Terms Of Mixing Research Articles

Contrasting inclusionary housing initiatives in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway: how the past shapes the present

Inclusionary housing policies, aiming at creating both affordable housing and mixed neighbourhoods through land use regulation, do not have a long history in Scandinavia. Although Denmark, Norway, and Sweden have traditional welfare state perspectives on equal opportunities and housing, the use of the planning system to implement policy is hesitant. This article outlines the diverse political backgrounds and influences from housing and planning systems that explain this paradox. Further, differences between the housing and planning systems in the three countries are well illustrated by the varying interpretations of inclusionary housing policies. Policy results, in terms of affordability and social mix, play out very differently in the given contexts. The article in this sense adds to the scholarly conversations about barriers and opportunities for IH policy implementation, by contextualizing the conversation with implications from within systems that are relatively homogeneous and aiming for redistribution and equity. This raises questions about when, if, and how IH policy is the appropriate approach.

Patient dependency in the Oncology Emergency Room. Reliability and validity of the Jones Dependency Tool

BackgroundPatients’ dependency has significant nursing implications. Nurse skill mix and staffing levels may be addressed more successfully when dependency can be measured. In the oncology emergency room, a valid and reliable tool that measures patients’ dependency on nursing care is necessary. AimThis study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Jones Dependency Tool in Adult Oncology Emergency Setting at a Cancer Center in Jordan. MethodsA prospective cross-sectional design was used to test the Reliability and Validity of the Jones Dependency Tool among patients with cancer visiting the ED. A sample of 79 patients were assessed using the JDT and Conner’s tool. ResultsJones Dependency Tool showed a high level of validity and reliability. In terms of reliability, which was tested by test-re-test, Intra-class correlation (ICC) = 0.902 which indicates good to excellent. The tool demonstrates a high validity evidenced by its correlation with a criterion (p < 0.001). ConclusionThe study demonstrated that the JDT tool is a valid and reliable tool that can be used to quantify a patient's dependency level and the level of nursing care they need, assisting in the selection of the ideal staffing level in terms of quantity and skill mix.

Spatially Resolved Anisotropic Natural Abundance Deuterium 2D-NMR Spectroscopy Using Bimesophasic Lyotropic Chiral Systems.

In this paper, we describe, for the first time, the combined and original use of spatially resolved anisotropic natural abundance deuterium (ANAD) 2D-NMR experiments and bimesophasic lyotropic chiral systems to extract two independent sets of anisotropic parameters such as 2H-RQCs from a single NMR sample. As a pioneering example, we focus on a mixture of immiscible polypeptides (PBLG) and polyacetylene helical polymers (L-MSP) dissolved in weakly polar organic solvents (chloroform). Nondeuterated (D)-(+)-camphor is used as a model chiral solute. By providing two series of 2H-RQCs, this new analytical approach paves the way for applications in 3D structure elucidation with increased reliability and also opens up original investigations in terms of spectral enantiomeric discriminations and mixing of helical polymers.

Investigation of Modified EMST Micromixing Model Performance on Lagrangian PDF Transported in Lifted Hydrogen/Air Fames

This article presents a numerical simulation of high hydrogen/air flames using the Lagrangian transported PDF method. This method enables the calculation of fluid composition changes resulting from convection and reaction without the need for modelling, while requiring modelling for molecular mixing. Consequently, the accuracy of calculations in this L-PDF method heavily relies on an accurate representation of the mixture model term. The Euclidean model, which provides a better description of physical mixing processes, is well-suited for modelling the molecular mixing term EMST. Additionally, the accuracy of this model depends on the value of the mixing constant, representing the ratio between the mechanical time scale and the scalar time scale. Two algebraic models for the mixing constant have been implemented in the computational code, employing a well-defined function to calculate this ratio for each cell. These models contribute to memory and CPU time savings. To account for turbulence and its interaction with physical phenomena, the RSM model is employed due to its ability to identify different areas of turbulent stresses. Hence, the primary objective of this study is to evaluate the capabilities of these algebraic models in predicting scalar fields within such flames. Overall, the predictions align well with experimental data, affirming the validity of these models.

