Minor Illness Research Articles

Validation of JRS atypical pneumonia score in patients with community-acquired Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia

IntroductionThe Japanese Respiratory Society (JRS) atypical pneumonia score is a useful tool for the rapid presumptive diagnosis of atypical pneumonia. We investigated the clinical features of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) due to Chlamydia psittaci and validated the JRS atypical pneumonia score in patients with C. psittaci CAP. MethodsThis study was conducted at 30 institutions and assessed a total of 72 sporadic cases with C. psittaci CAP, 412 cases with Mycoplasma pneumoniae CAP, and 576 cases with Streptococcus pneumoniae CAP. ResultsSixty-two of 72 patients with C. psittaci CAP had a history of avian exposure. Among the six parameters of the JRS score, matching rates of four parameters were significantly lower in the C. psittaci CAP than the M. pneumoniae CAP in the following parameters: age <60 years, no or minor comorbid illness, stubborn or paroxysmal cough, and absence of chest adventitious sounds. The sensitivity of the diagnosis of atypical pneumonia in patients with C. psittaci CAP was significantly lower than the M. pneumoniae CAP (65.3% and 87.4%, p < 0.0001). When the diagnostic sensitivity was analyzed for different ages, the diagnostic sensitivities for the C. psittaci CAP were 90.5% for non-elderly patients and 30.0% for elderly patients. ConclusionsThe JRS atypical pneumonia score is a useful tool for distinguishing between C. psittaci CAP and bacterial CAP in patients aged <60 years, but not in patients aged ≥60 years. A history of avian exposure in middle-aged patients with normal white blood cell count may be suggestive of C. psittaci pneumonia.

Genetic Analysis of Dengue Virus in Severe and Non-Severe Cases in Dhaka, Bangladesh, in 2018-2022.

Dengue virus (DENV) infections have unpredictable clinical outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic or minor febrile illness to severe and fatal disease. The severity of dengue infection is at least partly related to the replacement of circulating DENV serotypes and/or genotypes. To describe clinical profiles of patients and the viral sequence diversity corresponding to non-severe and severe cases, we collected patient samples from 2018 to 2022 at Evercare Hospital Dhaka, Bangladesh. Serotyping of 495 cases and sequencing of 179 cases showed that the dominant serotype of DENV shifted from DENV2 in 2017 and 2018 to DENV3 in 2019. DENV3 persisted as the only representative serotype until 2022. Co-circulation of clades B and C of the DENV2 cosmopolitan genotype in 2017 was replaced by circulation of clade C alone in 2018 with all clones disappearing thereafter. DENV3 genotype I was first detected in 2017 and was the only genotype in circulation until 2022. We observed a high incidence of severe cases in 2019 when the DENV3 genotype I became the only virus in circulation. Phylogenetic analysis revealed clusters of severe cases in several different subclades of DENV3 genotype I. Thus, these serotype and genotype changes in DENV may explain the large dengue outbreaks and increased severity of the disease in 2019.

Effects of self-medication reasons, television advertisements, and pharmaceutical professionals' roles on self-medication practices

Self-medication has become increasingly common in society, and it is crucial to provide reliable information and emphasize the role of pharmacists in dispensing information to ensure that self-medication is carried out safely. This study aimed to analyse the reasons for self-medication, the influence of television advertisements, and the role of pharmacists in self-medication. The research used a descriptive-analytic approach with a cross-sectional design. The study involved 350 adult participants who were purposively selected in Tegal City, Central Java, Indonesia. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analysed using SPSS, employing univariate and bivariate analyses. The Chi-Square test was used to investigate the relationship between variables, with a significance level of 0.05. The findings showed that the primary reasons for self-medication were minor illnesses (63.1%), complete TV advertisements (86.3%), active involvement of pharmacists (68.9%), and good self-medication practices (73.1%). The study revealed that there was a significant relationship between the reasons for self-medication (p=0.032) and the role of pharmacists (p=0.002) in self-medication practices. In conclusion, the study found that self-medication practices were good, but pharmacists should be more active in providing information to clients to enhance the quality of self-medication. To achieve this, pharmacists need to play a more significant role in promoting appropriate self-medication practices by providing appropriate information on the safe use of medications. Moreover, health authorities should develop policies to regulate the advertising of over-the-counter drugs, emphasizing the risks of inappropriate use of medications through the media.

