Oil Mixture Research Articles

Effects of the Supplementation of Essential Oil Mixtures on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Immune Status and Microbial Community in Weaned Piglets

Since essential oils—such as cinnamaldehyde, thymol, carvacrol, and eugenol—have antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, this study aimed to examine the supplementation of different essential oil mixtures together with 1600 mg/kg zinc oxide (ZnO) on growth performance, incidence of diarrhea, serum immune indices, fecal volatile fatty acids, and microflora structure in weaned piglets. A total of 240 weaned piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) with an average body weight of 8.85 ± 0.21 kg were randomly allocated to 30 pens (6 pens per diet, 4 males and 4 females per pen). Five different experimental diets were prepared and administered for 28 days: (i) a control diet (C), a corn–soybean basal diet without antibiotics, ZnO, or a supplementation of growth promoters; (ii) a control diet with 400 mg/kg essential oil mixtures 1 (EOM1); (iii) a control diet supplemented with ZnO at 1600 mg/kg (Z); (iv) a diet incorporating the Z diet with the addition of essential oil mixtures 1 at 400 mg/kg (ZOM1); and (v) a diet incorporating the Z diet with the addition of essential oil mixtures 2 at 400 mg/kg (ZOM2). During day (d) 14–28 and d 1–28 of the experiment, the average daily gain (ADG) in piglets in the ZOM1 and ZOM2 groups were higher (p < 0.05) compared to the C group. The diarrhea incidence of the Z, ZOM1, and ZOM2 groups were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), and the piglets of the ZOM1 group exhibited the lowest diarrhea incidence throughout the trial period. Additionally, the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ash, organic matter (OM), and ether extract (EE) were higher than those fed the Z diet, and higher levels of NDF, ADF, and crude protein (CP) were observed in groups other than those fed the ZOM1 diet (p < 0.01). On d 14, the pigs fed EOM1 and ZOM2 diets showed a somewhat lower (p < 0.1) immunoglobulin G (lgG) level in serum than those fed the C diet. Additionally, the IL-8 level in serum in the ZOM1 group tended to be higher than that in the other groups (p < 0.1). The piglets fed the ZOM1 diet showed a tendency of lower (p = 0.05) acetate concentration in feces on d 14. Principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA) showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the composition of fecal microbial communities among the groups. Dietary EOM1 significantly increased the number of fecal bacteroides (p < 0.05) and tended to increase the number of Prevotella (p < 0.1). Therefore, EOM1 combined with 1600 mg/kg ZnO tends to reduce diarrhea incidence, tends to improve the fecal microbial community structure and growth performance of weaned piglets, and has the potential to replace pharmacological dosages of ZnO.

POINT STIMULATION WITH ESSENTIAL OILS IN COMPLEX TREATMENT OF LUMBOSACRAL DORSOPATHIES

The material is devoted to the analysis of the main mechanisms and comparative assessment of the effectiveness of various options for the cutaneous use of essential oils in dorsopathies.Materials and methods. 90 patients (women and men) with exacerbation of lumbosacral dorsopathy were selected. In the course of the study, along with neurological, psychological and electrophysiological analysis was carried out. The observed individuals were divided into three randomized groups, each of 30 people in which standard treatment was performed standard treatment. In addition to this, in the first two, main groups, a mixture of essential oils was used: in the 1st group by massaging the lumbosacral zone, in the 2nd – biopuncture, with its application to the area of segmental and distant acupuncture points In the 3rd, control group, sesame oil was applied to the area of the same points as a placebo.Results and conclusion. The results of the study confirmed the effectiveness of both types of use of essential oils, exceeding, at the level of reliability, the indicators of the control group. However, in the main groups, the rates of sustained analgesia varied, achieved on average after 7.2 procedures in the 1st and 5.5 in the 2nd group. In a similar proportion, the final intensity of pain also decreased – by 51.7 and 65%, respectively, compared with the initial one. According to the delayed assessment performed after six months, exacerbations of the process in the control group were noted in a third of patients, while in the main groups they were observed in a comparably smaller number. Nevertheless, there are differences in the severity of periodically occurring algia: in the 2nd group they increased slightly, while in others they increased to a significantly greater extent. At the same time, the data of rheovasograms testified in favor of greater stability of the results in the 2nd group. The noted advantage of biopuncture with essential oils can be explained by the cumulative effect inherent in the methods of reflexology. In addition, this technique, given the physiology, can be an addition to more aggressive types (classical acupuncture, electrical stimulation) of physical exposure.

