Mm In Length Research Articles

First report of Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium avenaceum causing vascular necrosis in European hazelnut branches in Chile.

Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) is the second most cultivated nut crop in Chile. Pathogens associated with fungal trunk diseases (FTD) pose a serious threat to this crop, because these fungi colonize the wood causing loss of productivity and eventually death of the plants (Martino et al., 2025). During Spring 2018 and 2020, FTD symptoms such as wood necrosis, vascular discoloration of branches, cankers, and wilted branches were detected in a survey conducted in 24 hazelnut orchards located between Maule and Araucanía regions, Chile (Moya-Elizondo et al., 2023). Wood pieces (3 mm x 5 mm) were removed from the edge of necrotic canker lesions, disinfected with 2% NaOCl, rinsed twice with sterile distilled water, and dried on sterile absorbent paper. Tissue pieces were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) supplemented with streptomycin sulphate (200 mg L⁻¹) and incubated at 25°C in darkness for five days. Different fungi were isolated from cankers, but based on morphological characteristics (pale pink or burgundy colonies), Fusarium spp. were identified in 5.2% of the samples (27/520). Each colony was hyphal-tip purified in a new PDA plate. Macroconidia developed on sporodochia after 30 days of incubation at 25°C on carnation leaf agar. Two morphologically different isolates were analyzed. Colonies of isolate F066 were cottony, dark pink and light pink on the edges when grown on PDA. Macroconidia were hyaline, falcate with rounded apical cells, slightly curved, with 3 to 6 septa (30 to 53 x 5.2 to 6.2 µm). Isolate F094 presented slightly cottony colonies, light pink, and dark pink with pale yellow hues in the central area with macroconidia of similar morphological shape but measuring 36 to 55 x 2.8 to 4.2 µm. In both isolates, chlamydospores and microconidia were absent. The ITS, RPB2, and TEF-1α genomic regions were amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4, 7cf/11ar, and EF1/EF2, respectively (Sandoval-Denis et al., 2018). The ITS (MT640271, PP928999), RPB2 (MT997139, PP934182), and TEF-1α (MT661593, PP934183) sequences were deposited in GenBank, showing 100% similarity with reference sequences of Fusarium culmorum (Wm.G.Sm.) Sacc. and Fusarium avenaceum (Corda) Sacc. for ITS: (MK729631, MT463390), RPB2 (GQ915490, MK185027), and TEF-1α (MN044434, KP400709), respectively. To fulfil Koch's postulates, pathogenicity was evaluated in 8-year-old hazelnut plants cv. Tonda di Giffoni in a commercial orchard. A hole of 6.5 mm in diameter was made in healthy branches using an electric drill and an actively growing mycelial disc (5 mm) was placed into five branches per isolate, ensuring contact of the mycelium with the wood. The wounds were sealed with plastic film to prevent contamination and desiccation. Additionally, PDA discs were inoculated as a control. After seven months, branches were cut longitudinally to verify wood necrosis. Inoculation with isolates F066 and F094 resulted in necrotic lesions ranging between 50-125 mm and 30-80 mm in length, respectively. No necrosis was observed with the control inoculations. Small wood pieces were cut from the advancing necrotic zone, disinfected, and placed on PDA plates and incubated at 25°C as described above. Hyphal tips were taken from mycelia grown from wood pieces and placed on PDA. F. culmorum and F. avenaceum isolates were observed in 100% of the inoculated branches, showing similar mycelial growth and microscopic fungal structures as those observed for the pathogens. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. culmorum and F. avenaceum affecting hazelnuts plants in Chile and worldwide. Fusarium lateritium had been previously reported in Italy, causing cankers and cambium death in hazelnut twigs (Belisario et al., 2005). The current study reveals a possible host jump and a presumed change in the disease dynamics of these phytopathogens, which primarily cause diseases in cereals (Karlsson et al., 2021).

Influence of different implant designs on stress distributions in all-on-four concept: A finite element analysis.

Influence of different implant designs on stress distributions in all-on-four concept: A finite element analysis.

The Vestigial Fold in Humans: Characterization of a Potential Novel Target for Selective Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation.

The Vestigial Fold in Humans: Characterization of a Potential Novel Target for Selective Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation.

