Mixing Properties Research Articles

Study Effect of Majorana Coefficient on the Energy Levels of 138-144,148Gd Even-Even Isotopes Using IBM-2

The mixed symmetry states property (MSS) for even-even 138-144 and 148 Gd isotopes was studied using IBM-2. This model discovered and emphasised various empirically questionable states and provided good agreement for the excited energy levels for the energy bands ground, g-band and acceptable for the excitations – β and γ bands. The effect of the Majorana parameter was studied as a function of changing the mixing symmetry of the levels using three different values (0.005, 0.02, and 0.04), and the value of the Majorana parameter was almost constant. By increasing the Majorana parameter to the values (0.02 and 0.04), the mixing levels began to appear clearly, especially the levels. Energy levels and energy ratios showed that 138Gd and 140Gd are between rotational SU(3) and gamma-unstable O(6) symmetries, and 142Gd, 144Gd, and 148Gd are transitional nuclei among gamma-unstable O(6) to vibrational SU(5) symmetries. The results of theoretical and practical energy levels were in good agreement.

Improving the Convergence of Markov Chains via Permutations and Projections

ABSTRACTThis paper aims at improving the convergence to equilibrium of finite ergodic Markov chains via permutations and projections. First, we prove that a specific mixture of permuted Markov chains arises naturally as a projection under the KL divergence or the squared‐Frobenius norm. We then compare various mixing properties of the mixture with other competing Markov chain samplers and demonstrate that it enjoys improved convergence. This geometric perspective motivates us to propose samplers based on alternating projections to combine different permutations and to analyze their rate of convergence. We give necessary, and under some additional assumptions also sufficient, conditions for the projection to achieve stationarity in the limit in terms of the trace of the transition matrix. We proceed to discuss tuning strategies of the projection samplers when these permutations are viewed as parameters. Along the way, we reveal connections between the mixture and a Markov chain Sylvester's equation as well as assignment problems, and highlight how these can be used to understand and improve Markov chain mixing. We provide two examples as illustrations. In the first example, the projection sampler (with a suitable choice of the permutation) improves upon Metropolis‐Hastings in a discrete bimodal distribution with a reduced relaxation time from exponential to polynomial in the system size, while in the second example, the mixture of permuted Markov chain yields a mixing time that is logarithmic in system size (with high probability under random permutation), compared to a linear mixing time in the Diaconis‐Holmes‐Neal sampler. Finally, we provide numerical experiments on simple statistical physics models to illustrate the improved mixing performance of the proposed projection samplers over standard Metropolis‐Hastings.

Multidimensional fuzzy ϕ-contraction inequality and its application

This paper introduces and explores the concept of fuzzy ϕ-contraction to establish the existence of n-tupled coincidence points in partially ordered GV-fuzzy metric spaces. Using the unique properties of the H-type triangular norm, we integrate this norm into GV-fuzzy metric spaces. The mappings under consideration exhibit the mixed monotone property with respect to partial ordering. Furthermore, we employ the mixed g-monotone property of mappings to analyze their behavior within the given framework. To validate our theoretical findings, we present an illustrative example, which demonstrates the higher-dimensional analysis of the ϕ-contraction principle used in our primary results. As an application, we investigate the existence of solutions for a system of second-kind Fredholm nonlinear integral equations. Employing the developed fixed-point results, we establish sufficient conditions that guarantee the solvability of such integral equations within the GV-fuzzy metric space setting.

Nanoparticle-Enhanced Engine Oils for Automotive Applications: Thermal Conductivity and Heat Capacity Improvements

The poor thermal and physical properties of conventional engine oils limit vehicle performance and durability. This research aims to investigate the effect of nanoparticles such as fullerene C60, titanium dioxide (TiO2), iron oxide (Fe2O3), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanoparticles on 10W30 Mobil engine oil. In this study, the effect of nanoparticle concentrations at different mass fractions (0.01, 0.05, and 0.1) was examined within the temperature range 30–120 °C. The nanofluids were prepared using a two-step direct mixing method and thermal properties were measured using a LAMBDA thermal conductivity meter, which uses the transient hot wire method according to the ISO standards. Due to the low concentrations of the nanofluids, surfactants were not required at all, and the stability of the nanofluids was visually monitored over a period of four weeks. Accordingly, the largest improvement in thermal conductivity occurred with TiO2/10W30 at a mass fraction of 0.1 wt.% at 80 °C, and the specific heat capacity improved due to Fe2O3/10W30 addition at a mass fraction of 0.1 at 70 °C; these were 5.8% and 14.4%, respectively, for the base oil. Thermal diffusivity remained largely unaffected by the addition of the nanoparticles, and fullerene C60 showed no significant effect on any thermal property. It was concluded that the thermal properties of the engine oil were considerably enhanced by the added nanoparticles at different weight fractions and temperature values.