Polyurethane Adhesives for Wood Based on a Simple Mixture of Castor Oil and Crude Glycerin

Developing a new type of polyurethane is essential because conventional options often exhibit shortcomings in terms of environmental sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and performance in specialized applications. A novel polyurethane adhesive derived from a simple mixture of castor oil (CO) and crude glycerin (CG) holds promise as it reduces reliance on fossil fuels and harnesses renewable resources, making it environmentally friendly. Simple CO/CG mixtures, adjusted at three different weight fractions, were used as bio-based polyester polyols to produce polyurethane adhesive for wood bonding. The resulting products are yellowish liquids with moderate-to-high viscosity, measuring 19,800–21,000 cP at 25 °C. The chemical structure of the polyester polyols was characterized using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry (TG), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). These polyols reacted with polymeric 4,4-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (p-MDI) at a consistent isocyanate index of 1.3, resulting in the formation of polyurethane adhesives. Crucially, all final adhesives met the adhesive strength requirements specified by ASTM D-5751 standards, underscoring their suitability for wood bonding applications. The addition of CG enhanced the surface and volumetric hydrophobicity of the cured adhesives, resulting in adhesive properties that are not only stronger but also more weather-resistant. Although the thermal stability of the adhesives decreased with the inclusion of CG, FTIR analysis confirmed proper polyurethane polymer formation. The adhesive adjusted for a 2:1 CO:CG weight ratio promoted wood–wood bonding with the highest shear strength, likely due to a higher formation of urethane linkages between hydroxyl groups from the blend of polyols and isocyanate groups from the p-MDI.

Bio-based polyester-polyurethane foams: synthesis and degradability by Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus clavatus.

In this article, the degradability by Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus clavatus of three bio-based polyurethane (PU) foams is compared to previous degradability studies involving a Pseudomonas sp. bacterium and similar initial materials (Spontón et al. in Int. Biodet. Biodeg. 85:85-94, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.05.019 ). First, three new polyester-polyurethane foams were prepared from mixtures of castor oil (CO), maleated castor oil (MACO), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and water. Then, their degradation tests were carried out in an aqueous medium, and employing the two mentioned fungi, after their isolation from the environment. From the degradation tests, the following was observed: (a) the insoluble (and slightly collapsed) foams exhibited free hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amine moieties; and (b) the water soluble (and low molar mass) compounds contained amines, carboxylic acids, and glycerol. The most degraded foam contained the highest amount of MACO, and therefore the highest concentration of hydrolytic bonds. A basic biodegradation mechanism was proposed that involves hydrolysis and oxidation reactions.

Thermal treatments modulate short-chain fatty acid production and microbial metabolism of starch-based mixtures in different ways: A focus on the relationship with the structure of resistant starch

The physiological function of thermally treated starch-based foods was predictively analyzed by in vitro fermentation. Different thermal treatments affected the structure of resistant starch and the presence of harmful substances. The effect of these treatments on their in vitro fermentation properties was emphasized. In this study, undigested components with different structural characteristics were isolated from starch–protein–oil mixtures treated by thermal treatments (boiling, baking, and frying). The structures of digested residues from different thermally treated ternary mixtures were disrupted to varying degrees compared with the control, as evidenced by the reduction of crystalline regions, the break of inter-molecular hydrogen bonds, and damage to molecular structure of rice starch. Baking (1.381 μg/g) and frying (1.696 μg/g) resulted in higher contents of Maillard reaction products (AGEs) than boiling (1.246 μg/g). After fermentation, the content of short-chain fatty acids generated by thermally treated ternary mixtures lowered, correlating with the incomplete structure of resistant starch. By contrast, the species diversity of intestinal microbes increased in thermally treated groups because of their high intestinal pH, which favored the growth of pathogenic bacteria. In addition, the Bacteroidetes/Parabacteroides ratio of the dominant microbes in thermally treated groups was reduced, which was detrimental to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. In particular, the high AGE content in baking and frying groups increased the relative abundance of harmful microbes such as Proteobacteria and Pseudomonas.