Construction Efficiency in Shear Strengthening of Pre-Cracked Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Steel Mesh Reinforced Strain Hardening Cementitious Composites

Because of the degradation of building materials and the increased design load, concrete parts continually require repair. Special cementitious matrix components, Strain Hardening Cementitious Composites (SHCC), have exceptional ductility, strength growth during cracking, and recurrent controlled-opening crack formation. The purpose of this study was to improve the qualities of SHCC by reinforcing it with steel metal mesh. This study examined the optimization and effects of shear strengthening on the shear capacity of both damaged and undamaged reinforced concrete beams by employing SHCC internally reinforced with steel mesh fabric (SMF). Under bending loading, eight reinforced concrete beams were evaluated. Four of them were loaded to shear crack before any strengthening could be performed. The beams were 1500 mm in length, 200 mm in height, and 120 mm in width, and one, two, or three SMFs were applied. The beams’ whole shear span had external strengthening applied on both sides. Additionally, layers of strengthening in the U-shape were applied. The walls of the strengthening were thirty millimeters thick. The failure, load-deflection response, ultimate load, ultimate displacement, and energy absorbance of the tested beams were determined and discussed. Compared to an unstrengthened beam, the ultimate load of undamaged beams increased by 47%, 57%, and 90% when reinforced with 1, 2, or 3 layers of SMF, respectively, within the SHCC. Additionally, incorporating one, two, or three SMF layers within the SHCC improved the deflection of strengthened undamaged beams by 52%, 87%, and 116%, respectively. For damaged beams, the maximum load was approximately 11% lower than that of their undamaged counterparts, regardless of the number of SMF layers used in the SHCC strengthening. Applying one, two, or three layers of SMFs within the strengthening layer led to increases of the ratios of 163, 334, and 426%, respectively, in the energy absorbed by the strengthened beams in comparison to the control beam. The shear strength of the strengthened beams was determined through analytical modeling by implementing a correction factor (α = 0.5) to take into consideration the debonding action between the SHCC layer and the beam sides. This factor significantly improved the predictive accuracy of the analytical models by matching the mean ratio of the analytical findings to the experimental predictions.

First Report of Verticillium Wilt on Ailanthus altissima (Tree-of-Heaven) in North Macedonia caused by Verticillium dahliae.

Tree-of-Heaven, a highly invasive species on all continents except Antarctica, is frequently found on the Balkan Peninsula. In 2019, Ailanthus altissima has been put on the "List of invasive alien species of Union concern"; thus, measures for eradication and control are mandatory in all EU member countries. Verticillium wilt of A. altissima, which has been reported in the USA (Schall and Davis 2009; Kasson et al. 2014; Rebbeck et al. 2013) and in Europe (Maschek and Halmschlager 2016; Moragrega et al. 2021) in the last decade, has already been successfully used for biological control of Ailanthus. In the course of an excursion of the international REUFIS meeting, young symptomatic A. altissima trees, exhibiting severe foliar wilt symptoms, brownish vascular discoloration, dieback, and premature death, were observed at two different sites in the southern part of Skopje, North Macedonia (Kluchka Sonchev: 41.973155N, 21.428846E; Vidikovec (Panorama): 41.977671N, 21.421135E) in June 2024. To identify the causal organism, 50-cm-long branch samples were taken from symptomatic A. altissima and cut into 5-cm pieces, surface sterilized by dipping into 96% ethanol for 1 min, and then breamed. After removing the bark, 23 (Kluchka Sonchev) and 8 (Vidikovec) tissue samples of about 5 mm in length were excised from discolored sapwood and placed onto 2% malt extract agar plates supplemented with 100 mg/l streptomycin sulphate. Plates were incubated at 22°C in the dark for 10 days. Fungal colonies emerged from all plated tissue samples of both sites, all of which were putatively identified as Verticillium dahliae Kleb. based on the abundant formation of microsclerotia and the hyaline, non-septate, cylindrical or ellipsoid conidia developing on verticillate conidiophores. Morphological identification was confirmed by DNA sequencing of two selected isolates (one from each site), using primers coding for ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) and elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF) (Inderbitzin et al. 2011) and a BLAST search against the reference sequences of the type strain of V. dahliae PD322 (GenBank Accession No. NR_126124 (ITS) and HQ414624.1 (TEF)) at NCBI NLM, which revealed 100% homology (ITS1: 492 matching base pairs; TEF: 579 matching base pairs) between the type strain and the two North Macedonian isolates. Aligned sequences of both isolates (Vd-NM01, Vd-NM02) were deposited in GenBank (Accession Nos. PQ615325, PQ615358, PQ858706, PQ858707). To confirm pathogenicity, 10 two-year-old potted Ailanthus seedlings were stem-inoculated with a conidial suspension (1 x 107 spores/ml, 1 ml/tree) of V. dahliae isolate Vd-NM01 and 10 with isolate Vd-NM02 on September 12, 2024; 5 seedlings treated with sterile water and 3 untreated seedlings served as controls. Following maintenance in the greenhouse, all V. dahliae-inoculated trees developed wilting symptoms two to three weeks after inoculation and were completely defoliated or showed heavy wilting symptoms on October 31, 2024, whereas all 8 control trees remained asymptomatic or displayed minor wilting symptoms related to autumn senescence. V. dahliae was re-isolated from all treated trees, but no control tree, thus confirming Koch's postulates. Despite of the high disease severity on infected trees, natural V. dahliae infections will not allow efficient control of A. altissima without human intervention on these affected sites in North Macedonia, due to the low disease incidence (<5%) on both sites.

