Mmol Dm Research Articles

Determination of metoprolol tartrate by capillary isotachophoresis

AbstractThis paper describes two isotachophoretic methods of metoprolol tartrate (MT) determination in pure and dosage forms. The first method was used for direct analysis where the following electrolyte system was applied: 10 mmol dm−3 3-morpholino-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid, 10 mmol dm−3 NaCl, 2 % hydroxyethylocelulose as leading (LE) and 10 mmol dm−3 glycyl-glycine as terminating (TE) electrolytes. The second method was used for indirect analysis of MT as tartrate ions. In this case, the leading electrolyte consisted of 10 mmol dm−3 HCl, β-alanine (BALA), pH 4-5, and the terminating one of 5 mmol dm−3 glutamic acid, 10 mmol dm−3 β-alanine. Calibration curves were calculated as follows: for system A: y = (0.52 ± 0.05)x − (0.9 ± 0.2) (LOD = 13.0 mg dm−3, LOQ = 31.7 mg dm−3); and for system B: y = (0.240 +- 0.001)x + (0.18 ± 0.06) (LOD = 1.8 mg dm−3, LOQ = 4.4 mg dm−3). The isotachophoretic method was compared with the pharmacopoeial one by statistical tests.

The role of magnesium in the growth of calcite: An AFM study

Abstract The mechanisms that determine the inhibition of calcite growth by magnesium have remained unclear and subject to controversy over decades. Although it has been long apparent that the inhibition mechanisms take place at the crystal-solution interface, the molecular phenomena occurring at calcite surfaces in contact with Mg-bearing solutions are still not completely understood. The main goal of this work is to contribute to further clarify those phenomena. With this aim, we carried out in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) observations of the growth behaviour of calcite { 10 1 ¯ 4 } surfaces in contact with supersaturated aqueous solutions (β = 5) bearing different amounts of Mg (ranging from 0.05 to 4.00 mmol dm− 3). Under the conditions considered, growth occurred by monolayer spreading. Our observations revealed that only the first elementary growth layer advancing on the original calcite surfaces grow normally, showing characteristics nearly identical to the growth of pure calcite. However, subsequent monolayers behave differently. Thus, as soon as one of these monolayers reaches areas of the surface that have grown incorporating Mg and whose composition can consequently be described as MgxCa1-xCO3, the rate at which this step advances significantly decreases. Moreover, the step becomes progressively rougher. A clear relationship between the extent of the inhibition effect and the concentration of Mg in the aqueous solution exists. Furthermore, our observations allow us to conclude that each newly formed monolayer exerts a certain control on the development of the growth of subsequent monolayers. Such a control causes the reproduction of the nanotopographic features of the original surface, producing the so called “template effect”. This behaviour cannot be easily incorporated within the general framework of the currently accepted impurity crystal growth models, which are based on either the pinning of elementary step motion by impurities or changes in the solubility of the newly formed layers as a result of the incorporation of the impurity into the lattice of the growing crystal. We discuss our results on the basis of the solid solution–aqueous solution model and provide a complementary explanation for the development of “dead zones” in the case of the growth of calcite { 10 1 ¯ 4 } surfaces from divalent cation-bearing aqueous solutions.

Amino(porphyrinato)antimony(V) Complexes as a Fluorosensor for Selective and Sensitive Detection of Trivalent Metal Cations

Abstract The additive effects of metal cations on the fluorescence quantum yield (Φf) were investigated for weak-emissive amino(tetraphenylporphyrinato)antimony(V) bromide (1). When the µmol dm−3 of trivalent metal cations such as Al3+, Ga3+, In3+, and Lu3+ were added to MeCN solution of 1, the Φf was remarkably enhanced. The dependences of Soret band shift and Φf upon the addition of trivalent metal cations revealed that a transition from S2 state to the partially charge-shifted state was prevented by coordinating trivalent metal cations to the axial nitrogen atom of 1. 1 worked as a selective fluorosensor for detecting µmol dm−3 trivalent metal cations.