Eco-friendly and multifunctional superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic materials with adsorption, photodegradation and oil-water separation properties

The frequent water pollution problems have caused serious harm to the ecological environment and human health, among which, a large number of waste water contains heavy metal ions, organic dyes, oil-water emulsion and other pollutants. Therefore, it is particularly important to prepare multifunctional materials that can separate these pollutants and purify wastewater. In this paper, ovalbumin (OVA), phytic acid (PA) and egg shell powder (ESP) and TiO2 particles were used to construct a composite system, which was loaded on fabric, cotton and PVDF membrane by impregnation method. The preparation of OVA-ESP-TiO2-PA modified materials which can efficiently separate various oil-water mixtures and oil-water emulsions were successfully achieved. The modified material could achieve high flux (up to13458 L m−2h−1) and separation efficiency (＞99 %) for various mixtures of oil and water by gravity-driven. Typically, it shows good stability and durability under strong acid and alkali (pH=1–12) and different temperatures (T = 10–60 ℃), and can be reused. What's more, the modified materials can effectively adsorb organic dyes (＞92 %) and heavy metal ions (up to 85 %) and can degrade organic dyes by ultraviolet light. It provides a new idea for the separation of oil-water mixture and the purification of waste liquid containing organic dyes and heavy metal ions, which has a good application prospect in the treatment of industrial wastewater and domestic wastewater.

Mite biodiversity on vegetables in plastic-houses and the efficacy of an essential oil mixture on Tetranychus urticae and Phytoseiulus persimilis

ABSTRACTWe surveyed the mite fauna on three vegetable crops (cucumber, eggplant, and pepper) in plastic-houses throughout the autumn of 2020 by taking weekly leaf samples. These samples revealed several plant-feeding and predatory mites belonging to 13 species in ten genera and five families, as well as some insect pests. Tetranychus urticae Koch (Tetranychidae) was a significant pest in all three crops and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) control was used for its control. A bioassay was performed to evaluate the effect of a mixture of essential oils (clove, lavender, eucalyptus, and sweet orange) on T. urticae and its associated predator, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Phytoseiidae). The lethal concentration of this essential oil mixture determined by laboratory bioassay, was used on eggplant and cucumber crops in plastic-houses. The active ingredients of the tested oil mixture were determined using GC-MS analysis of the mixed essential oil. The total constituents of the mixed essential oil were identified as 43 compounds, primarily d-limonene, but also monoterpenes, sesquiterpens, diterpens, sestetraterpens, triterpens, and tetraterpens.

Characterization and Efficacy of Essential Oil-Based Cosmetic Formulations for Acne-Prone Skin

This randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical in vivo study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a cosmetic formulation for non-inflammatory acne using essential oils. Fifty-three male participants were divided into four groups: a formulation containing a mixture of four essential oils (4EO), Melaleuca alternifolia (M.a.), nanoemulsion of M. alternifolia (Nanoem.), and a placebo group. The participants applied the formulation daily for 90 days and non-invasive skin imaging techniques were employed to assess the outcomes. Skin microrelief images and reflectance confocal microscopy images were captured in the malar region, and Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze the terpene composition of the essential oils, oil mixture, and nanoemulsion. The results indicated that the nanoemulsion, M.a. essential oil, and 4EO formulation effectively reduced the overall number of comedone and improved follicular hyperkeratinization. The nanoemulsion of M.a. demonstrated the most promising outcomes in reducing comedone areas, especially in the infundibular region. This effect could be attributed to the presence of terpinene-4-ol in the essential oil and the enhanced penetration provided by the nanoemulsion formulation. These findings suggest that cosmetic formulations containing essential oils, particularly in nanoemulsion form, have potential against mild acne. This study contributes to our understanding of the relationship between terpene composition and clinical activity, highlighting the importance of innovative delivery systems.

