Missionary Research Articles

Mohism as Confucianism Critique: Examining the Multifaceted Relationship of Christianity and Confucianism in China

The interaction between Christianity and Confucianism has been marked by both conflict and accommodation. In the 19th century, the discovery of the works of Mozi, a pre-Qin Chinese philosopher who was critical of Confucianism, led to a change in the approach of some missionaries. This commentary examines how 19th century missionaries strategically utilized Mohist philosophy to undermine Confucianism and promote Christianity. The implications of this commentary for religious research are significant in terms of providing context and guiding future investigations as this commentary offers new insights into the complex relationship between Christianity and Confucianism in China by highlighting the strategic use of Mohist philosophy as a tool for evangelism and the implications it had for the larger discourse on Christianity and Confucianism in the region.

Catholic Missionary Activity in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire from the Perspectives of State and Convert

ABSTRACT: Catholic Church efforts to convert Christians of the Ottoman Empire accelerated in the early seventeenth century after the establishment of the "Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith" ( Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide ) in 1622, and in the remainder of the century missionaries would be particularly successful in winning converts among Ottoman Armenians. This success gradually led to intra-Armenian conflict between Apostolic Armenians and those with Catholic sympathies. This article argues that the topic of Apostolic/Catholic Armenian confessional conflicts is ripe ground for research that builds connections between Ottoman Turkish archival documentation and Armenian narratives sources, many of which remain unpublished. While most previous research has examined the topic from European, Ottoman, or Armenian perspectives, here we present images of Catholic-Apostolic conflict using both Ottoman archival sources and the unpublished Armenian manuscript of an Armenian convert, showing the potential for further integrated studies on the spread of Catholicism among Ottoman Armenians of the early modern period.

«Созерцавший Агнца Божия»: Джупитер Хэммон – первый чернокожий христианский поэт Америки

The role of Christianity as a factor that exerted a decisive influence over African American social and cultural history, is being debated time and again in the course of African American studies. The ambivalent attitude of the 18th –19th century Christian preachers and missionaries to slavery, egalitarian tendencies that combined with the idea of humility and resignation, led to contradictions and controversy in the evaluation of the role Christianity played in Afroamerica. The case of Jupiter Hammon (1711 –1806?), a preacher and the first Black Christian poet in America, illustrates the emergence of the basic topoi in the pre-war Blackamerican literary tradition: conversion to Christianity and literacy (enculturation) as two essential conditions for the acknowledgement of Black humanity and ability to integrate into the New World civilization. Jupiter Hammon refused to struggle against slavery; paradoxically, however, his work is an inherent part of both African American religious and cultural history and the New England Christian thought, that engendered Abolitionism and its most famous book, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, or Life among the Lowly (1852), based on the concept of the “religious genius” of the African and the “Black redemption” of the greatest American vice, slavery.

Mapping the Missionary World: 19th Century Missionary Atlases with Special Regard to Justus Perthes’ Production

Mapping the Missionary World: 19th Century Missionary Atlases with Special Regard to Justus Perthes’ Production

Making Democracy Compatible with Mission: James Earnest Fisher as a Missionary and US Information Officer in Korea, 1919–1948

Making Democracy Compatible with Mission: James Earnest Fisher as a Missionary and US Information Officer in Korea, 1919–1948

Сибирские съезды православного духовенства о путях насаждения «русскости» среди коренного населения

The article examines the activities of the Orthodox Church in Siberia to inculcate (impose) “Russianness” among the indigenous population of the region. The work of the late 19 century missionaries congresses is analyzed, and the unity of actions of the spiritual and secular authorities in conducting the Russification policy towards the indigenous population of Siberia is emphasized.