Ultrasound imaging of the spleen, liver, and kidneys in healthy hair sheep: a pilot study.

This study aimed to describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the liver, spleen, and kidneys in 35 healthy Santa Inês breed sheep. The spleen was located caudal to the last rib and extended to the 8th intercostal space (ICS), while the splenic vein was predominantly visible between the 11th and 10th ICS, located between the 12th and 9th ICS. The liver was visualized from the 12th to the 7th ICS, with the portal vein exhibiting a mean diameter of 15.4 ± 2.0mm, a rounded shape, and echogenic walls. The caudal vena cava appeared in triangular, elliptical, or round shapes, with a mean diameter of 12.13 ± 3.0mm. The gallbladder (GB) displayed various shapes, with anechoic to hypoechoic content, and wall measurements of 29.2 ± 11.8mm in length, 237.4 ± 147.7 mm2 in area, and 10.3 ± 4.1mm in height. The kidneys were examined in both the craniodorsal and caudodorsal quadrants, with the right kidney observed at the 12th ICS and the left kidney typically in the right caudodorsal quadrant. The mean kidney volume was 42.8 ± 9.8 cm3 for the right kidney and 44.2 ± 10.6 cm3 for the left kidney, with average cortical and medullary diameters of 0.74 ± 0.1cm and 0.6 ± 0.15cm, respectively. The biometric measurements for the ureter, renal pelvis, and hilum were as follows: right kidney (0.13 ± 0.02, 0.16 ± 0.05, 0.7 ± 0.1mm) and left kidney (0.14 ± 0.02, 0.15 ± 0.05, 0.6 ± 0.1mm). These findings provide valuable reference values for ultrasonographic examination of abdominal organs in Santa Inês sheep, which may assist in the diagnosis and monitoring of pathologies in these animals. The methodology used showed a complete scan of the liver, spleen and kidney and proved to be a reliable technique for application in clinical routine as it allows the evaluation of the extent of the entire organ, avoiding incomplete or mistaken diagnoses.

A Comparative Analysis of ProTaper Ultimate and Five Multifile Systems: Design, Metallurgy, and Mechanical Performance

