Mixture Of Organic Compounds Research Articles

Sustainable management of paper mill sludge: insights from advanced instrumental characterization

ABSTRACT Effluent Treatment Plant Sludge (ETPS) from paper mills is generated in large quantities, posing a significant disposal challenge for the industry. In this study, the comprehensive instrumental characterisation of primary and secondary paper mill sludge was analysed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Xray diffraction analyser (XRD), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis (GC-MS) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). FTIR analysis revealed the distinct functional groups: primary paper mill sludge (PPMS) exhibited hydroxyl groups, ammonium and nitrogen-containing compounds, aromatic and vinyl groups, halogenated compounds, and sulphur-containing compounds while secondary paper mill sludge (SPMS) showed hydroxyl groups, nitrogen-containing compounds, carbonyl compounds and alkene, sulphur and halogenated compounds, as well as fluoride, silicates, and alcohols. SEM analysis of PPMS at 2 to 20 µm magnifications showed a rough, irregular, and angular morphology with elongated structures, micro voids, and pores, whereas SPMS exhibited a spherical structure with a rough, porous texture and micro voids. EDS analysis identified carbon (35 wt%) and oxygen (21 wt%) as dominant elements in both sludges, with significant amounts of calcium, aluminium, magnesium, silicon, sodium, manganese, and molybdenum also detected. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of both crystalline and amorphous phases, including calcite, kaolinite, Illite, quartz, feldspar, smectite, and muscovite in both PPMS and SPMS. GC-MS analysis at retention time (2.88 to 20.86 min) revealed a complex mixture of organic compounds in both sludges, including nitrogenous bases, organic acids, aromatic hydrocarbons, amino acids, nitriles, alcohols, and heterocyclic compounds. TGA analysis indicated a significant weight loss between 200 to 500 °C for both sludges, with PPMS showing approximately 65% weight loss and SPMS approximately 58%. These findings provide valuable insights into the composition and properties of paper mill sludge, supporting its potential for resource recovery and sustainable applications, such as biochar production, soil amendments, bioenergy generation, and composting.

Human breath analysis; Clinical application and measurement: An overview.

Human breath analysis; Clinical application and measurement: An overview.

Emissions of Nitrous Acid, Nitryl Chloride, and Dinitrogen Pentoxide Associated with Automotive Braking.

As worldwide trends move toward replacing combustion transportation modes with electric vehicles, characterizing non-tailpipe emissions, such as those from brake wear, becomes increasingly important. Nitrous acid (HONO), nitryl chloride (ClNO2), and dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) are important sources of radical oxidants (e.g., •OH, •Cl, •NO3) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the atmosphere, driving the chemistry that leads to air quality degradation. Discrepancies between measurements and model predictions indicate that there are significant unknown sources of these species, particularly HONO, where the contributions of different formation processes have been controversial since the first ambient observations in the 1970s. We report the generation of these reactive nitrogen species during automotive braking using chemical ionization mass spectrometry configured with iodide reagent ion. Substantial HONO levels are observed from ceramic and semi-metallic brake pads, and smaller quantities of ClNO2 and N2O5 were also detected. We propose that HONO is formed in the hot plume emanating from the brake rotor via abstraction by NO2 of allylic and aldehyde hydrogen atoms found in the complex mixture of volatile organic compounds emitted simultaneously. These results suggest that emissions from automotive braking must be taken into account in urban oxidation chemistry.

Air Pollution-Induced Neurotoxicity: The Relationship Between Air Pollution, Epigenetic Changes, and Neurological Disorders.