Intensification of multiphase systems with a jet‐loop reactor: characterization of mass transfer, mixing time, drop oil size, and biomass growth

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe development of processes for transforming vegetable oils into useful products has received increasing attention in the biotechnological field. The reactor used for this purpose should meet adequate mass transfer, mixing, and oil dispersion conditions. In this work, comprehensive research into the use of a jet‐loop reactor as a potential alternative to airlift and stirred tank reactors was conducted in the presence of avocado oil in a water‐air system. Additionally, the assessment of the jet‐loop for biomass growth in the presence of oil was performed.RESULTSThe increase of avocado oil from 1% to 5% v/v resulted in a reduction in the performance of the three reactors. Despite the airlift reactor having the lowest power input, it exhibited the worst performance in terms of mass transfer, mixing, and oil dispersion. The estimation of the energetic oxygen transfer efficiency (Kg O2 KW−1 h−1) allowed the determination that the jet‐loop reactor was superior to the stirred tank. This superiority was attributed to the low values of the mixing time and oil droplet diameter observed in the jet‐loop reactor. Finally, all these parameters had a positive impact on the growth of Wautersia eutropha in the jet‐loop reactor compared with the other two reactors.CONCLUSIONThe results showed that the jet‐loop reactor presented superior performance in most cases compared to the stirred tank and airlift reactors. Particularly, the jet‐loop exhibits an interesting potential to reduce the size of the avocado oil droplets, which could lead to a significative increase in the growth rate of Wautersia eutropha. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Hypoeutectic Liquid-Solid Phase Diagrams for Ternary Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolytes.

One of the current efforts of Li-ion battery technology research is to enable the operation of lithium-ion batteries in low temperature environments (<0 °C). However, the ternary phase diagrams of liquid electrolytes commonly used in lithium-ion cells are generally unknown. We herein study the liquidus surface of a ternary liquid electrolyte─up to 1 m LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate. We find that literature electrochemical and thermodynamic measurements of the composing binary electrolytes, in addition to limited ternary liquidus data, can be used to recover the liquidus surface via appropriate mixing terms.

A consistent MMC-LES approach for turbulent premixed flames

A multiple mapping conditioning (MMC) approach is coupled with large eddy simulations (LES) for the prediction of the flame propagation, the flame structure and finite rate chemistry effects including NO formation in turbulent premixed flames. The mixing term in MMC relies on a reference field that characterizes the chemical composition within the flame and it is typically taken to be the reaction progress variable. In LES, this reference field needs to be artificially thickened to be resolved on the LES grid. A novel MMC mixing time scale model that had been developed with the aid of direct numerical simulation (DNS), has been adapted to account for the thickening of the reference field. Equally, the particle selection mechanism for particle mixing has been modified to ensure localness of mixing in composition space and to preserve the prediction of a realistic (thin) flame thickness by the stochastic particles. A set of freely propagating turbulent premixed flames with varying equivalence ratios is used to test the performance of the MMC model. Results of MMC-LES are compared with reference DNS that include full chemistry. Additional simulations were carried out where MMC is coupled with quasi-DNS where the flow field is fully resolved but the reaction progress variable field is thickened and its source term is closed with a flamelet approach. This allows to isolate the different modelling assumptions invoked in MMC-LES. Deviations from the exact solution can then be associated with the MMC approach and with thickening of the reference field separately and they are small. The MMC-LES predictions of the turbulent premixed flame propagation speed and flame structure are very good and finite rate chemistry effects can be captured well which is demonstrated by good agreement of predicted NO with DNS data.

F(R,ϕ,X) Kütleçekiminde Ultra Yavaş Dönüşlü Enflasyon Dinamikleri

In this study, we apply the ultra-slow-roll condition to a model containing mixed terms in the background of f(R,ϕ,X) gravity. After the field equations are setting according to the model considered, the slow-roll indices of the inflation field are calculated. It is observed that the ultra-slow-roll inflation field comes to the fore for this case where the phenomenological mixed term is dominant. The inflation observables (the spectral index parameter and the tensor-to-scalar ratio) that occur in the background of gravity in the high-energy era of the universe are calculated, and we determine that the results are in agreement with Planck 2018 data.

