Mistakes In Practice Research Articles

Community pharmacists awareness, perceptions, and opinions of artificial intelligence: A cross-sectional study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Several revolutions are currently taking place in the healthcare industry to provide accurate, reliable, and valid healthcare to patients. Among these is artificial intelligence (AI). This study aimed to assess the CP's awareness, perceptions, and opinions of AI in health care among community pharmacists. This cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted over 3 months in 2023 using structured prevalidated 34 items questionnaires. In this study, 94.5% (n= 258) of the CPs were aware of AI, yet 25.6% (n= 70) believed that AI would eventually replace healthcare professionals. However, 63.4% (n= 173) of the CPs concurred that AI is a technology that supports healthcare workers. 12.8% of the CPs believed that there is a risk of losing their jobs if AI is widely used in Saudi Arabia, but 68.9% (n= 188) of them considered that healthcare professionals will benefit from the extensive use of AI. Eighty-four percent of CPs (n= 232) agreed or strongly agreed that AI decreases drug mistakes in clinical practice. Similarly, 86% of the CPs (n= 235) concurred that AI makes it easier for patients to access the service. In contrast, almost 58% of the CPs (n= 232) agreed that AI makes it easier for healthcare professionals to acquire information, and 87.9% of the CPs (n= 240) said that AI helps them make better decisions. This study concluded that most of the CPs were aware of AI and agreed that AI is a tool that helps healthcare professionals. In addition, the majority of the CPs thought that AI adoption in healthcare practice will benefit healthcare practitioners.

اسلامی تہذیب کی نشاۃ ثانیہ: عصری رجحانات،تحدیات اور امکانات

This research article aims to analyze the contemporary trends, challenges and opportunities of the renaissance of Islamic civilization. The remarkable role of Islamic civilization for reform and advancement in various fields of human life is no more a mystery. Although the Muslim civilization encountered downfall owing to internal conflicts and negligence in maintaining and preserving of knowledge, social ethics and political standards. Ultimately, other civilizations and imperial powers influenced Muslims. The primary assets of Islamic civilization are well-preserved in the form of Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet (PBUH). Muslim civilization despite of various cognitive and practical mistakes of the Muslims did not fall completely. It demands revival. There are different tendencies among the contemporary Muslims about the renaissance of this civilization. Some of the challenges in the line of renaissance of Islamic civilization are linked to internal situation of Muslims and some others are related to the biased and prejudiced approach of the followers of western civilization. Ample opportunities and avenues need to be identified to overcome these challenges or reduce their impact. Present study has been designed to address the issue in a way to bridge the gap between old and new literary endeavors. First part of this research paper presents doctrinal and theological meaning of the renaissance of the Islamic civilization. Contemporary trends and internal challenges have been discussed in detail in second part. Next parts highlight the external challenges and analyses the prospects of renaissance of Islamic civilization. Last part of the research concludes the discussion.

What Nursing Students Hope from Clinical Mistakes

Background: Nursing students are vulnerable to committing mistakes in clinical practice due to various factors. These factors include the quality of supervision received and interpersonal dynamics. This study examined students’ expectations if they make mistakes during clinical placement. Methods: A qualitative descriptive study design was employed in this study. Purposive sampling was adopted to recruit twelve undergraduate nursing students, and semi-structured interviews were conducted between October 2022 and December 2022. A thematic analysis strategy was utilised to analyse the data. Findings: Three themes were identified, namely: (1) The importance of supervision, (2) A dedicated clinical mentor, and (3) The value of reflective practice. Conclusion: The study showed that most nursing students emphasised the importance of clinical supervision from experienced nurses to handle clinical mistakes effectively. The findings emphasised the crucial role of the clinical mentor’s presence during the students’ clinical tasks. Furthermore, the students also expressed the significance of the student’s continued engagement in reflective practice

Мониторинг динамики финансовой грамотности студентов в условиях интеграции учебных дисциплин