Air pollution is a major global health threat, responsible for over 8 million deaths in 2021, including 700,000 fatalities among children under the age of five. It is currently the second leading risk factor for mortality worldwide. Key pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide, have significant adverse effects on human health, contributing to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, as well as neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Among these, particulate matter poses the most significant threat due to its highly complex mixture of organic and inorganic compounds with diverse sizes, compositions, and origins. Additionally, it can penetrate deeply into tissues and cross the blood-brain barrier, causing neurotoxicity which contributes to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Although the link between air pollution and neurological disorders is well documented, the precise mechanisms and their sequence remain unclear. Beyond causing oxidative stress, inflammation, and excitotoxicity, studies suggest that air pollution induces epigenetic changes. These epigenetic alterations may affect the expression of genes involved in stress responses, neuroprotection, and synaptic plasticity. Understanding the relationship between neurological disorders and epigenetic changes induced by specific air pollutants could aid in the early detection and monitoring of central nervous system diseases.

Environmental drivers of dissolved organic matter composition across central European aquatic systems: A novel correlation-based machine learning and FT-ICR MS approach.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) present in surface aquatic systems is a heterogeneous mixture of organic compounds reflecting its allochthonous and autochthonous organic matter (OM) sources. The composition of DOM is determined by environmental factors like land use, water chemistry, and climate, which influence its release, movement, and turnover in the ecosystem. However, studying the impact of these environmental factors on DOM composition is challenging due to the dynamic nature of the system and the complex interactions of multiple environmental factors involved. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) enables detailed molecular-level analysis of DOM, allowing the identification of thousands of individual molecular formulas potentially representing unique markers for its "molecular history". The combination of FT-ICR MS with machine-learning techniques is promising to unravel DOM-environment interactions owing to their capacity to capture complex non-linear relationships. We present a novel unsupervised multi-variant machine-learning approach, aiming to model correlation coefficients as robust indicators of how changes in environmental factors (e.g., the concentration of nutrients or the land use) result in changes in the molecular formula descriptors of DOM (i.e., aromaticity index or hydrogen to carbon ratio). We applied this approach to an environmental data set collected from 84 sites across central Europe exhibiting a broad range of water chemistry and land uses. Our model revealed an increase in molecular mass and aromaticity of DOM in densely forested regions as compared to open urban areas, where DOM was characterized by higher concentrations of dissolved ions and increased microbial degradation, leading to smaller and more aliphatic DOM. Our findings highlight the substantial human impact on climate change, as evidenced by the accelerated photochemical and microbial degradation of DOM, which consequently enhances greenhouse gas emissions and exacerbates global warming.

Untargeted flower volatilome profiling highlights differential pollinator attraction strategies in muscadine.

Floral aromas are a mixture of volatile organic compounds, essential attributes associated with the attraction of different pollinators. This investigation is the first in-depth exploration of the volatile profiles of sixteen muscadine grape genotypes, producing female and perfect flowers using the headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME)-GC-MS-based untargeted volatilomics approach. A total of one hundred fifty volatile metabolites were identified in the muscadine flower genotypes, including the functional groups of hydrocarbons, esters, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, miscellaneous, and acids. Multivariate statistical analysis for volatile terpenes revealed eleven bio-marker terpene volatiles that primarily distinguish between female and perfect flowers. The β-elemene, β-bisabolene, and α-muurolene were the marker volatiles characterizing perfect flowers; however, α-selinene, (Z,E)-α-farnesene, and (E,E)-geranyl linalool were the typical marker terpene in the female flowers. Perfect flowers exhibited better pollinator attraction capacity associated with a higher number of flowers per inflorescence, enhanced pollinator rewards, and higher numbers and quantities of terpene volatiles than female flowers, resulting in superior pollinator attraction capacity and fruit set efficiency. The pollinator attraction mechanism of female flowers exhibited several morphological and biochemical floral defects, causing random pollinator visits and low fruit set efficiency. The controlled pollination assay could express female flowers' full fruit set capabilities by avoiding casual insect pollination. This comprehensive study suggests that these marker terpenes might contribute to pollinator attraction in muscadine flower genotypes and should be considered an excellent reference for agroecosystem ecologists and entomologists.

Odour prevention strategies in wastewater treatment and composting plants: A review.

Odour prevention strategies in wastewater treatment and composting plants: A review.