Self-assembled structures of alkanethiols on gold-coated cantilever tips and substrates for atomic force microscopy: Molecular organisation and conditions for reproducible deposition

Measurements of surface–liquid interactions (contact-angle goniometry) and tip-surface adhesion forces (atomic force microscopy) combined with infrared spectroscopic studies have been used to investigate surface-preparation and solution-deposition conditions for the reproducible formation of self-assembled molecular structures on gold-coated tips and substrates for atomic force microscopy. Preliminary data show that surface-saturated self-assembled monolayers form reproducibly on prolonged (>20 h) exposure of gold-coated glass substrates to ethanolic solutions of ω-functionalised alkanethiols in the concentration range 80–160 mmol dm −3. The data also show that exposure for 16 h to alkanethiol concentrations in the range 160–240 mmol dm −3 promote bilayer formation whereas concentrations of 240–320 mmol dm −3 result in the deposition of multilayers, the average orientation of which is parallel to that of the first molecular layer; the use of parent 1-undecanethiol solutions at concentrations of 1–80 mmol dm −3 results in incomplete monolayer coverage.

Inhibition of benzoic acid on the polyaniline–polyphenol oxidase biosensor

A polyaniline–polyphenol oxidase (PANI–PPO) biosensor for detecting benzoic acid is reported. The biosensor is based on the inhibition of benzoic acid on the biocatalytic activity of the polyphenol oxidase (PPO). The Michaelis–Menten constant ( k ′ m ) and maximum response current ( I max) in both the absence and presence of benzoic acid are also evaluated. The kinetic analyses show that the inhibition of benzoic acid on the PPO activity is reversible and competitive with an inhibition constant of 28.7 μmol dm −3. A limit of detection of 0.3 μmol dm −3 benzoic acid is obtained. The I 0.5 value is estimated to be 35 μmol dm −3. The biosensor has good sensitivity and high stability. So it can be used as a new approach for the detecting benzoic acid.

Design and characteristics of tin (II) optode based on immobilization of dithizone on a triacetylcellulose membrane and its application in canned foods

The characterization of an optical sensor membrane is described for the determination of tin (II) based on the immobilization of dithizone on a triacetylcellulose membrane. The membrane responds to tin (II) ions by changing color reversibly from green to red in buffer solution at pH 6 and wavelength 611 nm. This optode has a linear range of 0.3–6.33 μg cm−3 (2.52–53.32 μmol dm−3) of Sn2+ ions with a limit of detection of 0.15 μg cm−3 (1.26 μmol dm−3). The response time of the optode was about 8–10 min depending on the concentration of Sn2+ ions. The selectivity of the optode to tin (II) ions at pH 6 was good. The sensor can be readily regenerated by exposure with EDTA solution. The color is fully reversible, and the optical sensor could be fully regenerated. Experimental results showed that the optode could be used as an effective tool in analyzing the tin content in canned foods. Graphical Abstract text

Synthesis and Micellization of Linear−Dendritic Copolymers and Their Solubilization Ability for Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs

A series of linear−dendritic copolymers were synthesized by conjugating BE block copolymers (B8E41 and B16E42, B = 1,2-butylene oxide and E = ethylene oxide) with G1−3 PAMAM dendrimers via carbamate bonds. The critical micelle concentrations of the dendrimer conjugates were less than 0.11 mmol dm−3. Light scattering measurements indicated that “flowerlike” micelles were formed when two B chains from each conjugate entered the micelle core. Further association of the micelles was found for the conjugates containing more than two BE chains per dendrimer. Drug solubilization in micellar solutions of the conjugates was mainly by the incorporation of drug molecules in micelle cores, with marginal enhancement of solubility attributable to encapsulation in the dendritic micelle coronas. The solubility of hydrophobic drugs in 1 wt % micellar solutions was increased up to 6-fold. Solubilization of ionic drugs was unfavorable due to the limited penetration of ionized drug molecules into the micelle cores.

