Mixture Of Compounds Research Articles

The Nutritional Gene Expression Regulation Potential of a Lysolecithin-Based Product

Lysolecithin is a performance-enhancing product for livestock. Lysolecithins contain functional phospholipids (PLs) and lysophospholipids (LPLs) and have been used in monogastric feed formulations because they can enhance lipid emulsification, digestion, and absorption (surface chemistry). Another underexplored aspect is that lysolecithin mixtures can serve as signaling via so-called nutritional gene expression-regulating action. The scope of this study was to fully understand the potential of a lysolecithin source derived from soybeans to influence intestinal nutrient transport in the intestinal tract. In this context, in vitro cell culture data with intestinal Caco-2 cells revealed that a lysolecithin-based product can significantly improve intestinal cell viability. Furthermore, a Transwell culture experiment showed that lysolecithins can significantly trigger gene expression. The most significantly affected genes could be correlated with G-coupled protein cascades. Enrichment analyses showed that amino acid transport and lipid metabolism pathways are significantly affected. Furthermore, the polarized cell culture revealed that the studied lysolecithin could affect the abundance of metabolites/nutrients in the basolateral compartment when applied apically, indicating that its action exceeds surface chemistry. In conclusion, the data on intestinal cell viability, gene expression, and metabolite abundance seem to reveal the bioactivities of lysolecithin. The latter data suggest that the specific lysolecithin source used here is more than a biosurfactant; more specifically, it seems to be a potent bioactive mixture of amphiphilic compounds triggering cell signaling pathways.

Sustainable management of paper mill sludge: insights from advanced instrumental characterization

ABSTRACT Effluent Treatment Plant Sludge (ETPS) from paper mills is generated in large quantities, posing a significant disposal challenge for the industry. In this study, the comprehensive instrumental characterisation of primary and secondary paper mill sludge was analysed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Xray diffraction analyser (XRD), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis (GC-MS) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). FTIR analysis revealed the distinct functional groups: primary paper mill sludge (PPMS) exhibited hydroxyl groups, ammonium and nitrogen-containing compounds, aromatic and vinyl groups, halogenated compounds, and sulphur-containing compounds while secondary paper mill sludge (SPMS) showed hydroxyl groups, nitrogen-containing compounds, carbonyl compounds and alkene, sulphur and halogenated compounds, as well as fluoride, silicates, and alcohols. SEM analysis of PPMS at 2 to 20 µm magnifications showed a rough, irregular, and angular morphology with elongated structures, micro voids, and pores, whereas SPMS exhibited a spherical structure with a rough, porous texture and micro voids. EDS analysis identified carbon (35 wt%) and oxygen (21 wt%) as dominant elements in both sludges, with significant amounts of calcium, aluminium, magnesium, silicon, sodium, manganese, and molybdenum also detected. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of both crystalline and amorphous phases, including calcite, kaolinite, Illite, quartz, feldspar, smectite, and muscovite in both PPMS and SPMS. GC-MS analysis at retention time (2.88 to 20.86 min) revealed a complex mixture of organic compounds in both sludges, including nitrogenous bases, organic acids, aromatic hydrocarbons, amino acids, nitriles, alcohols, and heterocyclic compounds. TGA analysis indicated a significant weight loss between 200 to 500 °C for both sludges, with PPMS showing approximately 65% weight loss and SPMS approximately 58%. These findings provide valuable insights into the composition and properties of paper mill sludge, supporting its potential for resource recovery and sustainable applications, such as biochar production, soil amendments, bioenergy generation, and composting.

Application of Fused Filament Fabrication in Preparation of Ceramic Monolithic Catalysts for Oxidation of Gaseous Mixture of Volatile Aromatic Compounds

The aim of this work was the preparation of ceramic monolithic catalysts for the catalytic oxidation of gaseous mixture of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene BTEX. The possibility of using zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) as a filament for the fabrication of 3D-printed ceramic monolithic carriers was investigated using fused filament fabrication. A mixed manganese and iron oxide, MnFeOx, was used as the catalytically active layer, which was applied to the monolithic substrate by wet impregnation. The approximate geometric surface area of the obtained carrier was determined to be 53.4 cm2, while the mass of the applied catalytically active layer was 50.3 mg. The activity of the prepared monolithic catalysts for the oxidation of BTEX was tested at different temperatures and space times. The results obtained were compared with those obtained with commercial monolithic catalysts made of ceramic cordierite with different channel dimensions, and with monolithic catalysts prepared by stereolithography. In the last part of the work, a kinetic analysis and the modeling of the monolithic reactor were carried out, comparing the experimental results with the theoretical results obtained with the 1D pseudo-homogeneous and 1D heterogeneous models. Although both models could describe the investigated experimental system very well, the 1D heterogeneous model is preferable, as it takes into account the heterogeneity of the reaction system and therefore provides a more realistic description.