Innovative Production of 3D-Printed Ceramic Monolithic Catalysts for Oxidation of VOCs by Using Fused Filament Fabrication

In this work, ceramic monolithic catalyst carriers based on zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) were produced using fused filament fabrication (FFF). The active catalyst components were deposited on the resulting carriers using the wet impregnation method. The activity of the prepared monolithic catalysts was evaluated by catalytic oxidation of a mixture of aromatic volatile organic compounds: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene (BTEX). The efficiency of the prepared monolithic catalysts was investigated as a function of the geometry of the monolithic carrier (ZDP, Z, and M) and the chemical composition of the catalytically active component (MnFeOx, MnCuOx, and MnNiOx) during the catalytic oxidation of BTEX compounds. The mechanical stability of the catalyst layer and the dimensional stability of the 3D-printed monolithic catalyst carriers were investigated prior to the kinetic measurements. In addition, thorough characterization of the commercial ZrO2-based filament was carried out. The results of the efficiency of the prepared monolithic catalysts for the catalytic oxidation of BTEX showed that the 3D-printed model M, which contained MnFeOx as the catalytically active component, was the most successful catalyst for the oxidation of BTEX compounds. The mentioned catalyst enables the catalytic oxidation of all components of the BTEX mixture (>99% efficiency) at a temperature of 177 °C.

Exploring the Chemical Complexity and Sources of Airborne Fine Particulate Matter in East Asia by Nontarget Analysis and Multivariate Modeling.

The complex and dynamic nature of airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has hindered understanding of its chemical composition, sources, and toxic effects. In the first steps of a larger study, here, we aimed to elucidate relationships between source regions, ambient conditions, and the chemical composition in water extracts of PM2.5 samples (n = 85) collected over 16 months at an observatory in the Yellow Sea. In each extract, we quantified elements and major ions and profiled the complex mixtures of organic compounds by nontarget mass spectrometry. More than 50,000 nontarget features were detected, and by consensus of in silico tools, we assigned a molecular formula to 13,907 features. Oxygenated compounds were most prominent, followed by mixed nitrogenated/oxygenated compounds, organic sulfates, and sulfonates. Spectral matching enabled identification or structural annotation of 43 substances, and a workflow involving SIRIUS and MS-DIAL software enabled annotation of 74 unknown per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances with primary source regions in China and the Korean Peninsula. Multivariate modeling revealed seasonal variations in chemistry, attributable to the combination of warmer temperatures and maritime source regions in summer and to cooler temperatures and source regions of China in winter.

Enhanced sulfate formation in mixed biomass burning and sea-salt interactions mediated by photosensitization: effects of chloride, nitrogen-containing compounds, and atmospheric aging

Abstract. Discrepancies persist between modeled simulations and measured sulfate concentrations in the marine boundary layer, especially when the marine air is influenced by biomass burning plumes. However, there has been a notable dearth of research conducted on the interactions between sea-salt aerosol and biomass burning plumes, impeding a comprehensive understanding of sulfate formation. This work studied sulfate formation by mixing real biomass burning (BB) extracts and NaCl, mimicking internal mixtures of BB and sea-salt particles. BB–NaCl particles had a significantly higher sulfate formation rate than incense burning (IS)–NaCl particles. For fresh particles, the sulfate formation rate followed the trend of corn straw (CS)–NaCl > rice straw (RS)–NaCl > wheat straw (WS)–NaCl > IS–NaCl. The filter sample aging was achieved by exposure to OH• generated from UV irradiation. After aging, RS–NaCl particles exhibited the highest enhancement in sulfate formation rates among all the BB–NaCl particles due to interactions between RS and NaCl. Bulk aqueous experiments spiked with NaCl using mixtures of model photosensitizers (PSs) and nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs), pyrazine (CHN), and 4-nitrocatechol (CHON) revealed positive effects of chloride in the PS–CHON system and negative effects in the PS–CHN system in sulfate formation. Our work suggests that BB reaching or near coastal areas can affect sulfate formation via photosensitizer-mediated reactions, potentially exacerbating air pollution.

