting because of the country's very high car and motorcycle ownership rates and the very fast ageing of its population. Because of this demographic shift, various generations coexist and a relevant share of the elderly population are still driving a car. We use several waves of the Italian Household Budget Survey to run a double-hurdle model augmented by age and cohort effects. According to our estimates, baby boomers exhibit a positive cohort effect, so that their transport fuel expenditure is significantly higher compared with younger generations. We interpret this result as a confirmation of evolving generational energy culture towards a sustainable transport system, speeding up the decarbonisation process.

The occupational (im)mobility of migrants in Italy

ABSTRACTMigrants usually experience a downward mobility in their host country’s economy and are over-represented among lower status jobs. The present study contributes to the knowledge on migrant occupation mobility in Italy, assuming a longitudinal perspective and focusing on two aspects: first, the entry of migrants into the Italian labour market and, second, the working trajectories of migrants in Italy, reflecting the role of the first step in determining the following trajectory and migrants’ strategies.

Local government's contribution to low carbon mobility transitions

An important area of urban sustainability planning refers to the reduction of environmental impacts. Transport sector is one of the main contributors of these impacts due to its role in air pollution, greenhouse gases and CO2 emissions. Effective actions are needed to limit the environmental impacts of transport activities. Transition studies focus on these types of actions and plans. The role of local authorities as the closest level of government to the citizens in managing transition process is highlighted because they can better understand, inform, and guide local inhabitants, businesses and industries for achieving sustainability targets.The paper aims at assessing the efforts of local public authorities in transition toward low carbon mobility in Italy. To achieve this aim a mixed method analysis was applied. First, the analysis of qualitative data obtained from interviews with urban mobility stakeholders; used to design a framework for evaluating the role of local government in transition process. Then a quantitative analysis conducted on the data gathered through a questionnaire distributed to a sample of mobility managers (or transport responsible) in municipalities. The analyses provided a final framework showing how municipalities influence low carbon mobility transition process in Italy. In conclusion, municipalities’ strategies and plans have a direct effect on the final goals. These strategies are influenced by financial support and cooperative activities, while the level of cooperation is dependent on the attitudes of deciding authorities. The paper also discusses the need to identify challenges and impediments for sustainable urban mobility transitions which was highlighted by stakeholders but less valued by local authorities.

Immatricolazioni, Percorsi Accademici E Mobilitt Degli Studenti Italiani (Academic Enrolment, Careers and Student Mobility in Italy)

Italian Abstract: L’Italia ha pochi laureati nel confronto internazionale, perche piu bassa e la probabilita di avviare gli studi universitari e piu bassa e anche quella di completarli. Nell’ultimo decennio le immatricolazioni sono calate, nonostante la ripresa degli ultimi due anni. Vi ha pesato il venir meno di alcuni effetti della riforma del 3 2, che aveva alimentato un temporaneo aumento degli studenti con pregresse esperienze di lavoro, in Italia strutturalmente molto pochi. Il calo ha pero coinvolto anche i piu giovani, per i quali ha pesato soprattutto la debole dinamica demografica e l’aumento dell’incidenza dei giovani immigrati, i cui tassi di immatricolazione sono molto piu bassi della media. Si e tuttavia ridotta anche la propensione a proseguire gli studi dei giovani di nazionalita italiana: vi ha influito una serie di fattori collegati alla crisi economica, come il forte calo del reddito familiare, in concomitanza con una crescita del rapporto tra tasse universitarie e redditi medi e una riduzione del sostegno al diritto allo studio. Le immatricolazioni sono diminuite soprattutto negli atenei del Mezzogiorno, anche per un’accresciuta propensione tra gli immatricolati a spostarsi verso gli atenei del Nord, soprattutto tra gli studenti con una migliore preparazione di base e un piu solido supporto economico da parte della famiglia. Su tutto il territorio e pero aumentata la regolarita degli studi, con un miglioramento dei tempi di conseguimento del titolo. English Abstract: Italy has fewer graduates than most OECD countries, because of both a lower university enrollment rate and a modest completion rate. During the last decade, enrollment in tertiary education in Italy has fallen, despite a slight recovery over the last two years. The decline is partly due to the fading of the effects of the Bologna Process, which had led to a temporary increase in the number of students with prior work experience. The reduction in enrollment has also involved younger students, mainly as a consequence of weak demographic dynamics, only partly offset by an increase in immigrants, whose enrollment rates are however very low. Regardless of demographic trends, many students have decided not to enroll in tertiary education for reasons also related to the economic recession, including the sharp drop in household income, the increase in the tuition fees-to-income ratio and the reduction in grants. Enrollment has fallen more noticeably in Southern universities, also reflecting a greater propensity to migrate to the North. Nevertheless, on-time graduations have increased throughout the country and time-to-degree has decreased.

