Missile System Research Articles

AS A MEANS OF REDUCING THE LEVEL OF EXTERNAL NOISE CHASSIS KRAZ-6511NE

Ukraine’s full-scale war with its northern neighbor has been going on more than two years now. One of the most important laws of war is: “If you don’t detect it, you don’t hit the target.” It’s about masking. In wartime, the camouflage properties of a military vehicle are especially relevant. There are a number of ways to improve them. One of them is reducing the external noise level of a military vehicle. Using the example of the KrAZ-6511NE chassis, one of the ways to reduce noise is considered. The BM 9P140 “Uragan” antiircraft missile system is placed on this chassis. The developed silencer has the ability to change its frequency response synchronously with the change in the engine crankshaft rotation frequency. The developed muffler is a well-known twochamber reactive muffler, which is modified by the ability to change the effective lengths of the chambers. A diagram showing the operation of the developed noise muffler is given, where the main elements are: two muffler chambers, a connecting tube, piston drive mechanisms of the first and second muffler chambers, respectively, an electric motor, a control unit, and a sensor for determining the frequency of rotation of the crankshaft. The acoustic efficiency of this muffler was determined with fixed geometric parameters (outer diameter, diameters of the inlet and outlet pipes) and variable effective lengths of both chambers, families of frequency characteristics were constructed for various combinations of the muffler’s geometric parameters. To construct graphs, code was written in Python, which uses the NumPy and Matplotlib libraries. As a result of the introduction of the developed noise muffler, it is predicted that the external noise level of the KrAZ 6511НЕ chassis will decrease by 5-7 dBA in the speed range of 45-85 km/h.

Turkey’s Political Parties’ Asia Policies: Visions, Contacts, Issues

ABSTRACT Traditionally, Turkey has been an ally of the transatlantic bloc. As a NATO member, with a majority Muslim population and a free market economy, it was even hailed by Western powers as a model country in the 2000s. However, due to its acquisition of the S-400 missile defence system from Russia, its desire to be a member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and its military presence in Syria and Libya, many analysts have argued that Turkey’s foreign policy has experienced a pivot to Asia recently. This article systematically examines the current positions of various political parties in Turkey in this context using first-hand data. Through semi-structured interviews with 14 political party representatives, and by analysing their party programmes, the vision of different political parties in respect of Asia, their relations with Asian actors, their stance on Asian foreign direct investments and its environmental impacts, the Uyghur issue, and their thoughts on the period that will follow the Ukraine-Russia war are studied.

Comparison of two options for building three-coordinate electronic intelligence stations

The subject–coordinate measurement methods in ground electronic intelligence (ELINT) stations. The goal is to conduct a comparative analysis of two options for the composition ground ELINT stations in terms of accuracy of measuring coordinate information. The tasks to be solved are as follows: assessing the accuracy of determining the coordinates of the time difference of arrival method (TDOAМ) and hybrid method (HM); obtaining analytical ratios for estimating the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the accuracy of measuring the altitude of radio emission sources (RES) of these methods; on the basis of the obtained estimates and analytical ratios, a comparative analysis of the methods, under conditions where the accuracy of the coordinate information obtained by both methods is commensurate; and development of recommendations regarding the practical application of HM coordinate measurements. The methods used are: the theory of measurements and the theory of evaluation of coordinate information. The following results were obtained: a comparative analysis of the TDOAМ and HM was performed according to the RMSE of the determination of plane coordinates and the altitude of the RES. The accuracy assessment was performed in a known way, based on the linearization of the functional dependence between the measured primary parameters (range differences, elevation angle) and spatial coordinates by expanding in a Taylor series with the deduction of the first two terms of the series. Calculations have shown that the presence of the third side station has very little effect on the accuracy of determining plane coordinates. Significant differences appear only in the results of estimating the RMSE of the RES altitude. To compare the methods, analytical relationships were obtained for estimating the RMSE of the altitude measurement. The condition is determined under which the accuracy of determining the altitude for the HM is not worse than that for the TDOAМ (the accuracy is the same). Starting from this value and further, when using the HM, the altitude is determined more accurately. Conclusions. An HM of high-precision determination of 3 coordinates in ELINT stations, based on measuring two distance differences and direction finding (DF) in the elevation plane, can, with a smaller number of side stations (two instead of three), provide accuracy no worse than the known TDOAM. However, this requires that the RMSE value for DF in elevation should be tenths of degrees. The practical application of HM is possible for the issuance of target designations on air defense missile systems radar.