The article is devoted to the problem of the formation of financial literacy of students of economic universities in the context of the integration of academic disciplines. The aim of the work is to identify the possibilities of integrative links between academic disciplines in improving the level of financial literacy within the framework of the continuity of educational programs for undergraduate and graduate programs. As a means of integration, it is proposed to use the models of simple and compound percent. The importance of formalized models in the performance of financial operations of accumulation, discounting and, accordingly, in assessing the effectiveness of financial decision-making is noted. The paper presents the results of monitoring the dynamics of the level of financial literacy of students of the University of Economics. An online survey of undergraduate students was conducted in the context of courses of study and undergraduates. Respondents were asked questions related to identifying the objective level of financial literacy (knowledge of financial terms, activity in the financial services market, knowledge of simple and compound interest formulas, etc.). A separate block includes questions about the subjective level of financial literacy of respondents and the need for additional knowledge and skills in financial literacy. he results of the analysis of empirical material indicate a positive correlation between the objective and subjective levels of financial literacy of students, as well as the need for additional knowledge on financial literacy. At the same time, higher levels of financial literacy are associated with skills in mastering simple and compound interest models and demonstrate a positive trend in the cumulative effect of integrating academic disciplines. In its turn, the study of student activity in the financial services market determines the widespread use of digital financial instruments. The findings determine the need for students of economic universities to master formalized methods for assessing financial decision-making, which in the future will allow avoiding costly mistakes in practice and maintaining the required level of digital financial literacy.

Automatic Recording of Traffic Rules Violations in Foreign Countries: Theoretical and Practical Aspects

First of all, the topicality of the topic is related to the relatively recent introduction of administrative liability in Ukraine for traffic safety violations recorded automatically. More precisely, with the legal mechanism for regulating the procedure of bringing persons to administrative responsibility for such type of offenses, for which the constitutional principles and tasks of legal (administrative) responsibility are nullified. The introduction of a system of automatic recording of violations of traffic rules is indeed an obviously necessary step, which, however, requires a detailed study and significant improvement of the legal framework that regulates it, with mandatory consideration of the need to observe the legal rights and freedoms of persons subject to administrative responsibility. Of course, the automatic recording of offenses in the field of road safety in Ukraine is relatively new and is only gaining momentum, going through the process of its formation. On the other hand, the operation of cameras on roads in other developed countries, such as in Great Britain, the United States of America, Germany, France, Finland and Sweden already has a long history that deserves a more detailed study. That is why the purpose of the work is to conduct an analysis of foreign practices in the outlined area, which will allow us to suggest ways to improve national legislation, because an effective and fair mechanism of bringing to administrative responsibility for the type of offenses we are investigating is one of the means of ensuring road traffic. To achieve the goal, the research used a complex of general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge, mostly the comparative legal method. This method was used to compare the theoretical and practical aspects of the functioning of the system of automatic recording of violations of traffic rules in foreign countries and to develop practical recommendations for improving its use in Ukraine. Many years of foreign experience in using the system of automatic recording of offenses should serve as a reliable basis for the implementation and development of the national system with the least resistance from society, as well as the minimization of practical mistakes and legislative gaps in this area. The conducted analysis made it possible to identify the most efficient and effective mechanism for bringing to administrative responsibility persons for violations of the Traffic Rules recorded in automatic mode, taking into account the need to observe the fundamental rights and guarantees of the subjects of this type of offense.

Co-design: a guided reflective learning conversation model for simulation-based education