Integrating network pharmacology, IPA, and molecular docking to reveal the anti-osteoporosis effects of EA and EB via the FAK pathway.

Osteoporosis is a widespread condition among the elderly, with a particularly high incidence in postmenopausal women aged 50 and above. This disease significantly increases the risk of fractures, adversely affecting the quality of life. Epimedium, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been widely used in the treatment of osteoporosis due to its diverse therapeutic properties. However, Epimedium contains a complex mixture of compounds, including both beneficial and potentially harmful constituents. Therefore, there is a critical need to identify and isolate active monomeric compounds that can effectively treat osteoporosis, thereby enhancing the specificity and efficacy of treatment while reducing the intake of harmful substances. Through an integrated approach utilizing network pharmacology and extensive literature review, we identified five previously unreported anti-osteoporotic monomeric compounds from various traditional agents: Epimedin A (EA), Epimedin B (EB), Epimedoside A (EPA), 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (PHBA), and Baohuoside VI. We subsequently evaluated the effects of these compounds on bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) and cranial preosteoblasts. Results from tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) demonstrated that EA, EB, and EPA significantly inhibited BMM differentiation into osteoclasts in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, Alizarin Red staining, and qPCR results showed that EA and EB promoted the differentiation of cranial preosteoblasts into osteoblasts in a dose-dependent fashion. Furthermore, intraperitoneal administration of EA and EB at doses of 5mg/kg, 10mg/kg, and 20mg/kg in ovariectomized (OVX) mice resulted in a significant increase in bone mineral density and trabecular bone number compared to the OVX group (P < 0.05 compared to OVX group). These findings suggest that EA and EB may mitigate bone loss in OVX mice. Importantly, high doses of EA and EB did not exhibit pharmacological toxicity in various organs, as confirmed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. In exploring the underlying mechanisms, we found that EA and EB do not modulate the NF-κB signaling pathway, as indicated by the NFKB luciferase reporter assay. Western blot analysis further revealed that EA and EB might not affect osteoporosis progression via the MAPK (ERK and JNK) or NF-κB (P65 and IκBα) pathways. To elucidate the molecular targets, we utilized PharmMapper, Similarity Ensemble Approach, SwissTargetPrediction, and SuperPred to predict potential targets of EA and EB. Intersection analysis using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) database indicated that EA and EB regulate the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling pathway. Molecular docking studies using Autodock confirmed the binding of EA and EB to FAK1 (binding free energy: -13.012kJ/mol and -14.0164kJ/mol) and FAK2 (binding free energy: -5.815kJ/mol and -6.4852kJ/mol). qPCR analysis further demonstrated that EA and EB significantly inhibited FAK1 and FAK2 gene expression in osteoclasts while promoting their expression in osteoblasts at very high doses. In conclusion, EA and EB, identified as active monomeric compounds in Epimedium, may exert their anti-osteoporotic effects by modulating the FAK signaling pathway, thereby enhancing bone mineral density and improving the quality of life for patients with osteoporosis. This study provides new insights into the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and the development of targeted anti-osteoporosis therapies. Further research is warranted to validate the role of EA and EB in modulating osteoporosis progression via the FAK signaling pathway.

Optimization of Eugenol, Camphor, and Terpineol Mixture Using Simplex-Centroid Design for Targeted Inhibition of Key Antidiabetic Enzymes