Enzymatic oxidative polymerization of methoxyphenols

Enzymatic oxidative polymerization of methoxyphenols by a fungal laccase was investigated to synthesize polymethoxyphenols, which would be environmentally benign materials because they are degraded by lignin degrading fungi. An industrially produced thermostable laccase from Trametes sp. Ha1 polymerized o-methoxyphenol and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol in McIlvaine buffer (pH 4.5) both with and without organic solvents while the enzyme needed organic solvents to polymerize phenol, alkylphenols, and m- and p-methoxyphenols. The reaction rates correlated with the energies of the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) of the phenols. The poly( o-methoxyphenol) synthesized was soluble in N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) while 80% of the poly(2,6-dimethoxyphenol) was insoluble in DMF. The weight-average molecular weight of the poly( o-methoxyphenol) was 7000–11,000. The reaction rate of polymerization in McIlvaine buffer without organic solvents increased until an o-methoxyphenol concentration of 500 mmol dm −3 although the Michaelis constant calculated from the oxygen consumption rate was 0.4 mmol dm −3. The o-methoxyphenol and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol would be suitable for production of environmentally benign phenolic resins by enzymatic oxidative polymerization using laccase without formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, or organic solvent.

Amperometric phenol biosensor based on polyaniline

The catechol biosensor is constructed by cross-linking between polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and polyaniline (PANI) using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. The PANI, which is electrochemically synthesized in a solution containing ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate, possesses good electroactivity and high conductivity above pH 6. In the presence of catechol as a substrate, the biosensor exhibits a linear range from 0.2 to 80 μmol dm −3. The maximum response current ( I max) and the Michaelis–Menten constant ( k ′ m ) are 9.44 μA and 117 μmol dm −3, respectively. The effects of pH and operating potential are also explored to optimize measurement conditions. The activation energy ( E a) of the PPO catalytic reaction is 30.23 kJ mol −1 in the B–R buffer. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), UV–vis and SEM are used to characterize the PANI–PPO biosensor. The biosensor exhibits good long-term stability.

Bipolar membrane electrodialysis in an organic medium: Production of methyl methoxyacetate

To produce methyl methoxyacetate in a safe and environmentally friendly manner, bipolar membrane electrodialysis is proposed to convert methyl chloroacetate into methyl methoxyacetate in an organic medium—methanol. The results indicate that as current density increases, the product yield increases, but the current efficiency decreases. Besides, as methyl chloroacetate concentration increases, both the product yield and current efficiency increase; i.e., the product concentration increases from 1.08 to 6.59 mmol dm −3, and the current efficiency increases from 2.6% to 15.7%.

Mercury(II) removal using polymer inclusion membranes containing Cyanex 471X

AbstractBACKGROUND: Regulatory controls to limit mercury emissions in waters have impacted on the development of membrane extraction‐based methodologies for its separation. The specific advantages (effective carrier immobilization, easy preparation, versatility, and good mechanical properties) of polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) make them suitable for this purpose. In this work a novel procedure using PIMs for mercury separation with a commercial available extractant (Cyanex 471X) is described and evaluated through the determination of the efficiency parameters (permeability, selectivity, stability) and membrane characterization.RESULTS: Using a membrane composed of 30% cellulose triacetate (CTA), 60% 2‐nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE), and 10% w/w Cyanex 471X a 0.1 mmol dm−3 Hg(II) solution prepared in 0.01 mol dm−3 HCl was transported to a 0.05 mol dm−3 NaCl solution at pH 12.3 with permeability values in the feed and strip phases of 0.25 and 0.15 cm min−1, respectively. A diffusive Fickian‐type mechanism was inferred from the results. High separation factors ranging between 2 and 5900, less than 11% of competing metal ions transported, active transport of the metal ion and a successful reuse of the PIM were achieved.CONCLUSION: Optimized PIMs using Cyanex 471X represent an interesting alternative for Hg(II) removal from waters showing high efficiency factors and easy implementation. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry

Amperometric screen-printed algal biosensor with flow injection analysis system for detection of environmental toxic compounds

A screen-printed algal biosensor was fabricated for evaluation of toxicity of chemicals. An algal ink was prepared by mixing unicellular microalga Chlorella vulgaris cells, carbon nanotubes and sodium alginate solution. The algal ink was immobilized directly on a screen-printed carbon electrode surface using screen-printing technique. Photosynthetically generated oxygen of the immobilized algae was monitored amperometically. Responses of the algal biosensor to four toxic compounds, 6-chloro- N-ethyl- N-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (atrazine) and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-diethylurea (DCMU) were evaluated as inhibition ratios of the reduction current. The concentrations that gave 50% inhibition of the oxygen reduction current ( I C ′ 50 ) for atrazine and DCMU were 12 and 1 μmol dm −3, respectively. In comparison with the conventional algal biosensors, in which the algal cells were entrapped in an alginate gel and immobilized on the surface of a transparent indium tin oxide electrode, the present sensor is much smaller and less expensive, with the shorter assay time.