The present research compared the design, metallurgical properties, and mechanical characteristics of the ProTaper Ultimate instruments with five multifile systems. A total of 469 new nickel–titanium rotary finishing instruments, all 25 mm in length but varying in size, taper, and metal alloy composition, from six different multifile systems (ProTaper Ultimate, ProTaper Next, ProFile, Mtwo, EndoSequence, and GT Series X), were inspected for irregularities and analyzed for their spiral density (spirals per millimetre), blade design, surface finishing, alloy composition, phase transformation temperatures, and mechanical performance (microhardness, torsional, and bending resistance tests). Group comparisons were performed using Kruskal–Wallis and one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s tests (α = 5%). ProFile instruments exhibited a greater number of spirals and a higher density of spirals per millimetre compared to the other systems. Microscopic analysis revealed distinct tip geometries and blade designs among tested instruments. All of them displayed parallel marks from the machining process, but the EndoSequence system had the smoothest surface finish. The alloys of all instruments consisted of an almost equiatomic ratio of nickel to titanium. At the testing temperature, the ProTaper Ultimate system exhibited a complete R-phase crystallographic arrangement, while the ProFile and Mtwo systems were fully austenitic. The ProTaper Ultimate F2, F3, and FX instruments demonstrated the highest maximum torque values (1.40, 1.45, and 3.55 N.cm, respectively) and the lowest maximum bending loads (202.7, 254.9, and 408.4 gf, respectively). EndoSequence instruments showed the highest angles of rotation, while the highest microhardness values were recorded for GT Series X (407.1 HVN) and ProTaper Next (425.0 HVN) instruments. The ProTaper Ultimate system showed a high spiral density per millimetre and a complete R-phase crystallographic arrangement at room temperature, which significantly contributed to its superior flexibility and torsional strength when compared to the other tested systems.

JALOUKAVACHARANA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CONJUNCTIVAL PYOGENIC GRANULOMA (VARTHMARBUDHA) : A SINGLE CASE STUDY

Introduction: Conjunctival Pyogenic Granuloma is the most prevalent benign vascular growth appearing as a smooth, red, sessile/pedunculated lesion on the palpebral conjunctiva. The patient's eye is irritated by the growth in the palpebral region, which interferes with daily activities. On a very slight trauma, these lesions frequently bleed. Based on the symptoms, pyogenic granuloma can be correlated with Vartma Arbudha. Case: A 29-year-old male patient presented to our OPD with a complaint of mild irritation in the left eye with a painless lesion grown in size over 5-6 days. On examination, a non-tender, mobile, thick red polypoidal papule with irregular margins measuring about 5-6 mm in length over the palpebral conjunctiva of the lower eyelid was examined. Based on complaints and examination findings, the patient was diagnosed with Pyogenic Granuloma of the low-er palpebral conjunctiva (Vartma Arbudha). Treatment: Vartma Arbudha is caused by the vitiation of Rakta and Tridosha. Hence, Raktamokshana by Jalouka was adopted,orally with Kanchanara Guggulu, and Opthocare Eye drops for instillation in the affected eye. Result: After the therapy, a noticeable reduction in the lesion size was seen, and symptomatic relief from irritation and discomfort was observed within one week. Discussion: Vartma Arbudha is a Rakta Pitta Pradhana Sannipataja Vyadhi. Raktamokshana is considered the best among the vitiat-ed Rakta and Pitta treatment modalities. Jaloukavacharana, one among Raktamokshana mainly indicated in Pit-taja Vyadhi, eliminates vitiated blood from the application region. Kanchnara Guggulu has the Shothahara property, which reduces swelling. Opthacare eye drops have a smoothening effect on the eye, reducing asthe-nopic symptoms. Conclusion: The adoption of Jaloukavacharana along with oral shothahara dravyas helps in better management of Pyogenic granuloma.

Morphology, geography, and ecology of incised-leaf variants of Symphyotrichum lowrieanum (Asteraceae)

Specimens identified as Symphyotrichum cordifolium and S. lowrieanum with incised and pinnatifid leaves have been noted since the mid-1800s. A search of herbarium records uncovered 31 unique collections and 53 herbarium sheets of plants whose leaf incisions and lobes ranged from 4–18 mm in length. In most specimens, at least half the cauline leaves had incised leaves. Basal leaves tended to be cordate, truncate, or rounded at the base and long rhizomes were often associated with the incised-leaf form. Incised-leaved specimens occurred in eight states, ranging from Maine to Tennessee, with concentrations in Pennsylvania and Tennessee. Most collection sites were associated with shale or limestone/dolomite in the Ridge and Valley and Appalachian Plateaus physiographic provinces at elevations of 200–800 m. Repeat collections of incised-leaved specimens from several populations showed spatial and temporal persistence of the variant phenotype. Although variants comprised the majority form in some populations, typical S. lowrieanum was usually also present. Circumstantial evidence suggested the incised-leaf phenotype has a genetic basis. The geographic, ecological, and temporal associations are best acknowledged by use of the rank of variety as; Symphyotrichum lowrieanum (L.) G.L. Nesom var. incisum (Porter ex Britton) F. Levy, comb. nov.