The US military policy toward China and Russia under the Biden administration

This article offers a comprehensive study of the policy of deterrence toward China and Russia in the military sphere under the Biden Administration. The US military policy toward China and Russia under the Biden Administration consists in increase regular pressure on Beijing and Moscow. The motivation for this policy is expressed in the following way: authoritarian China and Russia are posing a direct challenge not only to the values, interests, security and well-being of the United States, but also to the free, open, prosperous, and secure world order. According to the Biden administration's opinion only integrated deterrence through military and non-military methods and direct competition with China and Russia can maintain the US leadership in world politics. The methodological basis of the study includes analysis of the doctrinal documents which that regulate foreign and military policy of the US, the method of logical analysis and decision analysis. Despite the difference in ideological preferences and foreign policy attitudes between the Democrats and the Republicans, the foundations of the US military strategy toward China and Russia under Trump have passed into the strategic documents of the Biden administration. The main threats to the US and its allies are once again China and Russia. The US emphasizes that China and Russia are powerful nuclear powers which the US faces simultaneously for the first time in its history. China is rapidly developing its military potential and preparing for a military confrontation with the United States, which makes this country the most dangerous threat to the entire world in the very near future. Russia, which has a smaller range of capabilities compared to China, poses an acute military threat here and right now through special military operation, cyber-attacks, activities in gray zones and the deployment of the latest hypersonic missile systems.

The S-400 “Triumf ”: between expectations and results

During the Cold War, the Soviet Union invested heavily in its air defense systems, so its rightful successor, Russia, has now some of the most advanced air and missile defense systems in the world. Among them, the S-400 “Triumf” surface-to-air missile system is perhaps the most criticized, shrouded in mystery, and feared system in Russia’s arsenal. Developed and then presented as capable of engaging a variety of aerial threats, the system gained a reputation, at least declaratively, of being able to counter US and NATO ambitions to win a conflict through airspace dominance.

Research on the Effectiveness of Tactical Missile Weapon Systems Based on Energy Big Data

Abstract The study of tactical missile weapon systems, particularly their operational efficiency, is increasingly important in modern warfare. These systems are crucial for accurately striking targets and achieving air superiority. The effectiveness evaluation of such missile systems provides a quantitative foundation for both upgrading existing weapons and setting performance benchmarks in combat exercises. This particular topic focuses on the evaluation of tactical missile weapon systems using energy big data. A comprehensive index system is utilized to conduct this evaluation, incorporating methods like fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and analytic hierarchy process. These methods enable both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the capability matrix in the ADC (Aim, Deploy, and Conclude) model. The main objective is to ensure the correctness and effectiveness of the evaluation model. An example analysis is conducted to verify the model’s validity. The results from this analysis indicate a high degree of accuracy in the model’s predictions. The disparity between the actual and expected output results is minimal, with a relative error within 4%. Furthermore, the combat effectiveness grade determined by the model aligns with the actual grade observed, confirming the model’s capability to effectively evaluate the combat effectiveness of surface-to-air missile weapon systems. This research is significant as it provides a reliable and accurate method for assessing the effectiveness of tactical missile systems. Such evaluations are vital for informed decision-making in military strategy and weapon system development. Using energy big data in this context represents a novel approach, reflecting the increasing integration of advanced data analytics in military technology assessments.