The critical care environment is stressful with complex clinical cases and high levels of workload [1]. Adequate exposure to various clinical experiences is essential to develop effective clinical reasoning skills [2]. Taking into consideration the risk of clinical practice mistakes and the importance of patient safety, simulation is an effective method to immerse learners in scenarios that mimic clinical situations with focused learning opportunities. Guided reflection through reflective learning conversations following simulation activities is recognized as an effective method to develop clinical reasoning skills [3]. We describe a co-design process to develop a simulation guided reflective learning conversation model to optimize the clinical reasoning skills for critical care nurses attending simulation-based activities. A co-design working group of 10 critical care nurses of varying levels of seniority, experience, nationality, and gender; two critical care doctors; three patient representatives; 2 researchers, and 5–6 critical care educators are working collaboratively to co-design the guided reflective learning conversation model, in which clinical reasoning can be optimized with consideration to a wide range of case complexity, subspecialty, and competence levels. The co-design working group is meeting online for 4–6 workshops of 4 hours. The co-design process is built on valid and reliable clinical reasoning and educational theoretical frameworks and models. The inputs to the process, exercises, and activities are taking place during the workshops and the outputs of the workshops are described to establish the co-design process. The final draft of the model will be validated and tested. The study sample will be grouped into experimental and control cohorts of critical care nurses who attend critical care simulation-based courses (N=300). Data will be collected through surveys, focus groups, and simulation-based objective assessment and observations. The study has received Institutional Review Board approval from the Hamad Medical Corporation Medical Research Centre (MRC-01-22-117) and the University of Hertfordshire (HSK/PGR/UH/04728). The first draft of the co-design model is presented in Simulation-Based Reflective Learning Conversation Model (SBRLCM) under development Clinical reasoning is multidimensional with difficulty to structure and evaluate during debriefing. Developing a guided reflective learning conversation model in which clinical reasoning skills are actively and effectively embedded, would therefore enable critical care nurses developing clinical reasoning skills to meet the special demands of critical care. 1. Vahedian-Azimi A, Hajiesmaeili M, Kangasniemi M, Fornés-Vives J, Hunsucker RL, Rahimibashar F, Pourhoseingholi MA, Farrokhvar L, Miller AC. Effects of stress on critical care nurses: a national cross-sectional study. Journal of intensive care medicine. 2019;34(4):311–22. 2. Kang H, Kang HY. The effects of simulation-based education on the clinical reasoning competence, clinical competence, and educational satisfaction. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society. 2020;21(8):107–14. 3. Decker S, Alinier G, Crawford SB, Gordon RM, Jenkins D, Wilson C. Healthcare Simulation Standards of Best Practice

Infographic: Four training modalities to improve functional mobility in people with Parkinson’s disease

Impairment of functional mobility is one of the most disabling symptoms in people with Parkinson’s disease (PwPD). Limitations in mobility lead to sedentarism, which may decrease the quality of life in PwPD. Several studies demonstrated that the combination of exercise with the traditional pharmacological treatment (i.e., levodopa) is effective to improve mobility in PwPD 1-5. Although the effects of traditional modalities (e.g., walking overground and cycling) are well documented, other stimuli may also induce positive responses on mobility in PwPD. However, such studies demonstrated trivial results or effectiveness in terms of functional mobility, indicating that the exercise – mainly using non-traditional stimuli – should be carefully prescribed. To avoid practical mistakes and ensure a high probability of success in mobility rehabilitation in PwPD, rehabilitation professionals must apply up-to-date and high-quality knowledge about mobility. Also, they must recognize the effects of different exercise modalities to improve functional mobility and the motivators and barriers to exercise in PwPD 1. This infographic aims to present (1) the motiving factors and barriers of training in PwPD, (2) the main effects of four exercise modalities on functional mobility (considering its underlining mechanisms), and (3) demonstrate the training evidence to improve the functional mobility. The exercise modalities were selected from the four recent meta-analyses (searched on PUBMED) that tested the exercise effects on functional mobility and presented data related to exercise prescription for PwPD. The encouragement of other persons is the most motivating factor for PwPD during exercise. The lacking of encouragement, fatigue and depression are related to exercise barriers in PwPD 1. Suárez-Iglesias et al. 2 demonstrated that Pilates was effective to improve functional mobility, improving Timed Up and Go (TUG) performances. Interventions using hydrotherapy, with or without land-based therapy, also showed positive effects on TUG values 3. Dance modality, associated with auditory cues, promoted positive effects on gait velocity, TUG, and freezing of gait 4. Finally, Robinson et al. 5 observed that treadmill training, when compared to no-exercise ones, improved the gait velocity and step length in PwPD regardless of use or not body weight support. Overall these results were observed in patients with early to moderate stages of disease (Hoehn and Yahr < 3). These main effects and the mechanism related to the positive responses were presented in the infographic. Despite the noteworthy positive effects of exercise using these modalities in PwPD, recommendations for training prescriptions are still debatable. The characteristics of the modalities were poorly described in most of the studies. For example, even with the availability of acceptable and practical tools, the exercise intensity or its increment throughout the training was not properly reported. Therefore, it is difficult to determine a specific guideline to improve functional mobility in PwPD. The discussion about prescriptions (hydrotherapy) and the program with the highest weight in the meta-analysis (dance, pilates and treadmill) were presented in the infographic. Future studies should detail, as many as, possible training characteristics, increasing the reproducibility and applicability of the results.

PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE JIGSAW TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SENAM KEBUGARAN JASMANI 2018

AbstractThe issue in this study is that students' abilities in the 2018 physical fitness exercise material are lacking, resulting in boredom in learning activities and mistakes in practice. The goal of this research was to see if jigsaw cooperative learning improved learning results in class VII students at Junior High School 10 Pontianak for Physical Fitness Gymnastics 2018. Experimental Research was the research approach used. The study's research result are the Physical Fitness Gymnastics 2018 learning outcomes in the pretest (68.4) and posttest (80.28), with an average of the two (79.25) Standard Deviation is the difference between the lowest (65) and highest (88) values (3.94). The data was judged normal after the normality test with the Sig pretest value. Results The data homogeneity is declared homogeneous. If the T test result is 0.05 > 0.00, Ho is rejected. The use of the jigsaw type cooperative learning model had a substantial influence on improving the 2018 physical fitness exercise learning outcomes, according to the results of hypothesis testing, normalcy test, homogeneity test, and discussion.Keywords: Learning Outcomes, Physical Fitness Gymnastics 2018 , Cooperative Learning Type Jigsaw.

Approaches that promote clinical reasoning in clinical and simulation-based practice settings

Background: Clinical reasoning is described as a reflective process that enables health care practitioners to collect data, solve problems, and make decisions and judgments to enhance patient outcomes and patient safety 1. To avoid practice mistakes, healthcare professionals should possess or develop effective clinical reasoning skills. To develop effective clinical reasoning skills, enough exposure to various experiences is required. Practicing and developing clinical reasoning skills can be achieved in both clinical and simulated settings 2. Using structured clinical reasoning models could enhance effective clinical reasoning development 3. This review aims to explore the current clinical reasoning models. Methods: A scoping review was undertaken to answer the question; what are the best available clinical reasoning models to enhance clinical reasoning in clinical and simulated settings? The following sources were searched: Medline; Scopus; Education Research Complete, and Google Scholar to identify relevant recent primary research conducted on this topic published in 2000 onwards. The search included [MeSH] topics of; “Clinical reasoning” and “Clinical Reasoning Models”. The inclusion criteria were primary studies that described the use of clinical reasoning models in clinical and simulated settings. Two independent researchers agreed on the inclusion of the identified papers for full-text review. This review followed the review guidelines of the Joanne Briggs institute. Results: There are valid clinical reasoning models to be used for clinical and simulated settings which are; TANNER, DML, clinical Reasoning Model (CRM), Outcome-Present State Test (OPT), and Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) model (Table 1). However, the validity of these models needs to be tested considering different health care specialties, the scope of practice, complexity, and seniority levels. Conclusion: Considering the importance of clinical reasoning skills in health care practices, using structured models could enhance the clinical reasoning process, however, despite the availability of clinical reasoning models, additional validation for these models is still required.