Differential Alternating Current Field Measurement with Deep Learning for Crack Detection and Evaluation

This paper introduces a novel differential TMR-ACFM probe integrated with deep learning for crack detection and evaluation. The differential design effectively mitigates the lift-off effect and external noise, thereby enhancing detection performance without increasing costs. A miniature TMR was designed and fabricated for the probe. Two TMR units were integrated in an area of 175 × 200 microns, and two dies formed the differential structure of the Wheatstone bridge. Experimental results indicate that, in comparison to conventional probes, the quality factor of the differential probe is improved by more than an order of magnitude, and the signal-to-noise ratio is enhanced by over 3 dB. Additionally, a CNN + CBAM network is developed and trained on experimental data to achieve high-precision evaluation of crack dimensions. For cracks measuring 10–30 mm in length, 2–6 mm in depth, and 0.25–1.25 mm in width, the relative errors in the predicted dimensions are 0.201%, 0.709%, and 7.224%, respectively. These results underscore the significant potential of the proposed approach for quantitative crack detection.

A New Concept for Cervical Expansion Screws Using Shape Memory Alloy: A Feasibility Study.

In general, sufficient anchoring of screws in the bone material ensures the intended primary stability. Shape memory materials offer the option of using temperature-associated deformation energy in a targeted manner to compensate the special situation of osteoporotic bones or the potential lack of anchoring. An expansion screw was developed for these purposes. Using finite element analysis (FEA), the variability of screw configuration and actuator was assessed from shape memory. In particular, the dimensioning of the screw slot, the actuator length, and the actuator diameter as well as the angle of attack in relation to the intended force development were considered. As a result of the FEA, a special configuration of expansion screw and shape memory element could be found. Accordingly, with an optimal screw diameter of 4 mm, an actuator diameter of 0.8 mm, a screw slot of 7.8 mm in length, and an angle of attack of 25 degrees, the best compromise between individual components and high efficiency in favor of maximum strength can be predicted. Shape memory material offers the possibility of using completely new forms of power development. By skillfully modifying the mechanical and shape memory elements, their interaction results in a calculated development of force in favor of a high primary stability of the screw material used. Activation by means of body temperature is a very elegant way of initializing the intended locking and screw strength.

Cavitation characteristics of water guided laser nozzle on water jet fiber stability

The generation of a stable and reliable water jet fiber is essential for optimizing the performance of water-guided laser systems, as cavitation significantly impacts its stability. This study utilizes computational fluid dynamics to simulate various nozzle structures and analyze the effect of cavitation on water jet fiber stability. Numerical simulations were conducted to examine the behavior of downward conical nozzles both with and without cavitation effects. The research aims to explicate the mechanisms governing cavitation formation and its impact on jet stability. Additionally, this study investigates how nozzle structural parameters, including the length-to-diameter ratio, divergence angle, and orifice diameter, affect jet stability under cavitation conditions. A multi-objective genetic algorithm is subsequently employed to globally optimize the Kriging surrogate model, thereby facilitating the identification of Pareto-optimal solutions for enhancing the stability characteristics of the water jet fiber. High-speed camera visualization was utilized to systematically investigate the stability and fragmentation mechanisms of the water jet. Experiments conducted using a 532 nm green laser source confirmed that the optimized downward conical nozzle can produce a stable water jet fiber. Specifically, an optimized nozzle with a 0.08 mm aperture can generate a stable water jet fiber extending up to 84 mm in length under an inlet pressure of 5.0 MPa, thus meeting the requirements for efficient water-laser coupling. This study provides valuable insights and guidance for enhancing water-guided laser processing technology and its practical engineering applications.

Characterization of 3D printed micro-blades for cutting tissue-embedding material.

Characterization of 3D printed micro-blades for cutting tissue-embedding material.