On the occurrence, behaviour, and fate of naphthenic acid fraction compounds in aquatic environments.

On the occurrence, behaviour, and fate of naphthenic acid fraction compounds in aquatic environments.

Fish Diseases Doctrine Caused Bacteria Stopped on Treewoodhost Case Report: Forest Treewood Resins on Marine Diseases Management: Forest Antibiotic

Fish diseases doctrine consist of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Communicable fish diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi and their toxic products that fish widespread to another through contact with bodily fluids, blood products, contaminated surfaces, or environmental (water). In ecological environment we live in, human/environmental health awareness is increasing and level of utilization of natural resources is coming to fore. Importance of alives health and careful protection are becoming necessity every passing day. Its serious fact that forest products are unshakable milestone of marin medical science. Most notable forest product in this regard is forest antibiotics that resin. Need for resin and its derivatives is increasing day by day. Tree resin is solid or highly viscous liquid that maybe converted into polymer. Resins mixtures of organic compounds, and predominantly terpenes. Resins protect plants from insects, pathogens, and are secreted in response to injury. On the other hand, this study has addressed it as antibacterial substance that prevents fish diseases seen in fish. Here we summarise state of knowledge about resin production in modern ecosystems, especially in ocean ecosystems, and review antipathogenic and anti-pathogenesis aspects of resin production in plants and fish. We suggest that besides diseases, prunings, insect attacks and traumatic wounding from fires and storms, other factors such as tree architecture and local soil conditions are significant in creating and preserving resin outpourings. We advocate that this natural wonder antipathogenic defence mechanism resin of trees can be incorporated into drug design used in the treatment of fish diseases. Also, this manuscript deals with stopped resins chain of infection, routes, and modes of entry of pathogenic bacteria, tree wood host case report defences against fish diseases infections, and types of infectious agents and their mechanism of infections, in period of antibiotic deficiency against fish diseases where we exposed to bacterial resistance.

Molecular insights into the composition, sources, and aging of atmospheric brown carbon.

The light-absorbing chemical components of atmospheric organic aerosols are commonly referred to as Brown Carbon (BrC), reflecting the characteristic yellowish to brown appearance of aerosol. BrC is a highly complex mixture of organic compounds with diverse compositions and variable optical properties of its individual chromophores. BrC significantly influences the radiative budget of the climate and contributes to adverse air pollution effects such as reduced visibility and the presence of inhalable pollutants and irritants. However, a fundamental understanding of the sources, formation, and transformation (aging effects) of BrC remains incomplete. This gap in knowledge necessitates advanced chemical characterization of individual aerosol components and the correlation of their composition with optical properties. Over the past decade, a multi-modal analytical platform composed of high-performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array UV-vis detector and high-resolution mass spectrometry has been extensively used for the untargeted analysis of BrC components in complex mixtures of atmospheric organic aerosols and their laboratory proxies. This method separates solvent-extractable BrC compounds into distinct fractions, each characterized by specific retention times, UV-vis absorption spectra, and elemental compositions, offering comprehensive molecular insights into BrC components. In this review, we highlight the application of this platform in analyzing both real-world aerosol samples and laboratory-generated proxies. These studies have identified composition-specific sources and transformations of BrC, advancing our understanding of these complex atmospheric mixtures. Atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS), formed through cloud processing of wildfire smoke and the oligomerization of water-soluble organics, are key contributors to BrC. Additional HULIS originate from fossil fuel combustion, biogenic, and marine emissions. Key BrC chromophores include nitroaromatics, imidazoles, N-heterocycles, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, quinones, and others. Aging processes, including photolysis and multiphase reactions, can significantly alter BrC optical properties by generating new chromophores or degrading existing ones. The fundamental knowledge gained from these investigations is essential for assessing BrC optical properties. Additionally, it provides practical composition metrics necessary to inform and improve future atmospheric models, enabling more accurate predictions of BrC behavior and its impact on climate and air quality.