Remdesivir Efficacy and Tolerability in Children with COVID-19-Associated Allergic Comorbidities such as Asthma, Allergic Rhinitis, and Atopic Dermatitis.

In children, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) starts as a minor illness compared to adults, but during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants and subvariants have changed options for therapies in both adults and children, especially for those with comorbidities such as allergies. On 25 April 2022, Remdesivir (RDV), a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of pediatric patients 28 days and older, weighing ≥3 kg, hospitalized or non-hospitalized, who are at high risk of progression to severe forms of COVID-19. While RDV has been shown to have favorable effects in numerous types of research conducted on adults, such as shortening hospital stays, and has shown it has antiviral effects on various RNA viruses, there is a lack of findings regarding safety, tolerability, and efficacy of RDV in allergic pediatric patients since its initial FDA approval. This study aims to assess RDV's efficacy and tolerability in treating pediatric patients with mild and severe forms of COVID-19-associated allergies such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis and how RDV affects the duration of hospitalization, especially for these comorbidities. The most recent pandemic wave among children rose due to the high transmissibility of the Omicron variant, and this study analyzed changes between July 2020 and September 2022 at the National Institute of Infectious Diseases "Prof. Dr. Matei Balș", Bucharest, Romania. Our retrospective study included 250 children <18 years old, 42 (16.8%) had allergies, 132 were males (52.8%), age group 0-5 years old (80%), with a positive viral test for SARS-CoV-2. Severity was categorized as mild (43.6%), moderate (53.2%), and severe (1.6%) COVID-19, and treatment with RDV was administered in 50.4% (126/250) of children included in the study. The presence of comorbidities, asthma (7.2%), allergic rhinitis (4.4%), and atopic dermatitis (4.4%), was associated with an increased risk of developing severe COVID-19 infection in children, p < 0.05. We did not register deaths and severe complications; all cases evolved favorably under the instituted treatment. Laboratory abnormalities in transaminase levels 53.97% (ALT) and 61.9% (AST) were grades 1 or 2 and did not require discontinuation of the antiviral treatment, p < 0.05. RDV in children reduced the duration and evolution of COVID-19 and decreased the length of hospitalization in group-associated allergies; p < 0.05. This article summarizes RDV's efficacy among children with COVID-19 and allergies when the clinical result was improved and reports positive effects on tolerability and reduced duration of hospitalization, especially in children with asthma, atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis. More studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Physicians’ attitudes toward expanding the role of community pharmacists in Al Ain, United Arab Emirates

Abstract Objectives To explore physicians’ attitudes toward expanding the role of community pharmacists to include traditional and advanced pharmaceutical care activities. In addition, the study assessed factors influencing physicians’ attitudes. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among physicians in Al Ain, United Arab Emirates (UAE), in 2019. Participants were randomly selected and were practicing physicians in Al Ain. A questionnaire was hand-delivered and consisted of four sections: demographic information, general attitudes, attitudes towards traditional and attitudes towards advanced pharmaceutical care activities. Key findings Two hundred twenty-nine (response rate ~92.0%) practicing physicians agreed to participate in this study. The majority (95.1%, n = 218) agreed with expanding pharmacists’ activities beyond their traditional role and facilitating pharmacists’ access to patients’ medical records (85.4%, n = 196). Physicians’ overall attitudes toward traditional pharmaceutical care were positive (~80%, n = 183), particularly regarding improving patient adherence, providing drug information, patient counselling, and identifying, monitoring, and resolving drug-related problems. On the other hand, physicians were partially accepting of pharmacists’ involvement in advanced pharmaceutical care services (~46%, n = 108). The majority of them considered pharmacists competent in generic substitution (75.6%, n = 173) and in adjusting drug therapy based on agreed protocols (56.1%, n = 128). However, they considered them less competent for therapeutic substitution (41.5%, n = 95), treating certain minor illnesses (41.5%, n = 95), and refilling repeat prescriptions independently (22%, n = 50). Overall, physicians’ attitudes were positive toward 9 out of 12 expanded activities for community pharmacists. Conclusions This study has shown that UAE physicians have agreed that the pharmacist’s role should extend beyond dispensing medications. Physicians have also positive attitudes toward expanding community pharmacists’ activities to include all of the traditional pharmaceutical care activities. On the other hand, physicians had a negative attitude toward most of the advanced activities.