С этой ракеты начинался наш путь в «Тополиную рощу» (о проведении летных испытаний межконтинентальной баллистической ракеты РТ-2 на полигоне «Плесецк»)

In the first half of the 1960s, Special Design Bureau No. 1 created the RT-2 intercontinental ballistic missile. The use of the new missile in the Strategic Missile Forces was supposed to be part of the Separate Start type missile system. It was meant to be a worthy response to the American Minutemen. For the RT-2 rocket flight development tests, an experimental test base (technical and launch positions, command-measuring and computing complexes) and infrastructure facilities (roads, bridges) were created, fall fields and target fields were prepared, testing military units were formed, and personnel was trained. In 1966-68, flight tests of the RT-2 rocket were carried out as part of the 15P098 missile system. Although the RT-2 missile did not match the American Minutemen in terms of shooting accuracy and throw-weight, it was put into service and its modified version was on combat duty until 1994. The RT-2 became the first domestic solid-fuel intercontinental ballistic missile. An original layout and a new control system allowed it to “almost catch up” with the characteristics of Minuteman-2 and created the prerequisites for its further modernization. An excellent silo launcher, the best command post at that time, the first remote control and monitoring systems, and a small number of maintenance personnel made the system with these missiles one of the best in the Strategic Missile Forces at the beginning of the 1970s. The purpose of this article is to summarize information about the flight development tests of the RT-2 missile at the 53rd Research Test Site of the USSR Ministry of Defense (Mirny, Arkhangelsk Region). To achieve it, in addition to official documents and technical documentation, the author used information from the archives of testing military units and memories of participants in the events.

Evaluation and choice of an anti-aircraft missile system under uncertain conditions based on fuzzy-integral calculus and hierarchical cluster analysis

Evaluation and choice of anti-aircraft missile weapon systems (AAMWSs) are a relevant problem in many countries. Estimates are often reduced to one top-level criterion. This is questionable since subordinated criteria are usually difficult to compare and decision-makers excluded from the final decision. The solution to the problem should also take into account non-statistical uncertainty. We propose to use a combination of two algorithms. The first algorithm calculates the estimates of AAMWSs in the criteria hierarchy using fuzzy-integral calculus. The hierarchy relates the characteristics of the AAMWSs to the three top-level criteria. In the space of these criteria, the second algorithm based on hierarchical clustering forms a class of the best AAMWSs equivalent to each other. The decision-maker makes the final choice from the obtained class, taking into account non-formalized factors. These algorithms are tested using the example of medium-range AAMWSs.

«Страна еще не была готова к созданию такого комплекса» (О проведении летно-конструкторских испытаний межконтинентальной баллистической ракеты 8К99)

The article aims to consolidate information regarding flight development tests of the 8K99 missile at the 53rd field research facility of the USSR Ministry of Defense (Archangelsk Region, Mirnyj). Besides official and technical documentation, archive papers of testing military units and test participants’ memories are used. The ocean-spanning missile 8K99 was developed in the Yuzhnoe Design Office (Dnepropetrovsk City) during the first half of the 1960s . It was intended for combat use within the Strategic Missile Forces as part of mobile and fixed missile systems. For the flight development tests of the 8K99 missile, there was built an experimental testing base (including technical and missile launch sites, command, measurement and computer complexes, etc.) and infrastructure facilities (roads, bridges), prepared drop areas for separated missile’s parts along its motion path and training target areas, set up testing military units, and trained engineering and technical personnel. During 1967-69, there were carried out flight development tests of the 8K99 missile as a part of the 15П699 mobile ground missile system. Despite overall positive results, the missile’s tests were discontinued. The 8К99 missile was not accepted for service, but its creation contributed to the development of national missilery. A set of ingenious engineering solutions are being used up to now in developing ocean-spanning missiles and space rockets. During flight development tests, testing military units’ personnel gained experience in operating complicated, dangerous, and sensitive systems

Военное сотрудничество США и их союзников в Северо-Восточной Азии: угрозы Тихоокеанскому флоту РФ