Ergonomic Risk Reduction Method in Aerospace Manufacturing

In the aerospace manufacturing, lots of processes cannot be automated and are performed manually by skilled workers. Because there exist some human error mistakes in such manual working processes, root cause investigations of these mistakes are indispensable and measures are implemented in working processes for preventing repetition of the same mistakes. Although skilled workers have strong confidence that they can complete their work with no mistake, there exist some cases that they cannot recognize their mistakes in practice. In such cases, root cause investigations cannot be performed and no measure is implemented. Such situation may become a serious risk in aerospace manufacturing because a tiny mistake can cause the serious mission failure of aviation system. To reduce such situation, the ergonomic risk reduction method is proposed. Skilled workers try to avoid frustration in performing their tasks and make mistakes through careless behavior. The cause of the frustration is discovered by ergonomic risk reduction method. Work risks can be removed by the progress of the working environment. Such risk reduction method contributes manufacturing organization resiliency. In this paper, we propose an ergonomic human error risk reduction method for skilled workers in Japanese domestic liquid rocket engine manufacturing.

Assessment of Healthcare Practitioners’ Insight into the Handover of Patients and its Implications for the Safety of Patients

Inadequate and Indiscernible interpersonal communication between healthcare professionals or groups of professionals is a main causal factor in errors and procedural mistakes in medical practice, and this undermines the safety of patients. The study assessed healthcare providers’ insight into the handover of patients and how this impacts patient safety. A cross-sectional survey was utilized with a sample size of 400, equally divided between nurses and doctors. A well-structured questionnaire was used to elicit the required information. The data collected were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 statistical package. The study revealed that the majority of the respondents had no formal training on patient handover (56.3% vs. 43.7%). Respondents were aware that ineffective communication at handover impacts negatively on patient safety. The traditional method of handover is practiced and the most employed type (77%) and method (54%) of communication is the combined written verbal method. The obstacles to effective communication at handover were time constraints, excess workload, fatigue, and distraction. It was concluded that the insight of healthcare providers about handover and its impact on patient handover is passable and it can be improved upon by including handover in the training curriculum of nursing/medical students, regular refresher courses for practicing nurses/doctors to equip them with the skills that will advance both the content and communication at handover.

Reflecting on Mistakes in Practice among Social Workers in China

AbstractReflection is widely practiced in human service professions, but little research has examined whether reflection actually translates into action and, if so, how. This article explores the possibilities and limits of reflective practice by drawing on data collected through reflective interviews with fifteen Chinese social workers on mistakes in practice. The findings demonstrate that social workers in China are aware of being reflective, even critically reflective, by pondering mistakes and failures they have encountered. Their reflections, however, do not extend to future action plans. Rather, they prefer to rely on manual-based knowledge providing explicit guidance, reflecting their developing reflective capacity and low professional identity. The article argues that social workers’ reflective awareness needs to be built up, while fully recognising the limits of reflection. To address mistakes, not only do we need to create opportunities for practitioners to reflect, but also to address the risk-management strategies of social work organisations and the independent roles that should be performed by professional social work associations in Mainland China.

SENYAPAN DAN KILIR LIDAH DALAM ACARA GELAR WICARA MATA NAJWA 2020 SEBAGAI KAJIAN PSIKOLINGUISTIK

Speaking is one of the four language skills. Speaking skills are always needed in human interaction activities, especially communicating. However, humans in speaking experience often experience mistakes in practice, one of which is the Silent and Tongue Shrink at the Mata Najwa 2020 talk show. On that basis the researcher wants to explore, look for the causes and processes of the occurrence of Silence and Tongue Flashes from several sources in the event. Tongue smiles and flashes are one of the obstacles that occur in communicating activities, both official and non-official. This type of research is descriptive qualitative with research carried out to determine the problem without comparing or linking the existing problems with the interversion picture of research on a phenomenon. In this study, researchers used a data collection technique with a listening method consisting of listening proficiently, listening freely fold proficiently, taking notes, and recording. By using Graunded Theory analysis with the Axial Coding method Paradigm model. Based on the analysis obtained from the results of the research that the Silence and the Flickering of the Tongue in the 2020 Mata Najwa talk show, there are lots of silences performed with various factors that influence it.