Exploring the potential of recycled PAN-type fibers as reinforcement in cement-based composites

In this study, the potential utilization of PAN (Polyacrylonitrile) type fibers, typically discarded during the production of wigs, as a reinforcement material in cement-based composites is explored. Fibers measuring 80 microns in diameter and with lengths of 3, 6, and 12 mm are incorporated into the mortar at varying ratios of 0.5, 1, and 1.5% relative to the composite volume. The flexural tensile strength, compressive strength, and shrinkage behavior of the resulting PAN-type recycled fiber-reinforced mortars are examined. Comparative analysis is conducted with a control sample, which consists of a fiber-free specimen. Moreover, the impacts of fiber length and dosage on performance are scrutinized. The findings of the investigation reveal notable alterations in flexural strength and shrinkage due to the integration of recycled fibers in cementitious composites. Enhanced flexural tensile strength is observed with increasing fiber length in the fiber-reinforced composites. Optimal fiber content is determined to be 0.5% for all fiber lengths. Despite the control sample exhibiting a compressive strength of 53 MPa, the fiber-reinforced mortars demonstrate no adverse effects on compressive strength. Notably, fibers measuring 3 mm in length enhance the compressive strength of the composite to ∼67 MPa. Shrinkage test results indicate reduced dimensional changes in fiber-reinforced composites with higher fiber lengths and content. These outcomes align with weight loss measurements, suggesting that decreased water loss contributes to diminished shrinkage.

SLA-3D printing and bioactivity enhancement of zirconia anchor screws for temporomandibular joint disc reduction surgery.

SLA-3D printing and bioactivity enhancement of zirconia anchor screws for temporomandibular joint disc reduction surgery.

Establishing the electrophysiological feasibility of the rabbit median nerve as an experimental model for carpal tunnel syndrome.

Establishing the electrophysiological feasibility of the rabbit median nerve as an experimental model for carpal tunnel syndrome.

Breaking Barriers in Orthodontics: An Experimental Study on How Stabilization Discs Improve Mini-Implant Outcomes

Background/Objectives: The stabilization disc (SD) for orthodontic mini-implants is a novel device designed to enhance anchorage stability and minimize the risk of mini-implant mobility. The disc features a flat structure with four prongs and is crafted from biocompatible materials such as titanium or stainless steel. It provides additional support to mini-implants by improving force distribution and reducing stress concentration around the insertion site. This study aims to evaluate the biomechanical performance of mini-implants with an SD compared to without-SD mini-implants, with a specific focus on their ability to maintain anchorage under orthodontic loading conditions. Methods: A finite element analysis (FEA) model was created for a commercially available mini-implant (2.0 mm in diameter and 12 mm in length). The mandible’s anatomical structure was reconstructed in 3D from computed tomography (CT) scans using SpaceClaim software 2023.1. To simulate real-world orthodontic conditions, forces of 10 N were applied at an angle of 30°. This retrospective study explores the role of SDs in enhancing mini-implant stability by reducing displacement and optimizing stress distribution. The evaluation included analyzing von Mises stress, cortical bone deformation, and mini-implant movement under simulated orthodontic loading. Results: The results demonstrate that the SD significantly reduces maximum total displacements by over 41% and redistributes von Mises stresses more evenly across the mini-implant and surrounding bone. Cortical bone stress and deformation were reduced in cases utilizing the SD, indicating enhanced implant stability and durability. Conclusions: The stabilization disc enhances mini-implant stability by improving stress distribution and reducing deformation without requiring permanent implant modifications. Its adaptability makes it a valuable solution for managing variable bone density and high orthodontic forces, offering a promising advancement in orthodontic anchorage.

Thermal and Hydraulic Collection of using Elliptical Channel with Composite Nanofluid in Electrical Cooling System