Surgical Mask: A New Solution for Flexible Pavement Distress

The spread of the Coronavirus epidemic has led to a tremendous rise in plastic waste pollution around the world. In an effort to reduce plastic pollution, this study devised a unique method by employing surgical mask as an antistripping additive to hot mix asphalt to improve the mechanical and rheological qualities of 60/70 grade bitumen, by combining it with used surgical masks in four different proportions by weight of asphalt using wet process, following the ASTM specification. To ascertain the optimum content of mask and investigate the properties of PlastiPhalt mix, several tests have been conducted including Dynamic Shear Rheometer test, Asphalt Pavement Analyzer rutting test and Marshall test. The results of this study reveal that rutting depth decreased from 5.4 mm to 3.5 mm while mask content increased from 5% to 10%, and 10% mask content sample has a lower G*/sin (δ) value than that of 5%, indicating this as an ideal range for mask content to exhibit maximum resistance against fatigue and rutting distress. The Marshall test also supports this conclusion, stating that the optimum mask content is 8.27% of total asphalt (0.49% of total mixture) for optimum asphalt content of 5.95%. The result also illustrates that mask incorporation reduces sensitivity to temperature changes and improves stiffness of the bituminous mix, which results in an enhancement of resilience to rutting, fatigue, and aging. Therefore, using SFM in pavement mix is suggested, since it helps to strengthen the pavement mix as well as recycle plastic waste promoting environmental protection.

Improved Mixing Properties of Stirred Fermentation of an Aspergillus oryzae Hyphal Dispersion Mutant.

The complexity of mechanical and biological processes in filamentous fungal fermentation remains a major obstacle to improving product yield. We previously demonstrated that the AGΔ-GAGΔ strain of Aspergillus oryzae, lacking both α-1,3-glucan (AG) and galactosaminogalactan (GAG), had improved hyphal dispersion, reduced culture viscosity, and increased recombinant protein production. Here, we applied computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and multi-omics analysis to characterize the AGΔ-GAGΔ strain during fermentation in a stirred-tank bioreactor. CFD simulations revealed large gas cavities behind the impeller blades and severe compartmentalization in both wild-type and AGΔ-GAGΔ cultures. However, shear stress distribution was broader and gas cavity formation was lower in the AGΔ-GAGΔ strain than in the wild type. The simulation results were consistent with measurements of volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficients (KLa) and mixing times. Transcriptome analysis revealed upregulation of TCA-cycle genes in AGΔ-GAGΔ relative to the wild type. Analysis of intracellular and extracellular metabolites indicated distinct metabolic profiles associated with oxygen availability. Our findings highlight the critical role of hydrodynamics in fungal fermentation and demonstrate the potential of strain engineering for improving mixing characteristics.

Weak mean attractors, ergodicity and large deviation principle of stochastic Klein–Gordon–Schrödinger lattice systems

This paper is devoted to the study of the existence, uniqueness and statistical properties of solutions for stochastic Klein–Gordon–Schrödinger (KGS) lattice systems driven by nonlinear noise. First of all, we establish the well-posedness of the stochastic KGS lattice systems with Lipschitz continuous nonlinear diffusion and drift terms, and then define a mean random dynamical system. Next, we demonstrate the existence and uniqueness of weak pullback mean random attractors in a Bochner space. Furthermore, we not only prove the existence of invariant probability measures to autonomous stochastic KGS lattice systems, but also obtain the ergodicity and exponential mixing property of invariant measures. Besides, we investigate the limiting behavior of invariant measures of autonomous stochastic KGS lattice systems as the noise intensity [Formula: see text] approaches to [Formula: see text]. Finally, we establish large deviations of stochastic KGS lattice systems via weak convergence method. It is worth mentioning that we utilize the idea of uniform tail-estimates for verifying the tightness of distributions of solutions and the set of invariant measure to autonomous stochastic KGS lattice systems.

Continuous Exchangeable Markov Chains, Idempotent and 1-Dependent Copulas

New copula families are constructed based on orthogonality in L2(0,1). Subclasses of idempotent copulas with square integrable densities are derived. It is shown that these copulas generate exchangeable Markov chains that behave as independent and identically distributed random variables conditionally on the initial variable. We prove that the extracted family of copulas is the only set of symmetric idempotent copulas with square integrable densities. We extend these copula families to asymmetric copulas with square integrable densities having special dependence properties. One of our extensions includes the Farlie–Gumbel–Morgenstern (FGM) copula family. The mixing properties of Markov chains generated by these copulas are established. The Spearman’s correlation coefficient ρS is provided for each of these copula families. Some graphs are also provided to illustrate the properties of the copula densities.