Philosophy of some problems of spine neurosurgery

The development of spine neurosurgery raises some questions concerning the methodology, practical significance, treatment and diagnosis of spinal diseases. In this regard, we inevitably turn to the methods of philosophical knowledge as a basis for analysis and synthesis of scientific information. This approach allows you to avoid mistakes in practice, which can have negative ethical and socio-economic consequences for society. Some controversial issues of spine surgery are discussed in the manuscript. Advisability of syndromic approach in the treatment of spine diseases, determining the length of spine fusion for injury, prediction of postoperative segmental instability due to osteoporosis and extrapolation of the principles of spine fusion surgery to arthroplasty are considered through the prism of philosophical categories.

Anthropometric Determinations of Umbilical Position in Iraqi Adults.

Introduction Umbilicus is an important surface landmark on the anterior abdominal wall in addition to its aesthetic and psychological effect. Objectives The objective of the study is to determine the position of umbilicus in Iraqi adults to provide a guide for the neoumbilicus in abdominoplasty. Subjects and Methods This is an observational study performed on 100 volunteers with no abdominal wall abnormality. Measurements included weight, height, body mass index (BMI), distance from xiphoid to umbilicus, distance from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis, distance from xiphoid process to both anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), distance from pubic symphysis to umbilicus and from pubic symphysis to xiphisternum, distance of umbilicus to both ASIS, and distance of umbilicus to interspinous line and to inter-anterior hypochondrium line. Results The study included 100 volunteers, with 50% male and 50% female whose age ranges between 18 to 60 years. The results were a follows: distance from xiphoid process to umbilicus and distance from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis were 18.03 ± 3.25 cm and 32.21 ± 4.64 cm, respectively; distances from xiphoid process to right ASIS and left ASIS were 25.95 ± 5.72 cm and 25.84 ± 6.02 cm, respectively; distance from pubic symphysis to umbilicus was 17.66 ± 3.12 cm; distance of umbilicus to interspinous line was 9.25 ± 1.84 cm. The distance from umbilicus to inter anterior hypochondrium line was 9.905 ± 2.19 cm. Conclusion These measurements can determine the neoumbilicus position, reduce practical mistakes, and improve postsurgical outcomes.

Understanding the patterns of professional practice mistakes with individual cases at school social work setting in Egypt

Understanding patterns of professional practice mistakes with individual cases at school social work setting in Egypt ABSTRACT In 1949, school social work emerged as one of forms of professional practice of social work in Egyptian society, this setting emerged as a process to bridge deficit in preparing teachers in schools at that time. The social worker who worked at school at that time was called the social supervisor. School social work is a particular branch of social work profession that attempts to assist all students as they move through formal education system .The aim of this study was to identify patterns of professional practice mistakes at school social work setting in Egypt. The sample of this study consisted of 50 social workers, 25 male, and 25 female, ages 30 through 50 years. Findings indicated that these social workers faced 90 patterns of professional practice mistakes at school social work setting in Egypt. Finally, strategies for helping social workers dealing with mistakes in school social work setting in Egypt were suggested. KEYWORDS: Professional practice mistakes, individual cases, School social work. فهم أنماط أخطاء الممارسة المهنية مع الحالات الفردية بالمجال المدرسي في مصر ملخص الدراسة في عام 1949 ظهرت الخدمة الاجتماعية المدرسية کأحد أشکال الممارسة المهنية للخدمة الاجتماعية في المجتمع المصري، وبرز هذا المجال الهام من مجالات الممارسة المهنية کعملية لسد العجز في إعداد المعلمين في المدارس في ذلک الوقت، وتمت الاستعانة بالأخصائي الاجتماعي الذي کان يعمل في المدرسة في ذلک الوقت فى دور المشرف الاجتماعي.هذا ويعتبر مجال الخدمة الاجتماعية المدرسية احد مجالات الممارسة المهنية للخدمة الاجتماعية الذي يحاول مساعدة جميع الطلاب أثناء انتقالهم من خلال نظام التعليم الرسمي واستهدفت هذه الدراسة تحديد أنماط أخطاء الممارسة المهنية في المجال المدرسي في مصر، وتکونت عينة هذه الدراسة من 50 أخصائي اجتماعي ( 25 من الاخصائيين الاجتماعيين الذکور، و25 من الاخصائيين الاجتماعيين الاناث) ، تراوحت أعمارهم ما بين 30 و 50 عاما. هذا وقد توصلت نتائج هذه الدراسة إلى أن هؤلاء الأخصائيين الاجتماعيين واجهوا 90 نمطا من أخطاء الممارسة المهنية في بيئة العمل الاجتماعي بالمدرسة في مصر. واقترحت هذه الدراسة مجموعة من الاستراتيجيات التي يمکن أن تساعد الأخصائيين الاجتماعيين في التعامل الفعال مع الأخطاء في بيئة الخدمة الاجتماعية المدرسية في مصر. الکلمات المفتاحية: أخطاء الممارسة المهنية – الحالات الفردية- المجال المدرسي .