Assessment of solubilization characteristics of different surfactants for carvedilol phosphate as a function of pH

The effect of surfactants on the solubility of a new phosphate salt of carvedilol was investigated at different biorelevent pH to evaluate their solubilization capacity. Solutions of different classes of surfactants viz., anionic—sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium taurocholate (STC), cationic—cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and non-ionic—Tween 80 (T80) were prepared in the concentration range of 5–35 mmol dm −3 in buffer solutions of pH 1.2, 3.0, 4.5, 5.8, 6.8 and 7.2. The solubility data were used to calculate the solubilization characteristics viz. molar solubilization capacity, water micelle partition coefficient, free energy of solubilization and binding constant. Solubility enhancement in basic pH was in following order: CTAB > T80 > SDS > STC. CTAB and T80 showed remarkable solubility enhancement in acidic pH as well. Among the anionic surfactants, solubility in acidic medium was retarded except at pH 1.2 in case of SDS. Cationic and non-ionic surfactants were found to be suitable for enhancing the solubility of CP which can be employed for maintaining the in vitro sink condition in the basic dissolution medium. While anionic surfactants showed solubility retardant behavior which may be exploited in increasing the drug entrapment efficiency of a colloidal drug delivery system formulated by emulsification technique.

Manipulation of polymer layer characteristics by electrochemical polymerization from mixtures of aniline and ortho‐phenylenediamine monomers

AbstractThe influence of adding ortho‐phenylenediamine (OPDA) during the polymerization of aniline on the characteristics of the resulting polymer film was examined. When using a platinum electrode, the deposits were obtained from solutions containing 0.1 mol dm−3 aniline and 1, 5, or 10 mmol dm−3 OPDA. The deposits were also prepared from solutions containing 0.5 mol dm−3 aniline and 5, 10, or 50 mmol dm−3 OPDA. In both cases, 3 mol dm−3 phosphoric acid solution was used as a supporting electrolyte. The characteristics of the obtained layers were investigated through the catalytic effect of different polymer layers on hydroquinone/quinone (H2Q/Q) test redox system. The results obtained confirm the earlier established catalytic effect on the potential of the redox reaction by shifting it to more reversible values. However, as the concentration of OPDA was increased, the resulting limiting current decreased, thus indicating in the presence of OPDA a lower population of the available active centers necessary for the catalytic reaction to proceed. The influence of OPDA on polymer characteristics was also studied by using scanning electron microscopy as well as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The polymer was synthesized on a stainless steel electrode (13% Cr) from a solution containing 0.5 mol dm−3 aniline and 5, 10, or 50 mmol dm−3 OPDA. The layers were tested in chloride‐containing solutions by monitoring the open circuit potential. The results obtained suggest that, by increasing the concentration of OPDA, the time of OCP in the passive region of stainless steel is prolonged. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009

Importance of Different Physiological Groups of Iron Reducing Microorganisms in an Acidic Mining Lake Remediation Experiment