Stabilization of multi-source edible oils from palm olein and sunflower oil using clove (Syzygium aromaticum) extract and powder during accelerated storage

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of clove buds ethanolic, hexanic extracts and powder in inhibiting 50/50 and 30/70 palm olein/sunflower oil blends during accelerated storage. Clove ethanolic and hexanic extracts were tested for their total phenolic content and antioxidant activities. Clove ethanolic, hexanic extracts and powder were individually added to 100 g of each oil mixture at concentrations 500–2000 ppm. Oil blends with butylated hydroxytoluene served as positive control while the same samples without additives served as negative ones. All oil samples were stored in an electric-air dried oven at 60 °C for 20 days (8 h heating /day). Samples were collected after every 10 days for quality analysis. The peroxide, p-anisidine, TOTOX and thiobarbituric acid values were evaluated. Results showed total phenolic content of 11.80 and 10.77 mg GAE/g respectively for the ethanolic and hexanic extracts. The ethanolic extract exhibited antioxidant activities ranged between 20.29 % and 89.79 % while that of the hexanic extract ranged between 17.12 % and 81.06 %. The effect of clove extracts and powder on the oxidative stability disclosed that the extracts and powder significantly (p < 0.05) delayed the oxidation of the 50:50 and 30:70 palm olein/sunflower oil blends during storage at 60 °C for 20 days. Generally, the Total oxidation value range was 22.85–120.60 for the control and 22.85–101.29 for the oils supplemented with antioxidants.

Operational envelope for planning cold flow production

The paper presents a method to determine an operational envelope for the cold flow technology with respect to producing gas–oil ratio (GOR) and water cut (WC). The cold flow technology is a flow assurance method that enables cold production flow in thermal equilibrium with the seabed temperature. Cold flow converts hydrate and wax into dry, non-plugging microparticles inside a subsea cold flow unit downstream the wellhead. The small particles travel along with the liquid in the form of a slurry to the receiving host. The operational envelope shows that if the production flow reaches certain combinations of GOR and Wc, the hydrate volume fraction in liquid and consequently the slurry’s effective viscosity could be too high for pipe transportation. This paper also investigates the case when the slurry is transported with remaining water, where there might be some emulsion phenomena. Results show that this could reduce the operational region of the cold flow envelope, particularly for GOR–Wc values around the inversion point volume fraction. Therefore, water–slurry emulsification should also be taken into consideration when considering the operational envelope. If the hydrate–oil mixture is found to be too viscous to transport it can be resolved by, for example, removing water from the production flow upstream the cold flow unit. GOR–WC profiles from a real field case are over-imposed on the operational envelope to see the development during the field lifetime. Tieback costs for the cold flow technology are found to be 20–30% less than conventional methods for a 100 km tieback. The relative cost reduction increases with increasing tieback distance.

Microemulsions: a promising drug delivery system

Microemulsions, comprising oil, water and a surfactant, in association with some co-surfactant, are thermodynamically stable systems. They have found applications in a large number of chemical and pharmacological processes due to their unique properties such as large interfacial area, low interfacial tension, and most importantly, the ability to solubilize and deliver hydrophobic drugs. Microemulsions are ore, topical and parenteral administration. Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable. Microemulsions are clear, thermodynamically stable isotropic liquid mixtures of oil, water and surfactant, frequently in combination with a cosurfactant. This review highlights the properties and several recent developments in the use of microemulsions for medical treatment purposes including targeted drug delivery.

Fabrication and Characterization of TiO2 Coatings on 304 Stainless-Steel Substrate for Efficient Oil/Water Separation

Oil spill accidents have been a prevalent threat to the environment. To aid in clean-up efforts, a stainless-steel filter with a hydrophilic and oleophobic coating was fabricated for efficient and affordable oil/water separation. Two solutions were used to deposit the coatings. One was sourced from a titanium (IV) isopropoxide (TTIP) precursor dissolved into 1-butanol and the other through the mixing of titanium dioxide nanopowder with glacial acetic acid. The solutions were applied to 304 stainless-steel mesh filters of varying aperture sizes ranging from 30 microns to 240 microns. The coating was applied through a multiphase deposition method followed by sintering at 450 °C. The filter performance was evaluated by contact angle measurement and a filtration test using a mixture of motor oil and water, while the surface morphology and structure of the coatings were characterized by SEM-EDS and XRD. The mesh with smaller aperture size showed oil retention improvement of up to 99%. The TiO2 nanopowder coating, with a 92% oil retention efficiency, outperformed the coating via the TTIP precursor.