This article discusses the military policy and defense priorities of the USA and its allies in Northeast Asia – Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. The region is characterized by territorial disputes, such as those involving the Kuril Islands, and significant changes in military strategies and capabilities in the Post-Cold War, driven by new threats and technological advancements. The paper also examines the security architecture in the region, in particular, the strengthening of trilateral cooperation between the USA, Japan and South Korea. The primary focus is on the United States’ strategic pivot to Asia, which has led to enhanced military cooperation with Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, as well as extensive military exercises aimed at deterring potential adversaries. The study explores Japan and South Korea’s defense strategies, which include substantial increases in defense spending, acquisition of advanced weapon systems, and a shift towards more assertive military policies. Furthermore, the authors touch upon the issue of naval power and its role in shaping the geopolitical landscape of the region. Challenges faced by the Russian Federation’s Pacific Fleet are considered. The revival of Russia’s Pacific Fleet through modernization efforts, including the commissioning of modern submarines and ships, reflects Moscow’s intention to protect its maritime borders and assert its strategic interests amid growing regional tension and rivalry. The authors contemplate the consequences of the U.S.’ enhanced military presence in Northeast Asia, including the deployment of advanced missile defense systems and conducting large-scale military exercises with allies, presenting operational challenges for the Pacific Fleet, potentially limiting its maneuverability and strategic capabilities. The conclusion underscores the increasing complexity of the security environment, driven by Washington’s efforts to maintain its influence and counter perceived threats from China and Russia, which leads to an escalated risk of military confrontations in the region.

Missile Strike Simulation in a Video Game Engine

In the field of modern computer gaming (especially within the genre of war-game strategies, realistic first-person shooters and other warfare games) the complexity of virtual naval warfare mechanics and strategies significantly increases. There is a growing demand for advanced simulation tools to provide more immersive experience and more complex gameplay for all players. The goal of this research is to create a model and tool that can accurately predict the impact of anti-ship missiles on ships engaged in different game scenarios, considering a wide range of battle conditions. By encompassing a broad array of missile types, landing strategies, ship classes, aircraft types, reconnaissance options, electronic warfare technologies and various anti-air and missile defense systems, the simulation includes both offensive and defensive maneuvers to make sure that anti-ship missiles are important within the game scenarios. Firstly, the research focuses on enhancing prediction models for calculating the damage inflicted by missile strikes on opposing naval forces. Secondly, it seeks to refine algorithms for determining the required number of missiles to prevent rival player advances, thereby maximizing operational efficiency and effectiveness in defensive missions.

Analysis of scenarios of the use of unmanned aircraft against critical infrastructure objects

The purpose of the work is to analyze the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in ensuring the safety of critical infrastructure facilities. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were solved. First, the problem was considered and the research task was set. It is shown that unmanned aerial vehicles pose a significant danger to critical state infrastructure facilities. At the next stage, typical objects of the state’s critical infrastructure are described and a typical nuclear power plant is taken as an example. It is shown that unmanned aerial vehicles have a wide range of typification both by design features and by classification features. The analysis was carried out and possible ways of using unmanned aerial vehicles against the object of critical infrastructure were presented. It is shown that small and medium-sized unmanned aerial vehicles can be used by criminals as both reconnaissance and local strike means of damaging the infrastructure of a critical infrastructure object. Large unmanned aerial vehicles can be used as unguided means of destruction and as means of supporting the actions of sabotage groups. Recommendations are provided for the protection of critical infrastructure objects from the action of unmanned aerial vehicles of various classifications, namely the use of electronic warfare systems, radar systems, thermal imaging systems, sound detection systems of unmanned aerial vehicles and the use of large-caliber cannon-machine gun stationary and mobile anti-aircraft systems for their neutralization , portable and stationary anti-aircraft missile systems and systems for interception of unmanned aerial vehicles using a directed electromagnetic signal.

Analysis of Experience of Using Small UAVs in the Battlefield: Training Enhancement Perspectives