The Influence of Protestant Missionaries on Korean Christians in Shanghai: The Case of ‘18 Peking Road'

The Influence of Protestant Missionaries on Korean Christians in Shanghai: The Case of ‘18 Peking Road'

미국 남장로교 선교사 야곱 패터슨(Jacob Bruce Patterson)의 군산 예수병원 의료사역 연구(1910-1925)

1910-1920년대 미국 남장로교 한국선교회의 군산 예수병원은 1인 의사선교사가 담당하는 병원으로서 세브란스 병원의 실적과 맞먹는 국내 최고의 명성을 누렸다. 당시 군산 예수병원의 의사는 패터슨(Jacob Bruce Patterson, 1876-1933) 선교사였다. 본 논문은 어떻게 그는 군산 예수병원을 이토록 높은 명성을 누리는 병원으로 만들었는가? 이를 연구한다.<BR> 여기에는 그 배경으로 한국선교회의 선교정책과 군산선교부 예수병원의 의료선교의 배경과 첫 시작, 선교구조 및 이전 의료선교사들의 활동을 간략히 검토한다. 이러한 배경 검토에 터하여 패터슨 선교사의 개인적인 교육 배경과 의료선교 정책 및 동역자 관계를 분석한다. 그리고 그의 의료선교 활동과 실적을 분석하고 선교적 특징을 다룬다.<BR> 이 글은 초반부는 역사적 접근을 시도하고 후반부에서는 선교학적 분석을 시도한다. 이러한 학문적 접근을 통하여 1910-1920년대 패터슨이 주도한 군산 예수병원의 의료선교의 특징을 분석한다. 여기에서 사용하는 자료는 제1차 자료들로 한국선교회의 연례회의록과 패터슨의 선교보고와 기고문 등을 주로 분석한다.

Reflections on the 19th Century Missionary Reports as Sources for the History of the (Kurdish) Kizilbash

Missionary reports are the earliest modern records to explicitly mention the Kizilbash, and the “Kizilbash Kurds” in particular. Therefore, they have been utilised relatively extensively by researchers in the field, sometimes at levels disproportionate to their reliability and usefulness. This article develops my previous work on the perils of the missionary reports’ utilization without sufficient critical scrutiny of their inherent biases and limitations, and highlights, on the basis of an original missionary letter, the editorial process that they were likely subjected to before publication. It argues that the real significance of these sources lies not in their broad and biased speculations concerning distant (Kurdish) Kizilbash origins, but in the casual observations and incidental details they unwittingly supply. Abstract in Kurmanji Hizrên li ser raporên mîsyonerî yên sedsala 19an wek çavkanî ji bo dîroka Qizilbaşan (ên kurd) Raporên mîsyonerî qeydên modern ên ewil in ku bi eşkereyî behsa Qizilbaş an jî “kurdên Qizilbaş” bi taybetî dikin. Lewra, ew ji teref lêkolînerên li sehayê nisbeten bi berfirehî hatine bikaranîn, carna jî di asteke ne li gor bikêrhatî û ewlebûna wan de. Ev gotar li ser xebatên min ên berê ava bûye ku di wan de behsa talûkeya sûdwergirtina ji raporên mîsyoneran bêyî lêkolîneke rexneyî ya li hember pêşdarazî, sînorkirin û balkişandinên wan ên esasî tê kirin; û gotar bal dikşîne ser bingeha nameyeke mîsyonerî ya orîjînal, pêvajoya edîtorî ya muhtemel a berî weşandina ku ev name tê re derbas dibin. Gotar, nîqaş dike ku girîngiya rastîn ya van çavkaniyan ne di pêşqebûlên wan ên berfireh û alîgir yên di derbarê kokên (kurdên) Qizilbaş de ye lê di çavdêriyên wan ên rojane û teferuatên tesadufî de ye ku wan bêyî zanebûn gihandine. Abstract in Sorani Raman le raportî mizgênîderekanî sedey 19 wek serçaweyek bo mêjuy (Kurdî) ‏Qzilbaş Raportî mizgênîderekan kontirîn tomarî serdemin ke be raşkawî nawî qzilbaşekanî hênabêt û ‏betaybetîş "qzilbaşe kurdekan". Leberewe, be rêjeyekî frawan û hendêkcar ta astî ‏neguncan legell ‏bawerrpêkrawî û sûdmendî ew serçawane, lelayen twêjeranî ew bware ‏sûdyan lêwergîrawe. Em wtare leser bnemay ‏karêkî pêşûtrim bunyadinrawe ke derbarey ‏metrisîy bekarbirdnî raportî mizgênîderekane bê ewey wku ‏pêwîst hellsengandinêkî ‏rexnegrane bikrêt bo layengîrîy zigmakîyane û snurdarêtî ew mizgênîderane, we leser bnemay ‏nameyekî esllî mizgênîderêk, tîşk dexate ser prosey ‏paknuskirdin ke pêdeçêt ‏mizgênîderekan pêş bllawkirdnewe rûberrûy bûbnewe . Miştumrrî ewe ‏dekat ke bayexî ‏rasteqîney em serçawane le xemllandinî giştî û layengîrîyaneyan lemerr rîşey dûrî ‏qzillbaşî (kurdî)ewe nayet, bellku lew serince labela û zanîyarye ‏xelletênerane daye ke ewan ‏beanqest dawyane.‏ Abstract in Zazaki Sey çimeyanê tarîxê (kurdanê) qizilbaşan, raporanê mîsyoneranê seserra 19. ser o tefekurî Qeydê modernê tewr verênî yê ke bi hewayo eşkera qalê qizilbaşan û bitaybetî qalê kurdanê qizilbaşan kenê, raporê mîsyoneran ê. Coka nê raporî hetê cigêrayoxanê nê warî ra hetê nîsbetî ra hende ameyî xebitnayene ke ge-gane goreyê bawerbarî û feydeyê înan sînorê qebulî ra zî vîyartêne. Na meqale xebata min a verên a ke mi derheqê tehlukeyanê xebitnayîşê raporanê mîsyoneran yê bê rexnegirîya tehqîqê cidî yê terefgirî û sînordarîya înan de kerdbî, aye ser o virazîyaya. Na meqale pê bingeyê mektubêka mîsyonerêk a orîjînale bale ancena prosesê înan ê edîtoryalî ser ke bi îhtîmalêk weşanîyayîş ra ver pêro nê prosesî ro vîyartêne ra. Na xebate nê fikrî dana munaqeşeyî ro ke girîngîya nê çimeyan a raştikêne, pêardişanê înan ê hîra û terefgîran derheqê ristimê (kurdanê) qizilbaşan ê dûrî de nîya, la observasyonanê eleladeyan û teferuatan ê ke mîsyoneran bi tesadufî dayî, înan de ya.