Medical mistakes in the dental practice: a view from the inside

The purpose of the study was revealing the subjective opinion of doctors of various dental medical specialties about the experience of making medical mistakes. Methods: a single semi-structured interview method, qualitative deductive content analysis of the content of recorded interviews for encoding and categorizing text units using the OpenCode 4.02 program. Results: it was found that all respondents associated the concept of "medical mistake" with incorrect actions or inaction of the doctor, which led to negative consequences in the treatment of the patient. Thirty percent of respondents admitted to making manipulative and diagnostic mistakes in their dental practice. Analysis and ranking of factors indicated by dentists to commit a medical mistake showed that these are 1) objective factors of a subjective nature related to the personal characteristics of the doctor: insufficient knowledge and lack of experience, fatigue, arrogance; 2) objective factors related to the shortcomings of the organization of dental care in a medical institution; 3) objective factors of a subjective nature related to individual characteristics of patients. Conclusions: Continuous improvement of the training system for future dentists, residents, and doctors based on modern achievements in the field of dentistry, as well as the widespread use of simulation technologies for practicing manipulative skills, and the introduction of the "standardized patient" method for developing communication skills in order to effectively interact with patients are preventive measures aimed at preventing medical mistakes in dental practice. Awareness of the factors of medical mistakes and their analysis at the personal level will minimize their number and, consequently, improve the quality of dental care provided to the population.

Simuladores virtuales como estrategia de enseñanza aprendizaje en el SENA

The growth on the market of the use of information technologies as a support to the training process shows theinterest that has been generated in educational institutions to manage computer-mediated learning, findingin technologies a valuable resource for expanding coverage and generating new scenarios where learning isforged. However, the implementation of technological resources is limited as it is often done intuitively adjustedto a curriculum, to the teacher’s perception and framed in traditional content, limited by the tools that avirtual platform can offer. The work submitted pretends to show the development of the Virtual Business Simulatorof Administrative and Accounting Management of the Administrative Management Center; the projectwas developed under the prototyping software development methodology that allowed to develop applicationmodels with basic functionality without including all the logic or characteristics of the finished model. Representativefindings are presented in relation to the development of skills and competences from the interactionwith educational simulators, reducing both the possibilities of making mistakes in practice and the undesiredsocial and individual consequences that could be triggered in a real scenario.

Reflective learning conversations as an approach for clinical learning and teaching in critical care