Iron- and sulfate-reducing microorganisms play an important role for alkalinity-generating processes in mining lakes with low pH. In the acidic mining lake 111 in Lusatia, Germany, a passive in situ remediation method was tested in a large scale experiment, in which microbial iron and sulfate reduction are stimulated by addition of Carbokalk (a mixture of the nonsugar compounds of sugar beets and lime) and straw. The treated surface sediment consisted of three layers of different pH and geochemical composition. The top layer was acidic and rich in Fe(III), the second and third layer both showed moderately acidic to circum-neutral pH values, but only the second was rich in organics, strongly reduced and sulfidic. Aim of the study was to elucidate the relative importance of neutrophilic heterotrophic, acidophilic heterotrophic, and acidophilic autotrophic iron-reducing microorganisms in each of the three layers. In order to distinguish between them, the effect of their respective characteristic electron donors acetate, glucose, and elemental sulfur on potential iron reduction rates was investigated. Limitation of iron reduction by the availability of Fe(III) was revealed by the addition of Fe(OH)(3). The three groups of iron-reducing microorganisms were quantified by most probable number (MPN) technique and their community composition was analyzed by cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. In the acidic surface layer, none of the three electron donors stimulated iron reduction; acetate even had an inhibiting effect. In agreement with this, no decrease of the added electron donors was observed. Iron reduction rates were low in comparison to the other layers. Iron reduction in layers 2 and 3 was enhanced by glucose and acetate, accompanied by a decrease of these electron donors. Addition of elemental sulfur did not enhance iron reduction in either layer. Layer 2 exhibited the highest iron reduction rate (4.08 mmol dm(-3) d(-1)) and the highest cell numbers in MPN media. In MPN enrichments from all layers, Acidithiobacillus-like sequences were frequent. In addition to these, sequences related to Fulvimonas and Clostridium dominated in layer 1. MPN enrichments of layer 2 were diverse, containing Rhodocyclaceae-related sequences and surprisingly low numbers of Geobacteraceae. In layer 3, Sulfobacillus and Trichococcus spp. were also important. It was concluded that in the surface layer mainly acidophilic, probably autotrophic and heterotrophic, iron reducers were active, whereas in layers 2 and 3 mainly neutrophilic heterotrophs were important for iron reduction. These differ from well-studied Fe(III) reducers in other environments, so they deserve further study. The potential for acid-producing sulfur-driven Fe(III) reduction seemed not to be critical for in situ remediation.

TOXIDEZ POR ÁCIDOS ORGÂNICOS EM GENÓTIPOS DE ARROZ IRRIGADO

O alagamento do solo para o cultivo do arroz irrigado promove condições de anaerobiose, produzindo ácidos orgânicos alifáticos de cadeia curta, que são tóxicos ao arroz. Com o objetivo de comparar o efeito dos ácidos acético, propiônico e butírico, em solução nutritiva, sobre o crescimento radicular e da parte aérea de três genótipos de arroz irrigado recomendados no Rio Grande do Sul, foi desenvolvido um experimento em condições controladas no Laboratório de Nutrição de Plantas da UFPel/FAEM/DS. Utilizou-se um delineamento fatorial 4x3 com 4 repetições, onde foram testados os seguintes tratamentos com ácidos orgânicos: testemunha, 5,00 mmol dm-3 de ácido acético; 1,25 mmol dm-3 de ácido propiônico e 1,00 mmol dm-3 de ácido butírico. Plântulas de arroz das cultivares EMBRAPA BRS - 7 TAIM, IRGA 417 e EMBRAPA BRS PELOTA com aproximadamente 3 cm de radícula, foram colocadas por treze dias em tubos de ensaio contendo solução nutritiva completa e ácidos orgânicos. O efeito dos ácidos orgânicos foi maior nas raízes do que na parte aérea; a cultivar PELOTA foi superior que as demais na presença de ácidos orgânicos, principalmente o ácido butírico; e dentro da cultivar, não houve diferença significativa entre os mesmos.

The CMC-like behaviour of bile salts as probed by photoexcited Rose Bengal

The onset of the aggregation process in aqueous bile salt (BS) solutions remains a debated question. This study is aimed at investigating this point through the detection of BS monomers and small aggregates using the dye Rose Bengal (RB). Results showed that a few small BS aggregates led to a red shift of the absorption spectrum, while the BS monomer reacted with the photo-induced semi-oxidized dye and decreased its decay rate constant. The dye was dissolved in aqueous solution (10 mmol dm −3 NaOH) of sodium cholate (NaC), deoxycholate (NaDC), chenodoxycholate (NaCDC), dehydrocholate (NaDHC), glycocholate (NaGC) glycodeoxycholate (NaGDC), taurocholate (NaTC), taurodeoxycholate (NaTDC) and the zwitterionic analogue of sodium cholate called CHAPS. BS aggregates were detected at concentrations well below the concentration above which any added bile salt molecules participate in the aggregation process for all trihydroxy bile salts and for CHAPS but not for the dihydroxy bile salts. No aggregation of NaDHC could be observed in the studied concentration range (≤10 mmol dm −3). The presence of 150 and 600 mmol dm −3 sodium ions lowered the concentration below which BS are mainly monomers for dihydroxy but not for trihydroxy bile salts. As already proposed by others, the use of the concept of micellar dissociation concentration (MDC) is suggested here instead of the classical critical micelle concentration (CMC).