The article analyzes the experience of the State Border Guard Service units in fighting russian occupying forces inflicting the fire damage with the help of small UAVs and describes the ways to use the acquired experience to develop a training course for the border guard UAV operators. The authors state that nowadays, in the conditions of the of full-scale invasion to Ukraine, active using of unmanned aerial vehicles (hereinafter – UAVs) proved their ability to perform combat tasks, making them one of the new and effective types of weapons in modern military conflicts. It is impossible to imagine a contemporary army without UAVs, as today they perform multiple roles: adjusting artillery fire, pointing and tracking targets, transmitting intelligence information to the headquarters, delivering fire strikes, and most importantly – they can help save the lives of soldiers. Analysis of a year and a half term of full-scale invasion of Ukraine showed that the use of UAVs is several times more effective than the use of traditional types of weapons. In the first days of the war, a huge number of the russian battalion tactical groups (hereinafter – BTGs) were concentrated on the borders of Ukraine, and that significantly outweighed the forces and means of military formations of Ukraine. Analysis also proves that the main striking force during the offensive, according to the governing documents, were armored fighting vehicles, infantry fighting vehicles, amphibious assault vehicles, armored personnel carriers. And it was possible to stop enemy columns only with the help of artillery, aviation, and anti-tank missile systems. Therefore, in modern conditions, it is necessary to create fire damage to enemy armored vehicle groups with the help of attack UAVs of the border guard units. The article considers the effectiveness of such a unit, taking into account the tasks, organizational structure, forces and means necessary to respond to modern challenges and threats on the state border. The authors used the acquired experience of the Border Guard units to develop a training course for the UAV operators of the border guard units. The developers of the course took into account the combat experience and the best European practices in UAV operators training. The learning strategy of the course is based on a student-centred learning approach. It is designed to provide learners with theoretical knowledge and practical skills on the operators of the UAV crews deployed in border surveillance and combat operations. The course is divided in three phases: Independent Learning Phase (online), Contact Learning Phase (offline) and Experiential Learning Phase (at the border guard units).

МЕТОДИКА РОЗРАХУНКУ ОСНОВНИХ ПАРАМЕТРІВ ОСКОЛКОВИХ ВИБУХОВИХ ПРИСТРОЇВ НАПРАВЛЕНОЇ ДІЇ ДЛЯ УРАЖЕННЯ ПОВІТРЯНИХ ЦІЛЕЙ ТИПУ БПЛА

Based on the experience of the Russian-Ukrainian war, there is a tendency to increase the number of unmanned aerial vehicles used to destroy equipment, personnel, and infrastructure. For this purpose, unmanned aerial vehicles such as barrage munitions, kamikaze, drop drones, etc. are used. The share of losses of weapons and equipment, as well as personnel, caused by such weapons has become the largest compared to other means of destruction. To counteract such means, various anti-aircraft missile systems, electronic warfare equipment and mobile fire groups are used. The most effective way to defeat unmanned aerial vehicles is to hit them with a large number of destructive elements (fragments). Taking into account the ratio of the cost of unmanned aerial vehicles and means of their destruction, in particular anti-aircraft missile munitions, the paper proposes the use of fragmentation explosive devices of directed action to defeat attack unmanned aerial vehicles according to the "effectiveness-cost" criterion. The article presents an analysis of studies of the effectiveness of the use of directed-action fragmentation munitions. A study of the feasibility of using directed-action fragmentation engineering ammunition of the MON series mines is carried out. On the basis of the mathematical model of the flight of a fragment, taking into account its shape, a methodology for calculating the main parameters of fragmentation explosive devices of directed action for the destruction of air targets such as unmanned aerial vehicles is proposed. Mathematical calculations are presented to determine the main characteristics of fragmentation explosive devices of directed action for defeating unmanned aerial vehicles, taking into account the external trajectory measurements of the target and the factors that affect the formation of the fragmentation field (zone). Schemes of deployment of fragmentation explosive devices of directed action for the protection of objects are proposed.

Space-Based Missile Warning: An Opportunity to Deepen U.S.-Japan Security Cooperation

executive summary: This article explores Japan's pursuit of missile-warning satellites and the opportunity this presents for the U.S.-Japanese security partnership in space. main argumentIn recent years, Japan has taken steps toward developing its own missile-warning satellites. Developing a space-based missile-warning system is a challenging feat, one that is complex and expensive, evidenced by the fact that only a few countries operate such systems. Given that the U.S. already shares some missile-warning information with Japan, Tokyo's pursuit of its own satellites reflects, at least in part, the country's push toward achieving a more independent capability. However, this push should not be construed as sudden or a shift away from its longtime ally. Rather, it represents (1) a continuation of latent historical efforts to acquire missile-warning satellites, and (2) a response to technological developments that have made potential adversarial missile systems more threatening and developing missile-warning satellites more feasible. Japan's pursuit of missile-warning satellites fits within the country's broader acceleration as a defense power and contributor to the U.S.-Japan security relationship. It also presents a compelling opportunity for more extensive collaboration between the two allies. policy implications• Japan has had a long-standing interest in space-based missile-warning systems and more broadly in mitigating missile threats using space-based technologies. Even if Japan does not acquire these assets soon, the issue of whether to acquire them will continue to be central to its defense debate. • Japan's development of a space-based missile-warning system, alongside the U.S.'s development of its own next-generation missile-warning capabilities, could offer opportunities for heightened collaboration between the two countries. Partnering on these assets could lead to financial savings and the potential for the alliance to develop a better protected and more capable missile-warning architecture.