The role of the air transport service in interregional long-distance students’ mobility in Italy

This study investigates the role of air transport service in the attractiveness of universities to national students, examining how it might stimulate local economic development by attracting highly skilled labor. Examining the flow of Italian university students at the provincial level in 2003–2012, we find that the air transport service affects university attractiveness for long-distance students living at least 300km from their university. Specifically, accessibility increases with the proximity of universities to airports, when low-cost carriers serve university routes and more alternative airports exist at the origin. Further, our results suggest that, over the last decade, air transport service has facilitated mobility of long-distance students from southern areas to universities in the north of Italy, where students generally move to increase their future prospects.

Students Mobility: Assessing the Determinants of Attractiveness Across Competing Territorial Areas

A central question for education authorities has become “which factors make a territory attractive for tertiary students?” Tertiary education is recognised as one of the most important assets for the development of a territory, thus students’ mobility becomes a brain drain issue whenever there are prevalent areas that attract students from other territories. In this paper, we try to identify the most important factors that could affect student mobility in Italy. In doing that we analyse students’ flows across competing territorial areas which supply tertiary education programs. We will consider a wide range of determinants related to the socio-economic characteristics of the areas as well as resources of the universities in the territories in terms of variety and quantity of the degree programs there available, financial endowments provided by Central Government, and services available to students. The Bradley–Terry modelling approach based on pair comparisons has been adopted to define the attractiveness of competing territories and assess how much the detected divergences can be attributed to factors directly related to the considered characteristics of the universities in the territory and how much is ascribable to inherent characteristics of the areas where the universities are located such as the labour market conditions. Furthermore, the adopted approach allows us to consider uncertainty in defining territorial attractiveness and making comparisons. In this way, we would like to provide some evidences to assess if the rules currently used by the Central Government to finance public universities on the basis of their capabilities to attract students really reward the efforts made by the university system in the area to improve their standard of quality or, on the contrary, reward the territorial features.

Why Do They Move? Characteristics and Determinants of Internal Mobility in Italy

Why Do They Move? Characteristics and Determinants of Internal Mobility in Italy

Modern Greek student mobility in Italy: between inaccessibility and social reproduction

The main reason for the Greek student migration depends on the exclusion from the Greek university system. But this push factor does not exhaust the explanation for the Greek student mobility. By using the findings of a field study in Italy, this paper highlights that the acquisition of foreign educational credentials is considered as an attempt to obtain a more valuable form of education through mobility. Furthermore, it stresses the relationship between mobility and the accumulation of cultural capital through international education whereby the mobility of Greek students tends to create social reproduction in Greece.

Traveling for care: Inter-regional mobility for aortic valve substitution in Italy

Patient flows across the regions of the Italian National Health Service can shed light on patient mobility, including cross-border flows within the European Union. We used 2009 data on 11,531 NHS admissions for aortic valve replacement operations to measure the extent of inter-regional patient mobility and to determine whether resident and non-resident patients differ. We also investigated whether public and private hospitals behave differently in terms of attracting patients. For this major cardio-surgical intervention, patient mobility in Italy is substantial (13.6% of total admissions). Such mobility mainly involves patients moving from southern to northern regions, which often requires several hundred kilometers of travel and a transfer of financial resources from poorer to richer regions. Patients admitted in the regions where they reside are older than those admitted outside their regions (69.2 versus 65.6, p<0.0001), and stay in hospital approximately 0.7 days longer (14.7 versus 14.0, p=0.017). Compared to public hospitals, private hospitals are more likely to admit non-resident patients (OR between 2.1 and 4.4). The extent and direction of patients’ mobility raise equity concerns, as receiving care in locations that are distant from home requires substantial financial and relational resources.