Asymptotic results of the randomly censored kernel-type expectile regression estimator for functional dependent data

This study examines the intricate process of estimating nonparametrically in expectile regression models for functional time series data that exhibit strong mixing properties within the context of a random right-censoring model. Specifically, we establish the almost complete consistency and asymptotic normality of the kernel-based expectile regression estimator. Notably, these results are derived in an asymptotic setting and are applicable under reasonably broad assumptions about the underlying model. Furthermore, we explore the practical implications of our theoretical findings in analyzing financial time series. To evaluate the performance of the proposed estimator on finite samples, we conducted comprehensive Monte Carlo simulations. These simulations provide a quantitative assessment of the estimator’s accuracy and efficiency under various scenarios, allowing for a thorough understanding of its practical utility.

Evaluating the Impact of Flour Protein Content on the Quality of Wholegrain Refrigerated Dough

ABSTRACTBackground and ObjectivesRefrigerated dough products offer convenience, but are often produced using refined flour. However, wholewheat flour‐based products provide health benefits by increasing dietary fiber intake. This study aims to determine the optimal flour protein content for developing clean label refrigerated dough using wholegrain Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat. Three CWRS wheat samples with varying protein contents: Sample 1–Average Protein (S1‐AP) (13.30%), Sample 2—Intermediate High Protein (S2‐IHP) (14.91%), and Sample 3—High Protein (S3‐HP) (16.48%), were analyzed. The proximate composition of wholegrain flour samples was determined using standard methods. Dough mixing and starch pasting properties were evaluated using micro‐dough LAB and RVA, respectively. Dough samples were prepared and stored at 4°C for 35 days, with subsets baked and assessed for end‐use quality every 7 days. Xylanase activity and dough syruping were monitored throughout storage.FindingsS3‐HP exhibited reduced starch pasting properties, shorter dough development time, and lower stability. S2‐IHP demonstrated better mixing stability and lower mixing tolerance index, indicating superior dough handling properties. Xylanase activity was highest in S1‐AP at 35 days and lowest in S2‐IHP. Dough syruping increased significantly during the first 14 days and stabilized thereafter. Bread quality declined with storage, with volume decreasing and firmness increasing, especially in S1‐AP. Lightness (L*) decreased over time in all samples.ConclusionsS2‐IHP, which showed intermediate/moderately high protein content, was identified as the most suitable for wholegrain refrigerated dough, as it maintained superior end‐use quality characteristics compared to the other samples.Significance and NoveltyThis study provides insights into the impact of flour protein content on the functionality and storage stability of wholegrain refrigerated dough, aiding in the development of clean label products with improved quality and processing characteristics.

Unveiling the Role of Molecular Structure in Microscopic Thermodynamics: Insights from Probing Trapped Nanoparticles with Femtosecond Optical Tweezers

Microscopic thermodynamic studies can elucidate specific molecular interactions. In this work, the microscopic thermodynamics in binary liquid mixtures is reported, which elucidate the role of molecular structure in nonlinear solvent response using femtosecond optical tweezers (FOT). The excess thermodynamics property of mixing in various Newtonian liquid mixtures is obtained by analyzing Microrheology data from FOT. Using the noninvasive 780 nm pulse laser, micrometer‐sized particles are trapped to show how excess viscosity and residual Gibbs free energy change due to mixing. Furthermore, this study establishes that hydrocarbon chain length and branching can modulate microscopic thermodynamics through intermolecular interaction. Thus, this work sheds light on the relationship between thermodynamic properties and viscosity, which is immensely important for predicting transport properties, mixing, and chemical reactions.

Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Harta Bawaan yang Bercampur dengan Harta Bersama Akibat Pengelolaan Bersama

This study aims to examine the legal protection of property brought into marriage that is mixed with joint property as a result of joint management in a marriage. In many cases, this mixing causes unclear legal status of the assets, especially during divorce or inheritance division. This study uses empirical normative legal methods with a qualitative descriptive approach. The data obtained were analyzed using data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing techniques. This study shows that legal regulations in Indonesia related to the protection of property brought into marriage that is mixed with joint property due to joint management in marriage, and highlights the inconsistency of court decisions in such disputes and their impact on household economic stability. Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage and the Compilation of Islamic Law have distinguished between property brought into marriage and joint property, practice in the field shows that mixing of property due to joint management often causes conflict during divorce. Inconsistency in court decisions arises due to the unclear norms in Article 37 of the Marriage Law which provide room for different interpretations by judges. This has an impact on legal uncertainty and potential injustice, especially for parties who are socially or economically weaker. Mixed property disputes also affect household economic stability, exacerbate social inequality, and cause psychological burdens for family members, including children. This study recommends the need for more detailed regulatory updates, the issuance of technical guidelines by the Supreme Court to unify decision standards, and increased legal education for the community to prevent conflicts through marriage agreements.