The optimization of bioactive compound mixtures is critical for enhancing pharmacological efficacy. This study investigates, for the first time, the combined effects of eugenol, camphor, and terpineol, focusing on their half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) across multiple biological responses related to diabetes management. Using a mixture design approach, the objective was to determine the optimal formulation that maximizes bioactivity and validate the findings experimentally. A simplex-centroid design was applied to evaluate the combined effects of eugenol, camphor, and terpineol on AAI IC50, AGI IC50, LIP IC50, and ALR IC50 responses. The desirability function was used to determine the ideal composition. The optimized formulation was experimentally validated using in vitro assays, and IC50 values were measured for each response using standard protocols. Results: The optimal formulation identified was 44% eugenol, 0.19% camphor, and 37% terpineol, yielding IC50 values of 10.38 µg/mL (AAI), 62.22 µg/mL (AGI), 3.42 µg/mL (LIP), and 49.58 µg/mL (ALR). The desirability score (0.99) confirmed the effectiveness of the optimized blend. Experimental validation of the optimal mixture resulted in IC50 values of 11.02 µg/mL (AAI), 60.85 µg/mL (AGI), 3.75 µg/mL (LIP), and 50.12 µg/mL (ALR), showing less than 10% deviation from predicted values, indicating high model accuracy. This study confirms the combined potential of eugenol, camphor, and terpineol, with eugenol and terpineol significantly enhancing bioactivity. The validated formulation demonstrates potential for pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applications. Future research should explore mechanistic interactions, bioavailability, and in vivo efficacy to support the development of optimized natural compound-based therapies.

On the question of extracting valuable components from spent catalyst

ABSTRACT Intensive mining and mineral processing in Kazakhstan have led to the accumulation of over 25 billion tons of industrial waste, including spent catalysts from the oil refining industry. These man-made raw materials often contain valuable metals, such as vanadium, molybdenum, and nickel, which are present in concentrations comparable to or higher than those in natural ores. The industrial exploitation of these resources is critical due to the depletion of high-quality raw materials and the environmental impact of waste accumulation. This research focuses on developing effective technologies for processing spent catalysts, which are rich in vanadium, molybdenum, nickel, and aluminum. The study investigates the physicochemical properties of spent catalysts and the effectiveness of various reagents in extracting valuable components. After carbonate and alkaline leaching of the feedstock, a concentrate with a nickel content of 10.09% was obtained. Nickel extraction from the concentrate was optimized using a reagent mixture of hydrochloric acid, chlorine compounds, and ammonium bifluoride, achieving an 85% extraction efficiency. Based on the results, a conceptual technological scheme for the processing of spent catalysts has been proposed, offering a promising solution for utilizing man-made raw materials in Kazakhstan's oil refining industry.

Application of QSRR models for predicting the retention times of plant food bioactive compounds.

Application of QSRR models for predicting the retention times of plant food bioactive compounds.

Tire wear particles in aquatic environments: From biota to ecosystem impacts.

Tire wear particles in aquatic environments: From biota to ecosystem impacts.

Dimethyl carbonate as a green mobile phase modifier for reversed phase liquid chromatography of polar aromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons.

Dimethyl carbonate as a green mobile phase modifier for reversed phase liquid chromatography of polar aromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons.

Unveiling the anti-inflammatory effect of Perilla frutescens essential oil by using multi-omics analysis in zebrafish model

Perilla frutescens essential oil (PFO) is a mixture of volatile compounds extracted from the aboveground part of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. Besides its pleasant aroma, PFO exhibits many biological activities, which have significant promise for the creation of functional foods. The present study aimed to reveal the anti-inflammatory effect of PFO in zebrafish tail fin amputation model by observing neutrophil migration. Our results showed that perilla ketone (42.41%) is the main component of PFO, and 3.0 μg/mL of PFO significantly inhibited neutrophils migration to the amputation site. In addition, PFO had the noticeably regulatory effect on the expression of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, and interleukin 1β. Multi-omics analysis identified two crucial genes (peptide YYa [pyya] and glula) and 20 significant metabolites affected by PFO, revealing that PFO intervenes in inflammatory response by regulating arginine biosynthesis, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, and neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction. Subsequent study showed that pyya and glula sequentially connected these metabolic pathways, and PFO could control the expression of these two crucial genes (P &lt; 0.0001). These results serve as a significant reference for PFO’s worth in development and sensible utilization as a safe, healthy, and natural functional food in the future.

Pharmaco-Toxicological Effects of Cachrys libanotis Extract: Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Cytotoxic Activities in Human Cell Lines and Embryonic Models

We conducted a study to explore the potential of an enriched coumarin extract from Cachrys libanotis for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. The extract was prepared using pressurized cyclic solid–liquid extraction, and its safety profile was thoroughly evaluated using both cellular and embryonic models. Our main goal was to uncover a mixture of bioactive compounds that could offer therapeutic benefits. The following parameters were assessed: (i) extract composition; (ii) antioxidant activity; (iii) effects on cell viability and morphology; (iv) irritant potential (in ovo); and (v) antimicrobial activity against nine microbial strains. Chromatographic and spectrometric analyses confirmed that the main specialized metabolites in C. libanotis extract were furanocoumarins, with xanthotoxin, bergapten, and isopimpinellin identified as the three predominant constituents. Treatment with the C. libanotis extract did not induce significant alterations in the adherent human keratinocytes, with confluence and epithelial morphology comparable to control cells. Conversely, viable cells declined in the breast carcinoma cell line (MDA-MB-231). Moreover, the C. libanotis extract exhibited a promising antimicrobial activity against two Gram-negative pathogens, Shigella flexneri and Salmonella typhimurium.