The role of bioenergy in Brazil's low-carbon future

The urgency of climate change requires a clear understanding of how global technological trends can alter a country's least-cost, low-carbon strategy (net-zero), considering its own advantages in terms of resources, existing knowledge, and energy facilities and converters. This study compares Brazil's least-cost strategies to reach net zero CO2 emissions by 2050 with strategies based on the technological development patterns suggested by the most recent International Energy Agency's (IEA) net zero report, which are assumed to represent global trends in technology deployment for climate mitigation. Our study is based on the use of an Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) for Brazil. Four different mitigation scenarios are explored. Results show that the IEA technological profile deeply differs from a non-constrained technological deployment for Brazil, particularly in terms of the liquid fuels mix and the time of implementation of electric-driven mobility. In Brazil, biofuels use stand out as the least-cost solution to reach net zero emissions by 2050, mostly due to the use of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), which can slow down fossil fuel phase out in the country. Nevertheless, a hybrid strategy can include the use of ethanol or even hydrogen fuel cells in electric powertrains, though this would require further research and development.

New Criteria on the Oscillatory Behaviour of Second Order Nonlinear Differential Equations with Mixed Neutral Terms

Abstract The authors present some new criteria for the oscillation of second order nonlinear differential equations with mixed nonlinear neutral terms and mixed deviating arguments. The approach used is to linearize the equation under consideration and then to deduce the oscillation from that of the linear form. In so doing, the authors obtain new oscillation criteria via a comparison with the first order equations whose oscillatory behaviors are known. They illustrate their results with some examples.

Higher logarithms and ε-poles for the MS-like renormalization prescriptions

We consider a version of dimensional regularization (reduction) in which the dimensionful regularization parameter Λ is in general different from the renormalization scale μ. Then in the scheme analogous to the minimal subtraction the renormalization constants contain ε-poles, powers of ln Λ/μ, and mixed terms of the structure ε−q lnp Λ/μ. For the MS-like schemes we present explicit expressions for the coefficients at all these structures which relate them to the coefficients in the renormalization group functions, namely in the β-function and in the anomalous dimension. In particular, for the pure ε-poles we present explicit solutions of the ’t Hooft pole equations. Also we construct simple all-loop expressions for the renormalization constants (also written in terms of the renormalization group functions) which produce all ε-poles and logarithms and establish a number of relations between various coefficients at ε-poles and logarithms. The results are illustrated by some examples.

Natural Experiment Outcomes Studies in Rotor Wing Air Medical Transport: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Before-and-After and Helicopter-Unavailable Publications From 1970 to 2022

ObjectiveHelicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) is widely used for prehospital and interfacility transport, but there is a paucity of HEMS outcomes data from studies using randomized controlled trial designs. In the absence of robust randomized controlled trial evidence, judgments regarding HEMS potential benefit must be informed by observational data. Within the study design set of observational analyses, the natural experiment (NE) is notable for its high potential methodologic quality; NE designs are occasionally denoted “quasi-experimental.” The aim of this study is to examine all NE outcomes studies in the HEMS literature and to discern what lessons can be learned from these potentially high-quality observational data. MethodsHEMS NE studies were identified during the development of a new HEMS Outcomes Assessment Research Database (HOARD). HOARD was constructed using a broad-ranging search of published and gray literature resources (eg, PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar) that used variations of the terms “helicopter EMS,” “air ambulance,” and “air medical transport.” Among the 221 studies ultimately included in HOARD, 16 NE publications describing 13 sets of observational data comprising myriad diagnostic groups were identified. Of these 16 HEMS NEs, 4 HEMS NE studies assessing trauma outcomes were used in a meta-analysis. A meta-analysis was also performed of 4 HEMS NE studies. ResultsAlthough the disparity of studies (in terms of both case mix and end points) precluded the generation of a pooled effect estimate of an adjusted mortality benefit of HEMs versus ground emergency medical services, HEMS was found to be associated with outcomes improvement in 8 of the 13 cohorts. ConclusionThe weight of the NE evidence supports a conclusion of some form of HEMS-mediated outcomes improvement in a variety of patient types. Meta-analysis of 4 HEMS NE studies assessing trauma outcomes generated a model with acceptable heterogeneity (I2 = 43%, Q test: P = .16), which significantly (P < .01) favored HEMS use with a pooled HEMS survival odd ratio estimate of 1.66 (95% confidence interval, 1.23-2.22).