Spatial assessment, mapping, and characterization of salt-affected soils in Uttar Pradesh state of the Gangetic plain (IGP), India, for planning reclamation and management.

IRS LISS III Resource SAT data (2018-2020) revealed large-scale distribution of salt-affected soils in the Gangetic plain of Uttar Pradesh state. High reflectance from salt encrustation from barren wastelands indicated the presence of strong sodicity (57%) in the Ganga-Yamuna divide (called doab). Mixed spectral signatures for waterlogging and saline-sodic soil were identified in the canal-irrigated areas. Prominent soil characteristics include high soil pH in sodic and high ECe in saline-sodic soils. Fine soil texture, nodular, and concretionary CaCO3 (calcretes) at shallow depth and natric horizon at sub-surface depth have restricted salt movement, crop growth, and natural drainage in strongly sodic soils. Dominant salts such as Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 prompted an increase in soil alkalinity and a high exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) in sodic soils. Mixed spectral properties of salt, moisture, and crop cover have restricted the delineation of moderate and slightly sodic soils using remote data only and were mapped integrating with ground truth data. Based on soil pH, Ece, and ESP values, three categories of sodic soils, such as slight, moderate, and strong, were identified. Sodic and saline-sodic soils covered 85.6% and 13.3% of the total areas (3,793,123 ha). Slightly sodic areas increased by 51.8%, and moderate and strongly saline-sodic soils decreased by 62% between 1996 and 2023. The moderate and strongly sodic areas (3,207,800 ha) also corroborated the earlier estimates for Uttar Pradesh state (Singh et al., 2004).

Selected Fresh and Hardened Self Compacting Concrete Incorporating PP Macro Fibers, Crushed Brick Aggregate, and Fly Ash

The increasing demand for high-performance concrete that can flow and compact itself without the aid of mechanical compaction has driven the development of more efficient and sustainable Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC). The novelty of this study lies in the comprehensive evaluation of SCC incorporating a unique combination of Crushed Brick Aggregate (CBA), Polypropylene (PP) macro fibers, and varying Fly Ash (FA) content, which has not been extensively explored in previous studies. Unlike conventional SCC studies, this work systematically investigated the influence of different FA replacement levels on both the fresh and mechanical properties of an SCC mix containing CBA, a material known for its high water absorption and lower strength compared to natural aggregates. The findings provide critical insights into optimizing FA content to enhance SCC workability while mitigating the potential strength reduction associated with excessive cement substitution and CBA’s physical characteristics. The results show that the addition of FA increased the slump flow, decreased the V-funnel flow time, and increased the L-box blocking ratio, with the best results having been achieved with 30% and 40% FA content. In addition, at 20% FA content, there was a significant increase in compressive strength, flexural strength, and elastic modulus compared to the control sample without FA. This study demonstrates that FA at a content of 20% yielded the best results in improving SCC performance both in fresh and hardened conditions, whereas a higher FA content decreases the mechanical properties of concrete.

Overlapping turbulent boundary layers in an energetic coastal sea

Abstract. Turbulent mixing properties were directly observed to understand the interactions and overlapping events of wind-forced and tidally forced boundary layers in a deep, weakly stratified coastal sea. Te-Moana-o-Raukawa / Cook Strait of Aotearoa / New Zealand is an 𝒪(200 m) deep, energetic strait, known to experience both strong tidal currents and high wind speeds. More than 𝒪(40 000) quality-controlled turbulence observations were obtained from an ocean glider equipped with a microstructure profiler and a current speed through water sensor. Tidal flows of 𝒪(1 m s−1) and wind speeds of 𝒪(10 m s−1) independently enhanced turbulent dissipation to ϵ=O(10-5Wkg-1) in bottom and surface mixed layers. Over a 4 d period, boundary-generated turbulence was evident in the interior water column on 10 occasions, enhancing interior diapycnal diffusivity levels by 5–35-fold, reaching Kz=𝒪(0.1–1 m2 s−1). In three instances, the surface and bottom mixed layers overlapped. These overlapping boundary layers were present in water depths 5-fold deeper than previously observed, which has implications for the vertical extent of material fluxes from the surface or seafloor. Interior stratification was transient, emerging from far-field advection of low-density surface water, and supported by vertical buoyancy fluxes that were episodically eroded by boundary-generated turbulence. Combining observations with one-dimensional General Ocean Turbulence Model (GOTM) outputs, turbulence interactions in the interior were found to be modulated by wind, tides, and transient stratification fields, in turn influencing the vertical structure of sinks and sources of turbulent kinetic energy. Enhanced vertical transport toward the interior of the near-boundary shear-produced turbulence was found to erode interior stratification. The interplay between antecedent stratification, turbulence generation, and vertical transport allows boundary layers to interact and modulate the vertical structure of seawater properties in deep coastal passages.