A mixture of ginger phenolic compounds enhances mitochondrial function, activates AMPK, and reduces lipid accumulation in adipocytes

Mitochondrial abundance and activity in adipocytes are critical for adequate adipose tissue function and whole-body energy homeostasis. Mitochondrial dysfunction in adipocytes impairs lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and thermogenesis, leading to metabolic diseases. Enhancing mitochondrial function and density in adipose tissue may provide a promising therapeutic approach for metabolic diseases. This study evaluates the effects of a ginger phenol mixture on mitochondrial density and function, AMPK activation, lipid droplet content, and lipolysis markers in adipocytes differentiated in vitro. Pre-adipocytes isolated from the inguinal adipose tissue of Wistar rats were differentiated and assigned to three experimental groups: vehicle (0.2% DMSO), gingerol mixture (6 μg/mL), and positive control (1 mmol/m3 AMPK activator 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside). Mitochondrial density and lipid content were assessed by MitoTracker and Bodipy staining respectively, while mitochondrial respiration was evaluated in an Extracellular Flux Analyzer. Protein abundance and basal lipolysis were evaluated by Western blotting and free fatty acids determination in supernatant, respectively. The gingerol mixture significantly enhanced mitochondrial density and respiration, including both maximal and ATP-linked capacities. Additionally, it activated AMPK, upregulated the expression of mitochondrial complexes, enhanced lipolysis markers, and reduced lipid droplet content. These findings suggest that the gingerol mixture enhances mitochondrial function, stimulates lipolysis, and reduces lipid accumulation in adipocytes, contributing to metabolic homeostasis in adipose tissue. This highlights its potential use as a complementary therapeutic agent for the management of obesity.

Shedding Light on the Precatalytic Mixture of Pd(OAc)2 and Cooperating Bipyridone Ligands for the C─H Functionalization of Arenes

Abstract The use of a mixture of a precursor palladium compound and a ligand as precatalyst is a common practice in metal catalyzed organic synthesis. In general, little attention is paid to how these mixtures develop into the active species, but this is crucial for an efficient catalysis. We describe here the complexes that are obtained from Pd(OAc)2 and PdCl2 and the chelating bipyridones [2,2′‐ bipyridin]‐6(1H)‐one (bipy‐6‐OH) and 1,10‐phenanthrolin‐2(1H)‐one (phen‐2‐OH). This type of ligands plays a cooperating role in the C─H activation step and are useful in many Pd‐catalyzed C─H functionalization reactions. Both monomeric and dimeric complexes were obtained. The catalytic performance observed when using the isolated, well defined Pd‐ligand complexes and the Pd(OAc2)/ligand mixtures in a model direct arylation of toluene have been analyzed, as well as the plausible pathway for the generation of Pd(0) active species under catalytic conditions.

Analysis of Proton NMR Transverse Magnetization Decay of Mixtures of Compounds and Semicrystalline Polymers: A Least-Squares Fit and the Inverse Laplace Transform.