With the exception of a sharp rise in power and chip densities and a steady decline in the physical dimensions of thermal management, the electronic field industry's rapid advancements mean that electronic packages remain and will remain the cornerstone of the nearly crucial field in electronic producing development. It would significantly affect performance, overall design, cost and dependability. In the electronic material sector, equipment performance is being increased while equipment size is being reduced. Achieving increased power densities is the goal. One of the best places to use thermal control techniques is in the cooling system of contemporary electronics. The effectiveness of using a nanofluid made of composite materials and pure water for cooling via mini-channel heat sinks was investigated numerically. The novelty and innovation of the present work, represented via numerical analysis, cover the numerical simulation of the new design for an electrical cooling system, which involves a flat coil elliptical channel model for constant base wall temperatures using the ANSYS FLUENT 18 software. This model is based on Reynolds numbers ranging from 1.5 to 6.5 x 104 and temperatures between 330 and 320 K. The employed channels feature an elliptical cross-sectional area, with a radius of 13 mm for big channels and 7 mm for small channels due to the flat coil form. This work introduces a new use of hybrid nanofluid in flat coil channels with an elliptical shape. The channels are machined on copper block bases and have dimensions of 200 mm in width, 50 mm in height and 70 mm in length. For two base temperatures, 40.5 and 47%, respectively, the hybrid nanofluid's heat transfer coefficient is greater than that of pure water. The composite fluid's friction factor is greater than pure water's at all Reynolds numbers, measuring 17.94% and 12.86%, respectively. When compared to the outcomes of pure water, the composite nanofluid's heat transmission ability is observed to be improved. with corresponding standard deviations of 6.4% and 7.8%. The current work's numerical results for the distribution of the friction factor and Nusselt number were verified with values found in the literature and shown satisfactory agreement. The difference between the present numerical results and the experimental Nusselt number from the previous studies was improved by 4.9%, while the present numerical friction factor of composite nanofluid compared with the experimental results obtained from previous studies found an improvement of 46.8% for the present work

Rhinolithiasis: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Introduction: Rhinolithiasis is a hard mass in the nasal cavity, made of deposits of mineral salts around a central endogenous or exogenous focus. It is a very rare pathology tending to disappear in developed countries and whose etiopathogenesis remains unknown. Its development can be fraught with complications. The diagnosis is simple and is based on endonasal examination. Atypical circumstances can lead to the recognition of rhinolithiasis: presentation of a sinonasal tumor or an infectious complication. Case: This is a 50-year-old patient, with no particular history, who consulted for a right unilateral nasal obstruction, which had been present for 1 year, associated with purulent rhinorrhea and cacosmia. Nasal endoscopy revealed an irregular whitish formation, of hard consistency covered with purulent secretions. The CT scan of the facial area revealed dense material embedded in the middle part of the right nasal cavity measuring 23.5mm in width and 13mm in length. Rhinolithiasis extraction was carried out under general anesthesia, guided by a rigid endoscope, using forceps, after fragmentation of the mass. The pathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of rhinolithiasis. Endoscopic surveillance did not reveal any recurrence. Conclusion: Rhinolithiasis is an endangered pathology. You have to know how to think about it when faced with lingering and non-specific unilateral rhinological symptoms. Nasal endoscopy and imaging make a considerable contribution to the diagnosis and pre-therapeutic assessment. Early surgical extraction helps prevent complications. Recurrences are unusual.

An Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Incorporating Natural Fibers on the Mechanical and Durability Properties of Concrete by Using Treated Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Application

This research explores the use of treated hybrid natural fibers—wheat straw and bamboo—as reinforcements in concrete for pavement applications. Motivated by environmental and economic benefits, the study investigates how these fibers can enhance the mechanical and durability properties of concrete. Wheat straw fibers, abundant in Ethiopia due to extensive wheat farming, help control micro-cracks and increase the tensile strength of concrete, while bamboo fibers, also locally available, reduce macro-crack propagation and improve concrete toughness. To prepare these fibers, wheat straw was cut to 25 mm in length and bamboo fibers were treated with a 5% sodium hydroxide solution before being cut into lengths of 30, 45, and 60 mm. A concrete mix targeting a cube compressive strength of 30 MPa incorporated 0.1% wheat straw fibers, with varying bamboo fiber contents (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) by weight of cement. The results indicate that the uniquely treated hybrid natural fiber-reinforced concrete mix exhibits noticeable enhancements in mechanical properties, with approximate increases of 4.16%, 8.80%, and 8.93% at 7, 28, and 56 days, respectively. Furthermore, the split tensile strength, flexural strength, and durability properties of the concrete were significantly improved by the proposed fiber concentration and length compared to the control concrete mix design. This treatment also shifted the failure mode of the concrete from brittle to ductile and enhanced its energy absorption capacity up to 7.88% higher than that of the control concrete. Based on the AASHTO 1993 pavement design guidelines, this fiber-reinforced concrete reduces pavement thickness by 11% compared to the control concrete while improving post-cracking behavior. This hybrid natural fiber-reinforced concrete presents a promising, sustainable, and eco-friendly alternative for rigid pavement construction.