Influence of nano-silica and r-MgO on rheological properties, 3D printability, and mechanical properties of one-part sodium carbonate-activated slag-based mixes

Influence of nano-silica and r-MgO on rheological properties, 3D printability, and mechanical properties of one-part sodium carbonate-activated slag-based mixes

Influence of wet-dry history on the mixed fracture properties of dense asphalt mixture based on ASCB test

Influence of wet-dry history on the mixed fracture properties of dense asphalt mixture based on ASCB test

Absolute Velocity, Transport and Stability of the Polar Front Downstream of the Southeast Indian Ridge

Abstract The fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) influence the growth and instability of eddies, eddy‐mean flow interaction, and the development of submesoscale processes. We use in situ hydrography and directly measured velocity from a comprehensive shipboard survey of the Polar Front (PF) south of Tasmania to characterize the synoptic mean velocity and transport structure of the PF. A stream‐coordinate system, based on dynamic height anomaly (ϕ), is constructed to create an along‐ and across‐stream perspective of the PF that naturally follows the current. We find the surface‐intensified along‐stream flow carries a full‐depth transport of 80.5 Sv over a width of 90 km, with roughly two‐thirds carried by the baroclinic flow. The across‐stream velocities are largely depth‐independent; the mean depth‐averaged flow across the PF core is 0.08 m s−1 in the quasi‐northward direction, associated with along‐isopyncal downwelling and cold water advection. We calculate potential vorticity (PV) to investigate the stability of the PF and find it is susceptible to both baroclinic and barotropic instability. Mean PV is dominated by the thickness PV term , that is PV is controlled by changes in stratification. While strong upper‐ocean PV gradients indicate a barrier to mixing, weaker PV gradients and relatively elevated mixing lengths at mid‐depth (≈2,000–2,500 m depth) suggest a deep steering level where eddies can efficiently mix properties across the PF.

A Study of the Spatially Developing Laminar-Turbulent Transition in Rod Bundles

Rod bundles play a crucial role in various nuclear reactor core designs, including light water reactors, liquid-metal reactors, heavy water reactors, and some gas fast reactors. In this study, a series of high-resolution direct numerical simulations of laminar-turbulent transition in square rod bundles is performed. The goal is to determine the transition onset as a function of the pitch-to-diameter (P/D) ratio and Reynolds number in infinite square lattices. Very long domains are investigated in a first-of-its-kind study using the graphics processing unit–based spectral element code NekRS on the supercomputer Summit. Unique to this study is an in-depth analysis of the spatially developing transition and its impact on mixing properties. It is demonstrated that laminar-turbulent transition occurs even at fairly large P/D ratios at very low Reynolds numbers and primarily through a gap instability, at least in the initial phases of the transients. Frequency analysis is also introduced.

Mechanical properties of high-strength cement mortar including silica fume and reinforced with single and hybrid fibers

Abstract The special mechanical properties and cost-effectiveness of cement-based mortar make it a good material to be used in the rehabilitation and maintenance of structures. In such usage, the production of high-strength mortar (HSM) reinforced with fibers is highly required for enhancing the mechanical properties and extending the service life of mortar. Therefore, the study examined the optimal fiber content for a case study of HSM incorporating silica fume and reinforced with mono/hybrid steel and polypropylene fibers (PPFs). Thirteen mixes with different fiber volume fractions of mono/hybrid steel and PPFs were designed in the current study. The impact of the fiber content was evaluated based on flowability, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and water absorption. The results show that both steel and PPFs have a negative effect on the flowability of tested HSM mixes. Regarding the investigation properties of HSM mixes, the results show that incorporating steel fibers improves the properties of HSM, in particular the content of 1.25%, while the addition of PPFs has little effect. It is also noted that in the case of incorporating hybrid fibers into HSM mixes, it is found that the improvement of properties existed for the HSM mix with a hybrid fiber of 1.3% steel fibers and 0.2% PPFs.