Disease Prediction and Treatment Recommendation Using Machine Learning

Abstract: Despite the availability of advanced technology and easy access to information, many people still rely on traditional methods of seeking medical treatment, such as visiting hospitals and consulting doctors for even minor symptoms. However, this approach can be time-consuming and inefficient, as patients with minor illnesses can take up valuable resources that could be better used to treat more serious cases. As a result, this research proposes a new approach to disease prediction using machine learning and symptom-based analysis. The goal is to develop a predictive model that can accurately identify potential diseases based on a patient's symptoms. This model utilizes machine learning techniques to analyze and process symptom data, allowing for quick and precise disease prediction. The study uses a large dataset of patient symptoms and medical records to train and test the model, which demonstrated high accuracy in predicting diseases. The results of this study suggest that the proposed model could be a useful tool for early diagnosis and treatment of diseases, with the potential to improve healthcare outcomes. Overall, this research represents an important contribution to the field of healthcare informatics, with possible applications in disease prevention, treatment, and management.

Self-care and self-medication as central components of healthcare in Germany – on the way to evidence-based pharmacy

In Germany, self-care is, above all interpreted as the prevention and treatment of minor injuries and illnesses by the patients themselves – that is, without a physician's prescription or medical advice. Maintaining one's health in the sense of a preventive approach through non-medicinal measures also plays an important role. Self-medication in this context is the treatment with approved over-the-counter-(OTC)-medications. In addition, other OTC-products such as dietary supplements as well as complementary and alternative medicines including homeopathic medications are frequently requested options by pharmacy customers. OTC-medications are central components of the German healthcare system, with expert advice from pharmacists in community pharmacies (CP) enabling safe and effective treatment. Additionally, screening for appropriate self-medication by pharmacists ensures that serious illnesses receive timely medical attention.In addition to prescribed medication, self-medication is an important part of the CP business in Germany. In contrast to prescription products, the price of OTC-products is not regulated. As a consequence, the price of OTC-products (including also pharmacy-only drugs) is influenced by competition among CPs and mail-order pharmacies, respectively. The sales of OTC-products for self-medication outside pharmacies, e.g. in drugstores and supermarkets, is restricted to a limited number of specific products.Evidence-based counseling in CPs, while generally advocated still remains a challenge. The evidence for the usage of OTC-products from clinical studies is not yet optimally integrated into everyday pharmacy practice. Information tools such as EVInews offering regular newsletters and a database have been developed to reduce the evidence-to-practice gap and to improve the overall counseling quality. Furthermore, the switching of drugs from prescription-only to pharmacy-only status also challenge CPs to provide adequate and updated guidance.

STUDY OF INFANT WEANING PRACTICES IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Background: Complementary feeding is extremely essential from six months of age, while continuing breastfeeding, to meet the nutritional demands of the growing baby. Hence this study was intended to determine various factors inuencing weaning in infants. Objectives: 1. To study weaning practices in infants of age between six to twelve months. To know the status of nutrition of the child in relation to weaning practices and socio-demographic prole. 2. To know the age of weaning and its impact on a child's growth. Materials and methods: Data was collected using a self-administered, semi-structured questionnaire with the mothers regarding practices of weaning.200 mothers were interviewed with infants, 6-12 months of age attending OPD in Narayana medical college and hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh. Participants: Mothers with infants of age 6 months to 12 months who were attending OPD for minor illness or immunisation. Results: Among 200 mothers, practices of weaning were evaluated. seven months is the average age of weaning. Only a small number of health professionals had accurate information. 40% of mothers started on processed foods. Weaning is more likely to occur later in female children, mothers who lack literacy, people from lower socioeconomic status. There is no relationship between parity, occupation and residence(p&gt;0.05). Children that were underweight, stunted, or wasted made up 46.7%, 43.4%, and 36.6% of the population. There is a strong correlation between a child's malnutrition and delayed weaning. Conclusions: Most of the mothers were unaware of current standards regarding weaning time. Due to incorrect knowledge, wrong ideas and attitudes, illiteracy, low socioeconomic position, the average age of weaning is delayed, which causes the infant to become malnourished. Therefore, in order to prevent malnutrition and enhance the health of the children, proper information and education about timely weaning, weaning foods, preparation, and practices should be provided to mothers and caregivers