Correlation Study Of Sulphur and Ash Content In Patappa Coal Area Pujananting Sub-District Barru District

Coal is an organic sedimentary rock derived from the decomposition of various plant remains which is a heterogeneous mixture of organic compounds and inorganic substances that fuse under the weight of the strata that crush it. This research is devoted to determining the correlation between ash content and sulfur content in Patappa coal area, Pujananting sub-district, Barru Regency. The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is a correlation between ash content and sulfur content in Patappa coal. The research method carried out in this research is the first preliminary stage including administration, literature study and discussion, then the data collection stage includes primary data and secondary data, the stage of data analysis and processing is to determine the correlation between ash content and sulfur content based on the analysis results. The materials used in this research include geological hammer, compass, GPS, sample bag, camera and roll meter. the sampling process carried out is by using channel sampling. The results of the analysis of this study are in sample 1, it can be seen that the value of the ash content is 18.32%, while the sulfur content has a value of 7.22%. In sample 2, the ash content value is 15.58% while the sulfur content has a value of 8.63%. So it can be concluded that the relationship between the two analyses is inversely proportional where the higher the ash content value, the lower the sulfur content value, and vice versa, the lower the ash content value, the higher the sulfur content value.

Produced Water Treatment Technologies: A Review

The oil and gas industry’s view of water production, once regarded primarily as a waste stream, has shifted in recent years due to the growing environmental and economic challenges. Industries now recognize the substantial volumes of water produced during production operations and are actively exploring alternative water management strategies. Among these, water treatment stands out as a leading approach, aimed at purifying the water to achieve specific element concentrations suited for targeted applications. The produced water from oil and gas reservoirs is a complex mixture of various organic and inorganic compounds, as well as dissolved and suspended solids. It is considered a highly contaminated waste stream, making effective treatment essential to meet future critical water demand. The physical and chemical properties of the produced water vary depending on the extraction location, geological formations, and type of hydrocarbon produced. This review examines multiple treatment methods used for the beneficial reuse of produced water, covering physical, chemical, and biological techniques, along with examples demonstrating their effectiveness in field case studies.

Effects of dichlorobenzene, toluene, benzene and formaldehyde chemicals on Drosophila melanogaster mortality.

Environmental exposures to volatile organic compound (VOC) mixtures have received increasing attention, yet the risks are under studied. This study aimed to explore the risks of combined exposures to several commonly detected VOCs and to draw attention to the necessity of studying long-term and low-concentration environmental exposure patterns. In this study, we examined the effects of long-term and low-concentration exposures to VOCs like 1,2-dichlorobenzene, benzene, toluene and formaldehyde either alone or in combination on D. melanogaster mortality. A quantitative relationship was established between 1,2-dichlorobenzene concentration and mortality. Additionally, 1,2-dichlorobenzene was more toxic than toluene, and males were more sensitive to 1,2-dichlorobenzene. In cocktail, 1,2-dichlorobenzene + benzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene acted as an antagonist and interaction type may depend on component concentration. Antagonistic interaction was also found in twice mixture of toluene + benzene + formaldehyde and the degree of antagonism decreased with increasing concentrations of formaldehyde + benzene. The observed interactions and variations in their type or degree relative to mixture component concentrations may be attributed to inter-component metabolic interference and metabolic saturation.