Optimization and antifungal efficacy against brown rot fungi of combined Salvia rosmarinus and Cedrus atlantica essential oils encapsulated in Gum Arabic

The stability, sensitivity, and volatility of essential oils are some of their most serious limitations, and nanoencapsulation has been considered one of the most effective techniques for solving these problems. This research aimed to investigate the incorporation of Salvia rosmarinus Speen and Cedrus atlantica Manetti (MEO) essential oil mixture in Gum Arabic (GA) and to evaluate nanoencapsulation’s ability to promote antifungal activity against two brown rot fungi responsible for wood decay Gloeophyllum trabeum and Poria placenta. The optimization of encapsulation efficiency was performed using response surface methodology (RSM) with two parameters: solid-to-solid (MEO/GA ratio) and solid-to-liquid (MEO/ethanol). The recovered powder characterization was followed by various techniques using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). The optimal nanoencapsulating conditions obtained from RSM were ratios of MEO/GA of 1:10 (w/w) and MEO/ethanol of 10% (v/v), which provided the greatest encapsulation efficiency (87%). The results of SEM, XRD, DLS, FTIR, and TGA showed that the encapsulation of MEO using GA modified particle form and molecular structure and increased thermal stability. An antifungal activity assay indicated that an effective concentration of MEO had an inhibitory effect on brown rot fungi. It had 50% of the maximal effect (EC50) value of 5.15 ± 0.88 µg/mL and 12.63 ± 0.65 µg/mL for G. trabeum and P. placenta, respectively. Therefore, this product has a great potential as a natural wood preservative for sustainable construction and green building.

FORMULATION AND IN VIVO EVALUATION OF PEMIGATINIB SUPER SATURABLE SELF-NANO EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Objective: Pemigatinib is an active component in treatment of cholangiocarcinoma, but the low solubility and bioavailability of Pemigatinib limit its wide application. The aim of the present study was to prepare and evaluate supersaturable self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (sSNEDDS) followed by investigating and comparing the pharmacokinetic profiles of Pemigatinib and Pemigatinib sSNEDDS in rat plasma by HPLC. Methods: Pemigatinib loaded SNEDDS were obtained by dissolving drug in the isotropic mixture of oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant. The conventional SNEDDS were converted to sSNEDDS by precipitation method by using an experimented polymer. An appropriate high sensitivity and selectivity was applied to the comparison of plasma pharmacokinetics in Pemigatinib and Pemigatinib sSNEDDS using Entrectinib as an internal standard (IS). Results: The droplet of sSNEDDS ranges from 166.78±3.14 to 178.86±1.24 nm with PDI 0.212–0.256, transmission electron microscopy images revealed the spherical shape of the nanodroplets, emulsification time was 15 secs when added to physiological fluids, percent transmittance of the diluted formulation was 99.12±0.46, and viscosity was 574±26 centipoises indicating the good flow ability. FTIR and DSC studies indicated the amorphization of the drug. The dissolution profile of sSNEDDS indicated the faster release of drug compared to both pure drug suspension and SNEDDS formulation. Cmax of the sSNEDDS 3.52±0.13ng/ml was significant (P&lt;0.05) as compared to the pure drug suspension formulation 2.82±0.42 ng/ml. The AUC0-t, AUC0–∞ of sSNEDDS was increased, while the Tmax and t1/2 was decreased. Moreover, the AUC value in the sSNEDDS group was significantly increased and the relative bioavailability was calculated to be 69% when compared with that of the Pemigatinib group. Conclusion: These results concluded that Pemigatinib sSNEDDS when compared with pure drug after a single oral administration and the formulation modification of Pemigatinib into sSNEDDS can effectively enhance gastrointestinal absorption and relative bioavailability by improving solubility and dissolution rate.

A novel constant pressure control method for nucleation boiling of CO2/lubricant in molecular dynamics simulation

Conventional molecular dynamics simulations of nucleation boiling typically employ the fixed volume method, resulting in a non-constant pressure during the boiling process. In this paper, we propose an additional pressure control method, placing a cover plate at the top of the liquid phase to achieve liquid phase pressure control during boiling. The novel method yields a pressure control error within ±5 %. CO2 and CO2/PEC4 lubricating oil mixture are used to investigate the differences in heat transfer characteristics between non-constant and constant pressure nucleation boiling. Furthermore, the effect of PEC4 lubricating oil on CO2 nucleation boiling under a fixed pressure condition is explored. The results show that both the bubble nucleation and growth time of CO2 and the CO2/PEC4 mixture are prolonged under constant pressure. This causes a compression in CO2 molecular spacing, thereby reducing CO2 diffusion and mass transfer capabilities. Heat transfer from the solid to the liquid, and within the liquid itself, is diminished, while the distribution of PEC4 molecules within the liquid phase becomes more even. The migration rate of PEC4 molecules in the liquid phase slows down. Under the constant pressure model, PEC4 increases the mass transfer resistance of CO2. As the lubricant mass fraction rises, The nucleation and growth rate of CO2 bubbles decline. In comparison to CO2, PEC4 molecules exhibit a stronger interaction energy with the Cu wall surface. During boiling, some PEC4 molecules accumulate on the Cu surface, forming an oil film that impedes the direct contact between CO2 molecules and the Cu wall.