Effect of annealing time on the structural stability of LiCo0.55Ni0.4Ti0.05O2 cathode material via combustion method

Layered LiNi1-xCoxO2 cathode material, particularly LiCo0.6Ni0.4O2 (LCN) in stoichiometry is one of the promising cathode materials as it possesses a good electrochemical behaviour and performances comparable with commercial LiCoO2 (LCO) cathode material. However, more improvement needs to be done in LCN cathode material in terms of higher toxic Co content and higher cation mixing in the material which mainly contributes to the structural instability and affects the capacity fading of the material. To combat both significant issues in the material, the stability of that material structure needs to be tackled first. In this study, Co was partially substituted with Ti4+ to give the LiCo0.55Ni0.4Ti0.05O2 (LCNT) cathode material using the combustion method. To get the optimum condition of LCNT, the precursor was then calcined at a temperature of 750°C for 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours and denoted as LCNT24, LCNT48, and LCNT72 respectively. XRD reveals that all samples are pure, single-phase with no impurities present except for LCNT72. Nano-sized LCNT24 sample has the highest RIR value of 1.84 indicating the lowest degree of cation Li+/Ni2+ mixing in the material and the most stable structure compared to others.

Relations between tree-level closed string amplitudes and mixed string amplitudes at fewer points

We formulated the relations between closed string amplitudes and mixed string amplitudes at tree level. In this paper we focus on fewer points of external states. We factorized the closed string amplitudes by analytical continuation of complex variables. With a careful examination of branch points, the results show that closed string amplitudes can be expressed in terms of products of mixed string amplitudes and additional terms with appropriate phase factors. In terms of five-point amplitudes, we introduced a one-parameter dependent amplitude to capture the results. Finally, some physical interpretations were provided.

Flavor-changing top quark rare decays in the Bestest Little Higgs Model

This paper investigates rare flavor-changing decays of the top quark in the Bestest Little Higgs Model (BLHM). As a result, flavor-changing phenomena are introduced in the BLHM for the first time. In this study, we incorporate new flavor mixing terms between the light quarks of the Standard Model (SM) and the fermions and bosons of the BLHM. We compute the one-loop contributions from the heavy quark (B) and the heavy bosons (W′±,ϕ±,η±,H±)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$(W^{\\prime \\pm }, \\phi ^{\\pm }, \\eta ^{\\pm },H^{\\pm })$$\\end{document}. Our findings demonstrate that the branching ratios of decays t→qV\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$t\\rightarrow qV$$\\end{document} and t→qh0\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$t\\rightarrow qh^0$$\\end{document}, where q=u,c\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$q=u,c$$\\end{document} and V=Z,γ,g\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$V=Z, \\gamma , g $$\\end{document}, can reach larger branching ratios compared to their counterparts in the SM, except for the gluon case. Moreover, we observe that the processes with the highest sensitivity are Br(t→cZ)∼10-5\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$Br(t\\rightarrow cZ)\\sim 10^{-5}$$\\end{document}, Br(t→cγ)∼10-6\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$Br(t\\rightarrow c\\gamma )\\sim 10^{-6}$$\\end{document} and Br(t→ch0)∼10-8\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$Br(t \\rightarrow ch^0) \\sim 10^{-8}$$\\end{document} within the appropriate parameter space.

A Spectrally Interrogated Polarimetric Optical Fiber Sensor for Current Measurement with Temperature Correction

We report on a study of the temperature dependence of the response of a BSO crystal based polarimetric current sensor with spectral interrogation. Two possible interrogation schemes are discussed. The spectral dependence of the optical rotation along the crystal caused by temperature and current changes is investigated, and approximate dependences for the sensitivities to current SI and temperature ST are derived. A mixed term in the response with spectral interrogation is revealed, the elimination of which is achieved by tracking wavelength shifts Δλ1 and Δλ2 of two distinct extrema in the polarimetric response. A temperature independent second degree equation for the current changes ΔI as a function of the measured spectral shifts is derived and tested.

Asymptotic behaviour of general nonautonomous Nicholson equations with mixed monotonicities

A general nonautonomous Nicholson equation with multiple pairs of delays in mixed monotone nonlinear terms is studied. Sufficient conditions for permanence are given, with explicit lower and upper uniform bounds for all positive solutions. Imposing an additional condition on the size of some of the delays, and by using an adequate difference equation of the form xn+1=h(xn), we show that all positive solutions are globally attractive. In the case of a periodic equation, a criterion for existence of a globally attractive positive periodic solution is provided. The results here constitute a significant improvement of recent literature, in view of the generality of the equation under study and of sharper criteria obtained for situations covered in recent works. Several examples illustrate the results.

Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of a Novel Hemp-Based Building Material.

The global construction sector contributes a significant share of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In Australia, infrastructure activity alone generates 18% of the GHG emissions. The use of low-embodied carbon building materials is crucial to decarbonise the construction sector and fulfil national and international climate goals. Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a promising feedstock for low-carbon construction materials because of its carbon sequestration capacity, fast-growing cycles, and technical functionality comparable to traditional materials. This study utilised the life cycle assessment (LCA) guideline ISO 14040:2006 to estimate the carbon footprint (CF) of hemp-based building materials in Western Australia capturing region-specific variations in terms of inputs, soil, productivity, and energy mix. The functional unit was 1 m2 of a hemp-based board, and the system boundary was cradle-to-gate, i.e., pre-farm, on-farm, and post-farm activities. The CF of 1 m2 of hemp-based board was estimated to be -2.302 kg CO2 eq. Electricity from the public grid for bio-based binder production during the post-farm stage was the main contributor to total CO2 eq emissions (26%), followed by urea production (14%) during the pre-farm stage. Overall, the use of electricity from the public grid during the post-farm stage accounted for 45% of total emissions. Sensitivity analysis showed that the CF of hemp-based boards was highly sensitive to the source of energy; i.e., total replacement of the public grid by solar power decreased the CF by 164% (-2.30 to -6.07 kg CO2 eq). The results suggested that hemp-based boards exhibit lower embodied GHG emissions compared to traditional materials, such as gypsum plasterboards.

New Stability Results of the Modified Craig-Sneyd Scheme in a Multidimensional Diffusion Equation with Mixed Derivative Terms

The time-dependent multidimensional diffusion equations with mixed derivative terms have been widely used in mathematics. Due to the mixed derivative terms, it is difficult to solve this pattern of multidimensional diffusion equations. The Modified Craig-Sneyd scheme (MCS), which has been applied to value the power derivatives, is one of the most promising methods for solving such equations. Therefore, it is of great importance to study its stability. The unconditional stability problem of MCS for a multidimensional diffusion equation with mixed derivative terms is investigated by taking into account the sizes. A new sufficient condition, necessary condition, and equivalence condition on the parameter of the MCS scheme for unconditional stability are proposed in case of the two and three-dimensional diffusion equations.

Environmental damages, cumulative exergy demand, and economic assessment of Panus giganteus farming with the application of solar technology

The use of photovoltaic (PV) technology in agricultural production can mitigate the environmental impacts of mushroom farming. However, changes in the environmental impacts and economic benefits of the application of PV technology are still unclear. Thus, we evaluated the environmental impacts, energy flow, and economic aspects of mushroom (Panus giganteus) farming systems without solar PV (WS) technology and with PV technology from the generation of substrate materials through harvesting. In addition to a 27 % increase in terrestrial ecotoxicity, P. giganteus farming with PV technology reduced all impact categories by 4–60 %, with a 60 % reduction in CO2 emissions and a 25 % reduction in land resources. These findings highlight the importance of combining PV technology with mushroom farming in agricultural carbon reduction and the efficient use of land resources. In terms of the climate change impact, the PV system reduced CO2 emissions by 2.94 kg CO2 eq./kg of mushrooms compared with the WS system, wherein the aspects of substrate transformation, spawn running, and cultivation were reduced by 78.27–89.91 %. The cumulative exergy demand (CExD) analysis showed that P. giganteus farming combined with PV technology reduced the total CExD by 48 %. With the application of PV technology, the top contributor to the total CExD of mushroom farming shifted from electricity to transportation throughout the supply chain. The PV system reduced costs by 22.09 % and increased the total revenue by 22 % and the cost-benefit ratio by 50 %. Halving the transportation distances of substrate materials and performing localized substitution of wood chips resulted in a 3–34 % reduction in the environmental impacts category and a 23–30 % reduction in nonrenewable fossil energy consumption. These results showed that improvements helped optimize the environmental performance in terms of carbon reduction and energy mixing. Thus, combining PV technology with greenhouse mushroom farming can improve trends in energy and environmental damage.