The present study aimed to determine the strategy for analysis of NMR transverse magnetization decay (the T2 decay) of semicrystalline polymers using two alternative methods, i.e., a least-squares fit of decays and their inverse Laplace transform (ILT). First, these methods are used to analyze the T2 decay of one-phase compounds with physical states ranging from crystals (gypsum) to glassy polymer (polycarbonate, PC) and from amorphous EPDM vulcanizate to melts of PC and high-density polyethylene. Then, physical mixtures of these compounds are analyzed. Finally, the T2 decay of isotactic polypropylene and propylene-ethylene random copolymers with complex physical structures is examined. For the study, a kernel of commonly used ILT software, which is applicable for the analysis of exponential functions, was modified by adding the Gaussian and the Abragamian functions that describe well the decay shape of glassy and crystalline compounds, respectively. To our knowledge, such a composite kernel has not been used before. This method was named the Laplace-like. The Laplace-like analysis offers advantages when the decay rate of different phases does not largely differ, e.g., in materials composed of crystals, glassy phases, and interfaces with restricted molecular mobility when deconvolution of T2 decays with a least-squares method fails. The Laplace-like method can help to identify the number of polymer fractions with restricted chain mobility and distribution of specific (exponential, Gaussian, or Abragamian) T2 relaxation times. However, the ILT method with the exponential kernel cannot provide meaningful data for soft polymeric matters. The reliable analysis requires implementation in the kernel of the Laplace algorithm complex functions describing the shape of NMR decays of soft polymeric matters and polymer melts. The advantages and limitations of a least-squares deconvolution of T2 decays into their components and the Laplace-like method are discussed. The most reliable procedures for extracting information about the phase composition and molecular mobility in different phases of semicrystalline polymers were proposed.

The Biological Role of Conoporins, Actinoporin-like Pore-Forming Toxins from Cone Snails.

Cone snails are a large group of marine gastropods that produce a complex mixture of toxic compounds to hunt prey and defend against predators. The majority of the venom comprises small toxic peptides named conotoxins, which target membrane receptors. In contrast, a smaller part of the venom contains larger proteins and conoproteins, which are thought to be involved in conotoxin maturation and the envenomation process, respectively. Interestingly, many species of cone snails contain conoporins, which are similar to actinoporins-pore-forming toxins found in sea anemones. These actinoporin-like proteins (ALPs) have recently been detected in many molluscan species, and only a few have been experimentally characterized. Due to being highly expressed in the venom gland of many cone snail species, conoporins are thought to play an important part in the envenomation process. Despite this, the exact function of conoporins is currently unknown. We propose several hypotheses aiming to elucidate their biological role.

Rapid Enantiomeric Ratio Determination of Multiple Amino Acids Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Chiral analysis is becoming increasingly important across various scientific fields, including chemistry, pharmaceuticals, biosciences, and more recently, metabolomics. In this context, a high-resolution and high-throughput method was developed for the simultaneous determination of the enantiomeric ratio (er) of seven pairs of amino acid (AA) enantiomers (Arg, Gln, His, Met, Pro, Tyr, and Trp) using flow injection analysis coupled with ion mobility-mass spectrometry (FIA-IM-MS) technology. Specifically, the Single Ion Mobility Monitoring (SIM2) mode on a TIMS-TofTM instrument enabled the rapid relative quantification of chiral compound mixtures. A linear model accurately described the relationship between enantiomeric ratio and IM-MS response for Arg, Gln, and Pro enantiomers, as evidenced by high R2 values and unbiased residuals. In contrast, non-linear trends were observed for His, Tyr, and Trp, where a quadratic model significantly improved the fit. However, the linear model was retained for Met, despite an R2 of about 0.98, due to its comparable performance and simplicity. Measurement accuracy was confirmed with very good recovery rates for er values of 0.95 and 0.99 across all AAs. Finally, the potential of the FIA-SIM2-MS approach in chiral analysis was demonstrated, particularly its ability to provide a reliable and efficient high-throughput tool for accurate er determination.

A Review of the Most Frequent Compounds, Metals, and Compound and Metal Mixtures Found at U.S. Superfund Sites and Their Carcinogenic Potential.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency's (U.S. EPA) National Priorities List (NPL) is a list of sites in the U.S. and its territories of national priority that are sources of known hazardous contaminants, pollutants, or substances that pose a significant risk to human health and the environment. These sites are commonly termed U.S. Superfund sites and contain many harmful compounds and metals. This paper reviews the carcinogenic potential of the most frequent compounds, metals, and mixtures at U.S. Superfund sites. Of the most frequent compounds and metals identified at U.S. Superfund sites, some are classified as human carcinogens and some as probable/possible human carcinogens. The most frequent mixtures of three individual carcinogenic compound or metals at U.S. Superfund sites include: nickel, arsenic, and cadmium (496 sites); benzene, arsenic, trichloroethene (451 sites); benzene, vinyl chloride, trichloroethene (420 sites); and arsenic, vinyl chloride, trichloroethene (386 sites). Many compounds or metals that are frequently found at U.S. Superfund Sites have not been evaluated for carcinogenic activity because of limited data including copper, xylene, mercury, barium, and iron. Factors in human cancer development include both environmental factors and genetic disease susceptibility backgrounds. Thus, future mixture toxicology studies should be conducted with a design that looks at mixture toxicology in a variety of models with varied genetic backgrounds.