Point stimulation with essential oils in complex effect on lumbosacral dorsopathies

The work is devoted to the analysis of the mechanisms and evaluation of the effectiveness of various methods of topical use of essential oils in dorsopathies.Materials and methods. 90 patients (38 women and 52 men aged 40 to 75 years with exacerbation of dorsopathy at the lumbosacral level) were under observation. Along with neurological, psychological (using questionnaire methods) and electrophysiological analysis was performed, including thermography, rheovasography and ultrasound Doppler sonography of the vessels of the legs and feet. Three groups of 30 patients each were formed, in which standard treatment was performed. In addition to this, a mixture of essential oils was used in the first two groups. In the 1st group, with the use of this composition, massage of the lumbosacral zone was performed, in the 2nd group, the method of biopuncture was used, i. e., applying minimal doses of the mixture to the projection of reflexology points. In the 3rd control group, sesame oil was applied to the point area as a placebo.Results. In the course of the work, the effectiveness of both types of true use of essential oils was confirmed, significantly exceeding the control indicators in this regard. However, stable analgesia was achieved in the 2nd group significantly earlier than in the 1st: in a proportion close to this, the final intensity of pain sensations also decreased. On the other hand, in both groups of oil use, there was a comparable improvement in zonal vascular provision, confirmed electrophysiologically.Conclusions. During the follow-up evaluation, recurrences of dorsopathy in the control group were noted in a third of patients, whereas in the case of the use of essential oils, there were comparably fewer doses. Nevertheless, in these groups there are differences in the severity of recurring algias: in the 2nd group they increased slightly, while in others they increased to a greater extent. In addition, the data of rheovasograms testified in favor of greater stability of the results in the 2nd group. These differences can be explained by the cumulative effect inherent in the methods of reflexology and, in particular, biopuncture with essential oils.

PSVII-14 Reduction in Heart Rate Variability Parameters in Horses Treated with a Mixture of Lavender and Eucalyptus Essential Oil

Abstract Routine medical examinations can produce stress which can negatively impact the health and well-being of horses. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a non-invasive and inexpensive method to measure the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activity, which can help identify stress in horses. This study examined the effect of a combination of lavender and eucalyptus essential oil on stress responses in horses undergoing a routine medical exam. After a five-minute stall rest (baseline reading) data were collected in three, five-minute intervals (walk to and enter stock, medical exam, and recovery in stall). This study utilized a switch-back design where each horse (n = 10) received both treatments on different dates. The treatment groups received lavender (20%) and eucalyptus essential oil (5%) dissolved in petroleum jelly and virgin sunflower oil applied to inner nostrils. The control treatment consisted of only petroleum jelly and virgin sunflower oil applied to inner nostrils. The root mean square of the successive differences of heartbeats (RMSSD) was significantly reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) when horses were treated with essential oils while walking to stocks (51.7 ± 3.7), during the medical exam (50.5 ± 4.9), and during the recovery period (64.1.9 ± 5.7) compared with control treatment, to stocks (36.1 ± 4.4), the medical exam (39.0 .± 4.5), and during the recovery period (49.7 ± 5.5). The measured SD1 (parasympathetic) was significantly greater (P &amp;lt; 0.008) at walk to stocks in horses treated with essential oils (37.2 ± 1.9) compared with control treated (30.3 ± 3.1). The measured SD2 (sympathetic) was significantly less (P &amp;lt; 0.008) at walk to stocks in horses treated with essential oils (62.8 ± 1.9) compared with control treated (69.7 ± 6.8). The ratio of SD1/SD2 was significantly less (P &amp;lt; 0.008) at walk to stocks in horses treated with essential oils (1.7 ± 0.17) compared with control treated (2.4 ± 0.26). The high frequency percent (HF%) was also greater (P &amp;lt; 0.04) at walk to stocks in horses treated with essential oils (39.6 ± 4.9) compared with control treated (26.0 ± 4.1). The standard deviation of RR Interval (SDNN) values were increased (P &amp;lt; 0.03) in horses treated with essential oils during walking to stalks (50.8 ± 1.9), the medical exam (56.7 ± 5.0), and the recovery period (72.4 ± 12.9) compared with the control treatment, to stalks (44.5 ± 5.2), medical exam (44.0 ± 4.5), and during the recovery period (54.6 ± 6.2). The results of this study indicate that lavender and eucalyptus oil could be an effective means of reducing short-term stress in horses. The findings of this study can help develop more effective and humane management strategies for horses.