Self-medication: a current self-care practice amongst tertiary college students

Background: Self-medication is the action of taking medication without consulting a physician or healthcare professional. It is one element of self-care coupled with social support during unwellness and aid. Though advocated for by health promoters it has its own fair share of cons. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted where a sample was obtained using published tables and simple random sampling technique was used to draw the sample from a population of 800 student’s gaining a total sample of 267 and to account for non-response and loss 10% was added giving a total of 294 respondents. Results: The prevalence was 82.6% (218) and the age group with the highest frequency of 77.4% was 19-21 years. The male prevalence was higher than for the female with 60.1% (131). The study revealed highest source of information to be pharmacist with 37.8%, highest source of medication was drug shops with 38.1%, highest used medication to be coughs and cold syrups with 78% (205). The reason for self-medication with the highest percentage was suffering from minor illness with 75.37% (199). The symptoms that are highly self-medicated for were coughs and cold (78.7%), pains and headaches (74.2%), stomach discomforts (72.4) and fever (70%). Conclusions: This study revealed a high prevalence of self-medication with 82.6% among the students. Creating awareness, enforcing the laws, informing the relevant stakeholders on availability of medicines and sealing the loops on dispensing of medication could save a generation.

Training on Utilization of Local Plants as Medicine Family Alternatives in Naibonat Village

Infectious diseases are still a public health problem in Indonesia, especially in Kupang Regency. Cases of infectious diseases in Kupang Regency are mostly suffered by the under-five age group. Limited access to health facilities, family economy and knowledge of parents causes children's health care to be less than optimal. Public health services cannot be evenly distributed without consider the existency of traditional medicine systems. Therefore, the solution offered from this program is to provide training on the use of local plants for health maintenance, disease prevention and treatment of minor illnesses or symptoms of disease that is carried out at home before going to health services. The target of this training is posyandu participants in Naibonat Village, Kupang Regency. The application of solutions includes counseling and training as well as assistance with practical methods and simulations regarding the introduction, processing and how to use local plants as alternative family medicine. The results obtained were an increase in the knowledge and skills of posyandu participants in utilizing local plants as an economical alternative medicine for families, especially for toddlers.

Prevalence of self-medication and associated factors among female students of health science colleges at Majmaah University: A cross-sectional study.

Globally, the prevalence of self-medication among young people has increased exponentially. Due to the basic knowledge and easy access to medicines, undergraduate students at health science colleges are likely to self-medicate. This research was undertaken to assess self-medication prevalence and its contributing factors among female undergraduate students in health science colleges at Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia. A descriptive, cross-sectional study involving 214 female students from the Majmaah University in Saudi Arabia's health science colleges-Medical: (82, 38.31%) and Applied Medical Science College (132, 61.68%)-was conducted. A self-administered questionnaire with sociodemographic information, drugs used, and reasons for self-medication was used for the survey. Non-probability sampling techniques were used to recruit participants. Of the 214 female participants, 173, 80.84 % (medical: 82, 38.31% and applied medical science: 132, 61.68%) confirmed that they were on self-medication. The majority of participants (42.1%) were between the ages of 20 and 21.5 years (mean ± SD: 20.81 ± 1.4). The main reasons for self-medication were quick relief from the illness (77.5%) followed by saving time (76.3%), minor illnesses (71.1%), self-confidence (56.7%), and laziness (56.7%). The use of leftover drugs at home was common among applied medical science students (39.9%). The main indication for self-medication included menstrual problems (82.7 %), headache (79.8%), fever (72.8%), pain (71.1%), and stress (35.3%). The most common drugs used included antipyretic and analgesics (84.4%), antispasmodics (78.9%), antibiotics (76.9%), antacids (68.2%), multivitamins, and dietary supplements (66.5%). On the contrary, the least used drugs were antidepressants, anxiolytics, and sedatives (3.5, 5.8, and 7.5 %, respectively). Family members were the main source of information for self-medication (67.1%), followed by self-acquired knowledge (64.7%), social media (55.5%), and least were friends (31.2%). For adverse effects of the medication, the majority of them consulted the physician (85%) followed by consulting the pharmacist (56.7%) and switched to other drugs or decreased drug dosage. Quick relief, saving time, and minor illness were the main reasons for self-medication among health science college students. It is recommended to conduct awareness programs, workshops, and seminars to educate on the benefits and adverse effects of self-medication.