IMMUNOMORPHOMETRIC INDICES OF RATS AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF POLYOXOMETALATES

Abstract The impact of nanoparticles containing metal oxides can cause both increased proliferation and death of immunocompetent cells. Polyoxometalates (POM) are nanoparticles containing iron (III) and molybdenum oxides. POMS are intended for targeted transport of drugs. Nanoparticles may produce effects that differ from those of the mixture of compounds contained in the nanoparticles. The aim of the work is to investigate the effect of POM and a mixture of POM components (derivatives) on the morphometric parameters of the thymus, spleen, the number of blood leukocytes and their precursors in the bone marrow. Materials and methods.The study was conducted on 25 mature male Wistar rats divided into 5 equal groups: animals in groups 1 and 2 were injected intramuscularly with POM once and seven times, animals in groups 3 and 4 were injected with derivatives also once and seven times, the first group was left intact. A single dose of POM or derivatives was 0.15 mg / 100 g of body weight. The cortical-medullar index of the thymus and morphometric parameters of the spleen (area of ​​the stroma, white pulp, lymphoid follicles, and width of the mantle and marginal zones of lymphoid follicles) were calculated. Based on the morphometric parameters, the coefficients used for the integral assessment of morphometric changes in the spleen were calculated: stromal-parenchymatous ratio (SPR), follicular coefficient (FC), and lymphoid coefficient (LC). The number of leukocytes and their fractions in the peripheral blood, the number of leukocyte precursors in the bone marrow were determined. Research results.When comparing the parameters of rats given POM and derivatives with the parameters of intact rats, the following was established: no reliable differences in the ratio of the cortex and medulla of the thymus; an increase in the SPR in group 3, SPR, FC and the width of the marginal zone in group 5. In groups 2-5, leukopenia was detected due to a deficiency of granulocytes. When derivatives were administered, the number of lymphocytes also decreased in groups 4-5. An increase in the number of monocytic cells was detected in the bone marrow in groups 3 and 5. Conclusions. Changes in the peripheral organ of immunopoiesis, namely hyperplasia of the lymphatic apparatus of the spleen, are observed to a greater extent under the action of individual components of nanoparticles (derivatives) than under the action of polyoxometalates. The action of POM and derivatives is less pronounced in the central organs of the immune system: the thymus and bone marrow. Compensation of the leukocyte deficiency in the blood occurs mainly due to leukopoiesis in the spleen.

Research advances in the study of traditional Chinese medicine formula granules on signaling pathway-mediated disease mechanisms.

As a modern dosage form of traditional Chinese medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula Granules (TCMFG) maximally retains active metabolites through standardized production processes, including dynamic countercurrent extraction and low-temperature concentration. This serves as a critical material basis for elucidating its multi-target regulatory mechanisms. Recent studies have highlighted the significant potential of TCMFG in treating complex diseases, such as inflammation, tumors, metabolic disorders, fibrosis, and orthopedic conditions like osteoarthritis and osteoporosis, by modulating signaling pathways such as TLR4/NF-κB, MAPK, NLRP3 inflammasome, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Wnt/β-catenin, and TGF-β/Smads. For example, berberine alleviates acute lung injury by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, while tetramethylpyrazine derived from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort granules mitigate joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis by suppressing MAPK signaling. Curcumin analogs inhibit tumor metabolic reprogramming via the PI3K/Akt pathway. Despite these advances, current research encounters challenges, such as single-component analysis, unclear synergistic mechanisms of compound mixtures, and insufficient clinical evidence for translational applications. In the future, integrating multi-omics technologies (e.g., metabolomics, spatial transcriptomics) will be crucial for exploring supramolecular synergistic effects of compound mixtures. Furthermore, large-scale clinical trials are necessary to validate its potential in precision medicine. This article systematically reviews the progress of TCMFG research in signaling pathway-mediated disease mechanisms and outlines future directions to enhance its application in modern precision medicine.

Phenolic profiles in the peels of three wampee (Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels) fruit cultivars and immune-modulatory activity through the cluster of differentiation 14-mitogen activated protein kinase/nuclear factor kappa B pathways.

Phenolic profiles in the peels of three wampee (Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels) fruit cultivars and immune-modulatory activity through the cluster of differentiation 14-mitogen activated protein kinase/nuclear factor kappa B pathways.