The Synthesis and Application of Novel, Star-Shaped Surfactants for the Destabilization of Water in Arabian Heavy Crude Oil Emulsions

Water in heavy crude oil (W/O) emulsions, which are stubborn mixtures of immiscible heavy crude oil and brine, are a ubiquitous challenge in the petroleum industry. They cause serious corrosion problems, increase the viscosity of petroleum and make the production cost very high. This phenomenon appears during the production of crude oil and should be treated to maximize the overall profitability of oil production and meet transportation requirement. Surfactants are some of the most useful demulsifiers and play a pivotal role in breaking brine/oil emulsions. Herein, we aimed to combine ethyleneamine units and ethyleneoxide units to prepare star-shaped surfactants and test the effect of this combination on the demulsification performance. First, diethylenetriamine reacted with glycidyl 4-nonyl ether (GNE) through an epoxy ring opening to prepare trinonyl phenoxy diethylenetriamine (TNDT). Then, ethylene oxide units were introduced via the interaction of hydroxyl groups with 2-(2-chloroethoxy)ethanol to form ethoxylated trinonyl phenoxy diethylenetriamine (ETNDT). The chemical structures of the surfactants were verified via FTIR and NMR characteristic techniques. The surfactants were applied as demulsifiers for W/O emulsions. It was found that the introduction of the ethyleneoxide units enhanced the solubility of the water and the demulsification performance of the prepared surfactants. The demulsification efficiency was enhanced via ethoxylation and reached 100% for ETNDT for most of the W/O emulsions.

Nucleophilic aromatization of monoterpenes from isoprene under nickel/iodine cascade catalysis

As a large number of organic compounds possessing two isoprene units, monoterpenes and monoterpenoids play important roles in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agricultural, and food industries. In nature, monoterpenes are constructed from geranyl pyrophosphate (C10) via various transformations. Herein, the bulk C5 chemical—isoprene, is used for the creation of various monoterpenoids via a nucleophilic aromatization of monoterpenes under cascade catalysis of nickel and iodine. Drugs and oil mixtures from conifer and lemon can be convergently transformed to the desired monoterpenoid. Preliminary mechanistic studies are conducted to get insights about reaction pathway. Two types of cyclic monoterpenes can be respectively introduced onto two similar heterocycles via orthogonal C–H functionalization. And various hybrid terpenyl indoles are programmatically assembled from abundant C5 or C10 blocks. This work not only contributes a high chemo-, regio-, and redox-selective transformation of isoprene, but also provides a complementary approach for the creation of unnatural monoterpenoids.

Comprehensive thermodynamic modeling framework for the estimation of physico-chemical properties of deep eutectic solvent-heavy crude oil system

Physico-chemical properties such as density, solubility parameter, viscosity, volume change on mixing and surface tension for pure deep eutectic solvent (DES), heavy crude oil (saturate, aromatic, resin and asphaltene i.e. SARA) and DES-SARA mixtures are estimated. The models are established considering the variation of SARA from three geographic locations and five DESs from hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature. Further, variation in temperature and concentration of DESs or SARA are explicitly considered. The structural variations are incorporated by estimating the critical properties in Lydersen–Joback–Reid framework using group contribution methodology. Cohesion based equation of state is used to estimate the density of SARA and DES. Geometric similitude concept in conjunction with cubic equation of state is used to estimate the surface tension and viscosity of DES and SARA. Later six different formulations namely, Arrhenius, Power law model, Lobe, Cragoe, Double-log, and Lederer model are employed to calculate the mixture viscosity of DES-SARA system.