Cloud drop activation of insoluble aerosols aided by film-forming surfactants

Abstract. Cloud droplet activation of insoluble aerosols covered by insoluble surfactant films has been studied theoretically by combining the FHH (Frenkel–Halsey–Hill) activation theory and an equation of state suitable for surfactant films that are in an expanded state. The key parameters governing the ability of the surfactant to suppress critical supersaturations are its partial molecular area at the water surface and the size of the molecule. For a fixed size, molecules with a larger molecular area are more efficient, whereas with a fixed area-to-volume ratio smaller molecules are more efficient. Calculations made for stearic acid films on black carbon and illite aerosols indicate that the critical supersaturations are significantly lower than with pure particles, especially when the dry particle sizes are several hundred nanometers and larger. Furthermore, the reductions in critical supersaturation are similar when stearic acid is replaced by water-soluble organics with values of the hygroscopicity parameter (κ) of up to 0.5. However, mixtures of surfactant and water-soluble organic compounds are relatively weaker at reducing critical supersaturations than either of these compounds alone, which is caused by dilution of the surfactant film as the dissolved organic causes increased uptake of water vapor in the critical droplets. The theory has also been tested against experimental results on the impact of oleic acid films on the activation of calcite particles.

Children’s Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds: A Comparative Analysis of Assessments in Households, Schools, and Indoor Swimming Pools

Chemical pollution is an increasing worldwide concern, with children being especially vulnerable to the harmful effects of air pollution. This study aimed to characterize the mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in indoor air across residential, educational, and recreational settings. It analyzed data on VOC concentrations from previous sampling campaigns conducted in households with children, primary schools, and indoor swimming pools (70 buildings, 151 indoor spaces) in northern Portugal. The findings reveal the co-occurrence of 16 VOCs (1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, benzene, ethylbenzene, m/o/p-xylenes, styrene, toluene, tetrachloroethylene, 2-ethylhexanol, butanol, acetophenone, ethyl acetate, benzaldehyde, decanal, nonanal, 1-methoxy-2-propanol and limonene) across all three settings, primarily associated to emissions from building materials and detergents. However, distinct patterns were also observed in the VOCs detected across the three indoor environments: in homes, the predominant VOCs were primarily released from cleaning and fragranced products; in schools, from ammonia-based cleaners and occupant activities; and in swimming pools, the predominant airborne chemicals were disinfection by-products resulting from the chemical dynamics associated with water disinfection. Overall, the findings highlight the need for additional research to deepen our understanding of the risks posed by combined exposure to multiple indoor air chemicals for children. These results also underscore the importance of developing and enforcing regulations to monitor VOC levels in environments frequented by children and implementing preventive measures to minimize their exposure to harmful chemicals.

Investigation of Surface Affinity and Desorption Kinetics of Mixture of Volatile Organic Compounds on CuO-Based Resistive Gas Sensors

Investigation of Surface Affinity and Desorption Kinetics of Mixture of Volatile Organic Compounds on CuO-Based Resistive Gas Sensors

A Comprehensive Review of Advanced Treatment Technologies for the Enhanced Reuse of Produced Water

Produced water (PW) is considered to be the largest source of industrial wastewater associated with oil and gas extraction operations for industrial production. It is a mixture of organic and inorganic compounds that has high complexity in terms of various characteristics. Globally, the volume of PW is increasing along with the expansion of gas and oil fields, leading to major impacts on the environment. Existing treatment technologies involve partially treating the PW through removing the suspended solids, heavy metals, without removing organic components and re-injecting the water underground using water disposal injection wells. The treatment process consists of a primary treatment unit to remove the particles, followed a secondary biological or chemical processing treatment, while the final treatment stage involves the use of a tertiary treatment unit to improve the water quality and remove the remainder of the undesired components. Moreover, while PW is considered one of the available options to be utilized as a water source, no alternate advanced treatment options on a commercial scale are available at present due to the limitations of existing PW treatment technologies, associated with their maintainability, sustainability, cost, and level of quality improvement. As such, research focused on finding an optimal treatment approach to improve the overall process continues to be conducted, with the aim of reusing the water instead of injecting it underground. This literature review discusses the latest advanced technologies for PW treatment aimed at reusing the full stream capacity of PW and eliminating the need for wastewater disposal via injection. It is concluded that researchers should focus on hybrid treatment technologies in order to remove the pollutants from PW, effectively allowing for its reuse.