Memorias de lugares e historias de regiones entre los pimas

En este trabajo propongo contrastar las nociones sobre el pasado asociadas a los ambitos de la vida de los pimas; aquellas que corresponden a las narrativas de los propios actores sociales y las que se desprenden de la mirada del analista. Revisare, por un lado, las regiones historicas denominadas Pimerias que constituyen un primer ejercicio de delimitacion cultural del noroeste de Mexico. Se trata de areas identificadas a partir de registros y documentos que fijaron lo dicho por los misioneros y colonizadores de finales del siglo XVI y principios del siglo XVII. Por otro lado, me aproximare a los lugares en los que habitan los pimas, los que ellos trazan con sus practicas cotidianas y senalan en sus procesos rituales; donde establecen la continuidad en el tiempo y en el espacio con quienes les antecedieron y con quienes les seguiran. Los pimas contemporaneos han tomado las riendas de su cultura, se distancian de aquellos con quienes otros los han unido en regiones trazadas desde la Historia, para acercarse a quienes participan con ellos en el diseno de un futuro enraizado en su memoria.

Lagos: the melting pot of African traditional religion and other foreign religions in Nigeria

African Traditional Religion (ATR) is the religion that was practised throughout Africa before the arrival of Western missionaries. The core premise of ATR is the maintenance of African culture and its main feature is loyalty to the ancestors and accompanying rituals that express this loyalty. With the introduction of two foreign religions into the mega city of Lagos, the interest has shifted from traditional religion to the two other religions. This study adopted the sociological theory of Emile Durkheim, which argues that Stability and cohesion shared in religion binds people closely together and contribute to the growth of the society. Various authors have written on the question of monotheism versus polytheism and the nature and position of revelation in religion and in order to understand the place of African Religion in light of contemporary religions, the exegesis approach is applied in the discussion of Africans belief in the worship of one Supreme Being and veneration of ancestors as intermediaries to the one Supreme Being. The paper explores the question of religious tolerance within the megacity of Lagos. Finally, the study reveals how Lagosian adherents of the traditional religion interface with members of the other religions. Finally the paper concluded that Lagosian Christians or Muslims continue their veneration and practice of indigenous religion whilst upholding their foreign religious identity.Keywords: Lagos, African religion, foreign religions, the melting pot of Nigerian Society

O que está em jogo teologicamente no debate sobre a ordenação de homens casados?