NATO’s Southern Flank: The Evolution of Türkiye’s Strategic Role and Its Implications for Regional Security

This article delves into the progressive development of Türkiye's strategic function within NATO, and what it signifies for regional security along the Alliance's Southern Flank. Türkiye, as a crucial NATO member since 1952, has steadfastly assumed a considerable part in the organization's collective defense, thereby bolstering the stability of the region. The article offers a historical review of Türkiye's involvement in NATO, tracking its journey from joining the Alliance during the initial Cold War years to navigating the more intricate security milieu of the post-Cold War era. The focus then shifts to the geopolitical challenges faced by NATO on its Southern Flank, particularly in the Middle East, the Eastern Mediterranean, and the Black Sea region. Within this context, the article analyzes Türkiye's evolving strategic role, including its military capabilities and growing defense industry, diplomacy, and soft power initiatives, as well as its efforts to balance relations with NATO, Russia, and other regional actors. The article also explores Türkiye's strategic decision to acquire the Russian S-400 missile defense system, a move that underscores Türkiye's commitment to diversifying its defense capabilities and enhancing its national security, while also navigating the complex dynamics of international alliances and NATO's evolving security landscape. Subsequently, it discusses the possible advantages and hurdles that could arise from Türkiye's dynamic strategic role in regional security and on NATO's Southern Flank. Key topics addressed include the reinforcement of NATO's defense capabilities, the enhancement of regional security cooperation, and potential strains within the Alliance. The piece wraps up with an evaluation of future prospects for Türkiye's strategic function in NATO and the implications for regional security. This underlines the significance of maintaining a united and adaptable NATO that can adeptly respond to the evolving security challenges in the region.

Use of modernized flight test equipment onboard of SONEX LL aircraft to fly the Newa Missile Guidance System

The article discusses the modernization of the Anti-Aircraft Missile System NEWA SC (SA-3 Goa – NATO code) flight test equipment, consisting in replacing the TS 11 Iskra aircraft with the SONEX LL aircraft and adapting the set of flight test equipment previously mounted on the TS-11 Iskra to the new carrier aircraft. Comparative tests were carried out in field conditions, which confirmed the correctness of the adopted technical solutions.

METHOD OF CONDUCTING TESTS FOR VERIFYING THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF COMBAT MEANS OF THE PORTABLE AIRCRAFT MISSILE COMPLEX USING STANDARD EQUIPMENT

In recent years, researchers have been actively working on the development of bench testing methods for anti- aircraft systems, in particular, using the latest technologies, materials, design, and operating principles. One of the most recent studies on this topic is devoted to the use of information technology to solve the problems of testing anti- aircraft missile systems. The authors argue that the use of virtual models and bench tests can reduce development costs and provide a more accurate assessment of the performance parameters of air defence missile systems.
 Other studies focus on analysing the impact of various factors on the operation of anti-aircraft missile systems, including the influence of weather conditions, magnetic field and other factors. Studies on this topic have shown that consideration of such factors is important for planning and conducting bench tests.
 Studies have also been conducted on safety and reliability issues during bench tests of anti-aircraft missile systems. Particular attention was paid to the detection and elimination of malfunctions, as well as ensuring safety during testing.
 In general, recent research and publications show that the development of bench testing methods for air defence missile systems is a relevant and promising topic that contributes to improving the reliability and efficiency of their operation.
 In order to increase the efficiency, reliability and reduce the cost of research and development work on the development of MANPADS, the article proposes a method for testing the main functions, including the function of missile guidance and launch, as well as the functions of power and control systems. The bench test method is an effective tool for testing the functions of a complex in conditions that are as close as possible to the actual conditions of its operation. However, it is necessary to investigate the effectiveness of this method for testing the functions of a man-portable anti-aircraft missile system and identify possible shortcomings and limitations that may affect the accuracy of test results and the reliability of the system as a whole.