Background: Reflective practice has become an integral element in healthcare and education.1,2 Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) is the largest healthcare organization in Qatar and it aims to: develop highly competent healthcare practitioners, promote nurses’ critical thinking, enhance the implementation of evidence-based practice, encourage deep learning approaches, create positive learning environments, maintain patient safety, and bridge the gap between theory and practice in the critical care clinical settings.3 To achieve this, in 2015, reflective learning conversations and debriefing educational methods have been introduced by the HMC Nursing Education and Research Department. Methods: The HMC critical care education team introduced a new one-hour Continuing Professional Development (CPD) educational activity under the title of “Reflective learning conversation and debriefing”. This educational activity has been officially added to the critical care monthly and annual education plans and calendars. The reflective and debriefing discussion aims to give the chance for the critical care practitioners to share their real clinical experiences.1,2,4,5 The critical care nurses of HMC attend each session in a group of 5-7 clinicians and they are asked to reflect critically on a real clinical cases in relation to challenges, limitations, pitfalls, and improvement plan.2,5 A facilitator with a clinical and educational background facilitates the discussion and nurses are encouraged to summarize the learning lessons from that experience in addition to the recommendations and action plans which will be decided accordingly. This is then disseminated and shared with other healthcare facilities if it fits their scope of service. The reflective learning conversation and debriefing guidelines and protocol were established by the corporate nursing education team and are available to clinicians and facilitators (Table 1). Results: Reflective learning conversation with a debriefing improves nurses and health care practitioner's critical thinking and competency level which was evident by learners’ feedback and clinical competency assessment (Table 2). Furthermore, that educational activity is an attractive teaching and learning method to create dynamic learning environments in the critical care clinical settings which was evident by learners and facilitators’ feedback (Table 2). Moreover, nurse empowerment and active engagement were enhanced and encouraged by applying that educational method which was evidenced by the clinical experts’ feedback (Table 2). Finally, applying that method was effective to enhance evidence-based practice and patient safety in critical care settings (Table 3). Conclusion: Reflective learning conversations and debriefing has been perceived to be an effective learning method. Healthcare practitioners can learn from errors and previous experiences to avoid future mistakes in clinical practice. Sharing clinical experiences provides a medium to discuss cases from different angles and in depth which helps to promote deep learning, evidence-based practice, active learning, and patient safety. The recommendations of reflective learning conversations and debriefings can be applied and utilized to change current practice toward best practice and are applicable in all clinical domains and specialties. Although currently attended only by nurses, such sessions would be even more beneficial if attended by multiple professions.

Theorising Areas of Law

This paper provides a general account of special jurisprudence, i.e. the part of jurisprudence that deals with theorising discrete “areas of law”. Section II starts with a few comments on the nature of theorisation itself. We claim that a theory is an at-tempt to provide an explanation of a phenomenon with the aim of understanding the phe-nomenon. We then outline three types of theoretical questions that are of relevance to us: ontological, empirical, and normative. Section III claims that “an area of law” is an inter-subjective social artefact that exists only because legal officials, practitioners, academics, and other actors, who constitute the “legal complex” in a given society, recognise it as such. We further claim that once an area of law is so recognised, it starts experiencing pressures to make it coherent in three distinct, but interrelated, ways. These are coherence-as-non-contradiction, coherence-as-consistency, and normative coherence. Over time, these coher-ence-seeking forces are likely to lend the area of law a distinct identity. Section IV deals with the three different approaches to special jurisprudence. It taxonomises the field based on whether the theoretical enterprise is ontological, empirical, or normative. Ontological theories aim to explain the nature of an area of law. They are usually concerned with its identity and its essential or defining features. Empirical theories are concerned with the actual functioning of legal actors and institutions. They tend to go beyond an exclusive focus on legal doctrine. Normative theories, we argue, may be detached or committed, ideal or non-ideal, universal or local, hypernormative, or interpretive. Ontological and normative theories usually deploy philosophical tools, whereas empirical theories use social science methods. Section V explores what it means to provide a theoretical foundation of an area of law, in terms of its ‘functions’ or ‘aims’. We argue that a foundational claim about an area of law in relation to its function or aim is a committed or detached normative theory. Section VI deals with two distinct methodological problems in special jurisprudence. The first of these is the “problem” of transparency—to what extent, if any, should a theoretical explanation of an area of law itself be accepted, at least by legal officials? We argue that official recognition is not a success condition for a theory. The second problem is the prob-lem of fit. Underfit occurs when the theoretical claim is insufficiently supported by the facts that inform the theoretical enterprise. Overfit is a problem when theoretical claims fail to sufficiently explain the available facts about legal practice (even after making allowances for the complexity, contingency, and multiplicity of factors that bring about such facts), and this failure cannot be explained by practical mistakes. Section VII concludes.