Entre as questões a serem tratadas pelo Sínodo Especial para a Amazônia (Roma, 2019), está a situação de dezenas de milhares de comunidades que, na região amazônica, não têm acesso regular à celebração da eucaristia por falta de presbíteros. Em axioma famoso, Henri de Lubac (1896-1991), aprofundando o tema da relação Eucaristia-Igreja na literatura eclesiástica do primeiro milênio cristão, dizia que “A Igreja faz a Eucaristia, e a Eucaristia faz a Igreja”. Muitas comunidades se reúnem para celebrar a Palavra de Deus, e sabemos que a Palavra está na origem da Igreja: a Igreja é, sem dúvida, “criatura da Palavra”. Falta a essas comunidades, porém, a celebração frequente (preferivelmente dominical) da Eucaristia, pois é a celebração da eucaristia que “faz a Igreja”. Dado que a Igreja celebra a eucaristia (“a Igreja faz a eucaristia”) sempre sob a presidência de um sacerdote (bispo ou presbítero), e estes, na Amazônia, faltam cronicamente, o autor sugere que se revejam algumas condições para a ordenação, entre elas o próprio celibato, para que a Igreja na Amazônia possa, com ministros ordenados próprios, chegar à plenitude da sua constituição eclesial e missionária.

Application of internet-based cloud platform for inpatient health education

Objective To explore the application effect of internet-based cloud platform for inpatient health education. Methods Pushed the information and set up sharing, that is, according to the characteristics of hospitals and departments, propose specific nursing units, regularly push propaganda and education information, and require the sharing rate to be more than 80%.Regularly shared the feedback information and conclusions, and analyzed the application effect of the internet-based inpatient health education cloud platform based on the questionnaire of patient satisfaction, the reading amount of propaganda content and the opinions of patients visited.Guided nurses to work, checked and modified the work quality content, and dynamically observed whether the improvement measures of nursing quality were effective.Finally, on the basis of statistical analysis, questionnaire, analysis, induction, data report forms for data entry and analysis the background and the statistical analysis of the degree of patients accepted health education, on the basis of the third party satisfaction questionnaire, summarized the background analysis of the data, and then explored hospitalized patients health education based on Internet application research of cloud platform. Results After receiving the internet-based cloud platform for inpatients' health education and publicity, the patients' satisfaction with health care (62.00%) was significantly higher than that of the internet-based cloud platform for inpatients' health education and publicity (41.00%), and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). 28% of the patients were happy to receive health education, 27% of the patients preferred health education, 80% of patients want health care workers to be health education workers. Conclusion Through online education mode based on Internet, not only can make the whole process of hospitalized patients with real-time health education service, also can make the medical staff did missionary activity completely closed loop management, make the patients during hospitalization and after hospitalization health education work really be implemented, and achieved good results, has good social benefits and is worth popularization and application. Key words: Health education system structure; Internet; Health education cloud platform

Book review: Sutapa Dutta, British Women Missionaries in Bengal. 1793–1861

Sutapa Dutta, British Women Missionaries in Bengal. 1793–1861. UK: Anthem Press, 2017, 178 pp, ₹14,670. ISBN 1783087269 (Hardbound).