Internal mobility in Italy: A new delay

From the second half of the 1990s, mobility appears to have changed profoundly from the great migrations of the 1960s, for two main reasons: firstly, the rise in short-range mobility; and secondly, the strong increase in attraction by geographical areas in Central and above all North-eastern Italy. In more recent years, the evolution of internal mobility has changed again, with a further fall coupled with a loss of attractiveness for some Central and Northern areas. The recent evolution of mobility could suggest that the large divide between the North and South is closing. However, this is not entirely the case, as differences in mobility by geographical area continued to remain and in some cases even increased. In fact, this analysis allows us to show how population loss from the South of Italy has actually risen. This study aims to focus on the evolution of the phenomenon in individual geographical areas and the varying levels of migration between the different genders and age classes. While we are clearly not facing a new boom in out-migration from the South, it is true that out-migration is continuing and represents a serious loss of human capital in this area.

The determinants of internal mobility in Italy, 1995-2006

AbstractOBJECTIVEIn this paper, we study the determinants of internal migration in Italy from 1995 to 2006.METHODSTo conduct this investigation, we applied an augmented version of the gravity model to the migratory flows of Italians and resident foreigners. In addition to the classic determinants of migration-i.e., the sizes of populations and the distance between places-the model considered a possible autocorrelation of flows and a set of socio-economic and demographic explanatory variables that may influence migratory flows.RESULTSDifferent results were obtained for the two subpopulations. Among the Italians studied, both the economic conditions and the demographic features of regions were found to have operated as both push and pull determinants of migratory flows, although the demographic characteristics were shown to have affected migratory flows to a lesser extent. Among the resident foreigners studied, the demographic characteristics of the regions did not appear to have acted as push factors, but they were found to have had an effect as a pull determinant. While the economic conditions of the destination regions were shown to have been particularly important in attracting the resident foreigners, the economic conditions of the sending regions were not found to have had a clear-cut effect on the decision to leave.(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)1. IntroductionOf the different types of mobility, international migration has most frequently been the focus of studies, mainly because of its high visibility (Bonifazi and Heins 2000). Recently, policy makers in European countries that have experienced massive migration flows, and who are worried about the risk of social destabilisation caused by the presence of an unexpectedly large number of immigrants, have given special attention to the issue.By contrast, scholars and policy makers have focused less consistently on internal mobility, looking at the issue only during periods when it became acute. In Italy, for example, the huge migration flows from the southern to the northern parts of the country following the Second World War were studied intensively while they were occurring. But after the flows started to decrease in the second half of the 1970s, internal mobility became a secondary social, political, and scientific issue.In recent years, however, scholars have again become interested in the internal movements of population, which are being recognised as una delle dimensioni costitutive della societa e del suo funzionamento (one of the basic dimensions of society and its functioning) (Arru and Ramella 2003: p. X). Moreover, they are being considered in conjunction with, rather than as separate from, international movements, as both kinds of migration flows are influenced by globalisation, which modifies socio- economic contexts and relations between different geographical areas at every territorial level (Bonifazi 1999). Thus, it is hardly surprising that internal migration is growing across the globe, including in some important emigration countries (e.g., China, India, and Pakistan), and that internal flows are higher than outflows (Deshingkar and Grimm 2005).A marked resumption of internal migration flows began in Italy in the mid-1990s (Livi Bacci 2010; Piras and Melis 2007). The number of changes of residence within Italy rose from around 1.1 million in 1995 to around 1.4 million in 2006, a level similar to that of more than 30 years previously.As internal migration flows have been recovering, Italy has been turning into a major destination country for international migration flows, first from the African continent, and more recently from Eastern Europe. By the start of 2010, the number of resident foreigners in Italy had reached 4.2 million, or 7% of the total population (ISTAT 2010). Mobility among these resident foreigners has contributed substantially to the internal mobility trend. …

EDUCATION, SOCIAL ORIGINS AND CAREER (IM)MOBILITY IN CONTEMPORARY ITALY

ABSTRACT Italy has always been characterized by low rates of career mobility. However, whilst the essential features of intragenerational (im)mobility in Italy are relatively well known, much less is known about the pattern of the specific paths linking the class of the first job with later class positions. To date, no studies of career mobility have been conducted in holistic terms; that is, based on examination of the entire sequence of the class positions occupied by an individual during his/her work history. This paper develops a typology of sequences of transition from one social class to another which preserves the qualitative differences among individual sequences. We introduce a new method to measure resemblance among sequences in order to identify the main career paths observable in Italy. We then examine how these profiles have changed over time because of transformations in the economic system and of the changing size of different social classes. Furthermore, we will try to determine whether and how social origins and education affect the probabilities of following those paths. The results show that social origins: 1) still influence the career patterns of younger cohorts); and 2) play a very important role in modifying the chances of highly-educated people to enter the upward career patterns leading to the service class or to white-collar positions.