Photocatalytic activity of boron-modified TiO2 under visible light: The effect of boron content, calcination temperature and TiO2 matrix

Our research examines the photoactivity under visible light (λ>400nm) and surface properties (BET surface area, UV–vis absorption properties, chemical composition and crystal structure) of boron-modified TiO2. B–TiO2 photocatalysts were prepared by surface impregnation procedure using boric acid triethyl ester (BATE) as a boron precursor. The photocatalytic activity of obtained powders in visible light was estimated by measuring the decomposition of phenol (0.21mmol/dm3) in aqueous solution. The effect of boron content, calcination temperature and titanium dioxide source used during preparation procedure on photoactivity was investigated. The degradation of phenol indicated that the photoactivity under visible light strongly depended on preparation manner of B–TiO2 photocatalysts. The highest photoactivity was observed for the sample obtained by impregnation with 2wt.% of BATE and calcinated at 400°C. Phenol degradation rate, in the presence of these samples, equaled to 3.0μmoldm−3min−1. The mode of BATE binding to TiO2 surface is discussed.

A hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on polyaniline/FTO

The hydrogen peroxide biosensor is constructed by cross-linking between horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and polyaniline (PANI) using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent on F-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode. The PANI synthesized in a solution containing ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate (EMIES), is an electroactive polymer at pH over 6. The process of immobilized HRP is unrelated to isoelectric point of the enzyme and is particularly mild. The response current increases linearly with increasing hydrogen peroxide concentration up to 20 mmol dm −3. The maximum response current ( I max) and the Michaelis–Menten constant ( k ′ m ) are 1.189 μA and 27.11 mmol dm −3, respectively. The response current of the biosensor increases with increasing temperature below 40 °C. The activation energy ( E a) of the HRP catalytic reaction is 39.1 kJ mol −1 in the B-R buffer. It is seen from UV–vis spectra that the main position of combination between HRP and PANI is located at the nitrogen site of the quinoid ring in polyaniline. The biosensor is also characterized with SEM and CV.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Anionic Surfactant Based on Ion-pair Formation with Methylene Blue in Reversed Flow Injection Mode

A simple reversed flow injection system with minimal consumption of organic solvent has been developed for the spectrophotometric determination of anionic surfactant (AS) in water samples. The method is based on the ion-pair formation between anionic surfactant and Methylene Blue (MB) and its extraction to chloroform. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is used as a model anionic surfactant. The sample and MB solutions are each delivered by two peristaltic pumps and merged to form the ion-pair of AS and MB. Small amounts of chloroform (50 mm 3 ) are injected every 15 s to the merged solution. The ion-pair is extracted to the chloroform phase while the solution is passing through an extraction coil. The absorbance of both phases (aqueous and organic phases) is measured sequentially at 652 nm without phase separation. Analytical parameters such as extraction coil length and MB concentration have been optimized. The dynamic ranges of calibration curves (0.1 ~ 1 and 2 ~ 8 μmol dm -3 ) are selected depending on the analyte concentration by changing MB concentration. Calibration curves are linear (r 2 > 0.997) over the ranges; LOD (3.3 σ) is 0.054 μmol dm -3 . Relative standard deviations of repeated measurements are 2.44% (n = 8, CSDS = 1 μmol dm -3 ) and 1.46% (n = 7, CSDS = 8 μmol dm -3 ). The throughput rate of the measurement is 4 samples per minutes. The proposed method can be applied to the determination of anionic surfactant in river, pond and house sewage water samples.