Change Detection and Impact of Climate Changes to Iraqi Southern Marshes Using Landsat 2 MSS, Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel 2 MSI Data and GIS Applications

Marshes represent a unique ecosystem covering a large area of southern Iraq. In a major environmental disaster, the marshes of Iraq were drained, especially during the 1990s. Since then, droughts and the decrease in water imports from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers from Turkey and Iran have prevented them from regaining their former extent. The aim of this research is to extract the values of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for the period 1977–2017 from Landsat 2 MSS (multispectral scanner), Landsat 8 OLI (operational land imager) and Sentinel 2 MSI (multi-spectral imaging mission) satellite images and use supervised classification to quantify land and water cover change. The results from the two satellites (Landsat 2 and Landsat 8) are compared with Sentinel 2 to determine the best tool for detecting changes in land and water cover. We also assess the potential impacts of climate change through the study of the annual average maximum temperature and precipitation in different areas in the marshes for the period 1981–2016. The NDVI analysis and image classification showed the degradation of vegetation and water bodies in the marshes, as vast areas of natural vegetation and agricultural lands disappeared and were replaced with barren areas. The marshes were influenced by climatic change, including rising temperature and the diminishing amount of precipitation during 1981–2016.

Western Missionaries and Korean Teaching Method in the 19th Century – Gouin direct teaching method in the 『韓國學彙報 Korean Repository』 –

Western Missionaries and Korean Teaching Method in the 19th Century – Gouin direct teaching method in the 『韓國學彙報 Korean Repository』 –

Application of Teach back mission pattern in health literacy education of elderly patients with metabolic syndrome

Objective To investigate the effect of Teach-back mission pattern in the education of elderly patients with metabolic syndrome. Methods A total of 110 elderly patients with metabolic syndrome who were admitted to the hospital from October 2015 to September 2017 were selected as study subjects and randomly divided into observation group and control group with 55 cases each by random digits table method. The control group was given traditional health education, and the observation group was given Teach-back missionary model. After 6 months of follow-up, the health literacy levels of the two groups before and after intervention were measured using the Scale on Health Literacy for Patients with Chronic Disease. The systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) levels were compared before and after the intervention of the two groups of patients. Results The cases of loss of contact and withdrawal were removed. In the follow- up period of 6 months, 52 patients and 49 patients in the observation group and the control group completed the study. The scores of the observation group′s information acquisition ability, exchange interaction ability, improvement of health willingness, and economic support willingness were (27.18 ± 4.15), (29.63 ± 4.56), (14.63 ± 2.07), (7.85 ± 1.23) points, respectively. All were significantly higher than the control group (23.96 ± 3.83), (26.34 ± 3.87), (13.04 ± 1.56), (6.91 ± 0.93) points, and the difference was statistically significant (t =3.898-4.339, all P<0.05). During follow-up of 6 months, the awareness rate of disease knowledge and the compliance rate of health behaviors in the observation group were 92.31%(48/52) and 69.39%(34/49), respectively, which were significantly higher than those in the control group, 86.54%(45/52) and 63.27%(31/49). The difference was statistically significant (χ2=8.677, 7.336, P<0.01). During follow-up of 6 months, SBP, DBP, BMI, and WC in the observation group were (135.73 ± 8.53) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), (85.69 ± 8.74) mmHg, (23.76 ± 1.91) kg/m2, (87.13 ± 6.45) cm, respectively, those in the control group were (141.79±7.24) mmHg, (89.45±8.37) mmHg, (24.98 ± 2.03) kg/m2, and (90.13 ± 6.74) cm, respectively,, and the difference was statistically significant (t=2.206-3.831, P<0.05). The FPG, HbA1c, TG, and TC in the observation group were (6.57 ± 0.91) mmol/L, (5.85 ± 1.03)%, (1.71 ± 0.68) mmol/L, and (4.67 ± 0.68) mmol/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of the control group. The control group values were (7.24 ± 1.03) mmol/L, (6.46 ± 1.14)%, (1.98 ± 0.63) mmol/L, (4.98 ± 0.72) mmol/L. The difference was statistically significant (t=2.167-3.469, P< 0.05). Conclusions The Teach-back mission pattern can significantly improve the level of health literacy in elderly patients with metabolic syndrome, improve their physical and metabolic indicators, and has important implications for preventing and treating various chronic diseases and improving life quality. Key words: Metabolic syndromes; Elderly; Teach-back; Health literacy

Missionary interpretation of Paul’s identity

Missionary interpretation of Paul’s identity

A missionary in Byron’s fandom

A missionary in Byron’s fandom

ARTHUR JEFFERY: A Missionary Islamicist

ARTHUR JEFFERY: A Missionary Islamicist