Comparative Analysis Of A Multi-Layered Weapon System For City Air Defense In The Modern Warfare

In the era of modern warfare, urban defense is a very important aspect to maintain the security and stability of a country. Because modern war is a non-military war in which developed countries and foreign countries try to destroy a country through ideological, political, social, cultural and security defense. To protect the territory with effective air defense, it takes a strong and sophisticated defense resources with a reliable range of surveillance and agility to destroy any effort that threatens the security and sovereignty of the country. To achieve the objective of building a more efficient air defense system and functioning alongside other air defense platforms, new ideas and thinking are needed for program planning and the requirements of medium-range missile systems when building an air defense system. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative through a literature study. In the literature review, it is necessary to conduct a thorough search to ensure that the literature sources used are truly relevant to the research topic and a comparative analysis approach is used. In the realm of analyzing layered weapon systems, such as Hisar O, Hisar A, Korkut Gun System, Iron Dome, and NASAMS, it becomes imperative to delve into the comparative analysis and interpret the implications of their similarities and differences. Hisar O, a sophisticated air defense system, showcases advanced capabilities designed to counter aerial threats. Its cutting-edge technology and robust infrastructure provide a formidable defense mechanism. On the other hand, Hisar A, another component of the layered defense, excels in short-range air defense, ensuring effective protection against low-altitude aerial targets. Korkut Gun System, presents a unique blend of artillery and air defense capabilities. Its adaptable nature allows it to provide ground forces with enhanced protection against a wide range of threats. Iron Dome system has gained international recognition for its exceptional performance in countering short-range rocket threats. This innovative system incorporates advanced tracking and interception technologies, enabling it to neutralize incoming projectiles with a high success rate. NASAMS (Nationals Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System) stands out as a versatile air defense solution. Its state-of-the-art radar and missile technologies ensure reliable protection against a variety of airborne threats, including aircraft, helicopters, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Now, let's delve into the implications of these comparative analyses for Indonesia. By understanding the strengths and weaknesses of each system, Indonesian defense strategists can make informed decisions regarding their defense capabilities. This analysis assists in identifying potential gaps in the country's air defense network and formulating strategies to address them effectively. In conclusion, through a comparative analysis of layered weapon systems such as Hisar O, Hisar A, Korkut Gun System, Iron Dome, and NASAMS, we gain valuable insights into their capabilities and implications. evaluating differences and similarities, can help Indonesian defense planners make informed decisions to strengthen city air defense systems in the modern warfare.

PEMELIHARAAN SATUAN TEMBAK PELURU KENDALI STARSTREAK GUNA MENDUKUNG KESIAPAN OPERASI PERTAHANAN UDARA

The world has experienced a very rapid development of air power technology such as aircraft, missiles, drones, bringing the consequences of the emergence of an air attack threat from one country to another. Indonesia as one of the countries is likely to experience the threat of air attacks from other countries that can endanger national security and territorial sovereignty so that Indonesia needs a strong and resilient air defence. In addition to aircraft as the main element of air defence, there is a ground-to-air missile weapon system, one of which is the Starstreak missile currently owned by the Army Air Defence Artillery unit which is incorporated in the Starstreak missile firing unit in each unit. The weapon system can be operationalised if it is in good condition and ready for operation, so a good maintenance activity is needed and in accordance with procedures. The purpose of the study was to analyse the maintenance of the Starstreak missile firing unit in the Arhanud 8/MBC Battalion to support the implementation of air defence operations that are the responsibility of the unit. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative with a phenomenological approach, using the IITCA theory (Integrative, Interactive, Transparency, Controlling, Accountability). Data were obtained from informants who were determined and then analysed with qualitative analysis techniques. The results showed that the implementation of maintenance of the Starstreak missile firing unit was not in accordance with the provisions or procedures so that there was still damage that occurred proving that maintenance had not been carried out optimally