PENGETAHUAN PENGOBATAN MANDIRI PENGGUNAAN JERUK NIPIS (CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA) SEBAGAI OBAT BATUK PADA MASYARAKAT DESA KURIPAN KIDUL

Cough is a common disease that generally gains less attention since people think that cough can disappear by itself without any particular treatment. Cough requires treatment if its symptoms disturb the patients a lot. Patients can treat cough by doing self-medication. Self-medication is the selection and use of drugs for minor illnesses or self-recognized symptoms without any prescription from doctors. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation of the understanding level of successful clinical outcomes and self-medication using lime as a cough medicine. This research employed a survey method with questionnaires distributed directly. The sampling technique being used was purposive sampling. The data were analysed with univariate and bivariate analyses with Chi Square test. The results of this study showed that the respondents had good level of understanding (99%). However, there was no significant correlation neither between the understanding level and clinical outcomes, nor between the understanding level and self-medication with the probability of Chi Square of 0.568 &lt; Chi Square of 3.841 and the value of Chi Square of 3.199 &lt; Chi Square of 7.581.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Marital status and post-COVID-19 conditions

Although studies have investigated the factors associated with psychological post-COVID-19 symptoms, the impact of marital status on symptom development has not been fully determined. This study conducts a questionnaire survey to investigate the association between marital status and the proportion of patients with post-COVID-19 symptoms in 749 cases as valid responses. Depressive state and memory impairment were more frequently seen in the no-spouse group when each symptom was compared according to marital status. Particularly in individuals in the 40s who had minor COVID-19 illness, this trend was noted. Single patients with mild COVID-19 illness may need proactive psychological support.

Human Adenovirus Gene Expression and Replication Is Regulated through Dynamic Changes in Nucleoprotein Structure throughout Infection.

Human adenovirus (HAdV) is extremely common and can rapidly spread in confined populations such as daycare centers, hospitals, and retirement homes. Although HAdV usually causes only minor illness in otherwise healthy patients, HAdV can cause significant morbidity and mortality in certain populations, such as the very young, very old, or immunocompromised individuals. During infection, the viral DNA undergoes dramatic changes in nucleoprotein structure that promote the rapid expression of viral genes, replication of the DNA, and generation of thousands of new infectious virions-each process requiring a distinct complement of virus and host-encoded proteins. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the nucleoprotein structure of HAdV DNA during the various phases of infection, the cellular proteins implicated in mediating these changes, and the role of epigenetics in HAdV gene expression and replication.

Health literacy and managing minor illness

Health professionals working in primary care have an important role in education, signposting and giving advice to families in relation to managing minor illnesses, says Bethany Boddy

Pharmacist prescribing pilots to test new services for depression and minor illnesses

Pharmacist prescribing pilots to test new services for depression and minor illnesses

Campaign to encourage pharmacy use 'irresponsible and extremely unhelpful', says negotiator

An advertising campaign intended to encourage more people to visit pharmacies for minor illnesses has been called “irresponsible and extremely unhelpful” by the Pharmaceutical Services Negotiating Committee (PSNC). The NHS England campaign, ‘Help Us Help You‘ will feature a series of “movie-inspired” advertisements on catch-up TV services, online video, radio and social media, with titles […]

Knowledge of Mothers of Infant and effects on Morbidity Status of Infants: Computerized structured Complementary Feeding Instructions

Complementary feeding (CF) to infants is an advancement of steadily familiarizing semi-liquid to semi-solid foods along with mom’s milk at the end of 6 months. The objectives were to assess the demographic variables of infants and mothers of infant, to assess the infant’s morbidity status. Methodology: Quantitative approach were used to evaluate the experimental and control groups. The design used in this study was Pretest posttest control group. Sample of 500 mothers and mothers of infant included who satisfying the inclusion criteria chosen by simple Random sampling. Obtained written consent from each participant before collecting the data and confidentiality of data were maintained. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive, inferential statistics. Results: Experimental Group mean SD 27.3±1.57, SE-0.83, Control Group mean SD 16.4±2.62, SE-0.52, Effect size 0.7, t value-1.95, Cohen’s’‘d’ 5.20,. At the end of 12 months among experimental group infants had no illness 97 (41%) were as in control group majority of infants 137 (59%) had illness in which 48 (35%) had exhibited minor illness, 63 (46%) had exhibited moderate illness and 26 (19%) infant’s exhibited severe illness. It showed that experimental group infant’s exhibited lesser illness compared to control group infants. Conclusion: A further counseling session, health education on complementary feeding were arranged for both the groups of participant mothers who belongs to moderate and inadequate knowledge score in posttest.

Pain Physicians' Attitudes and Experiences Regarding Clinical Pharmacy Services in China: A National Cross-Sectional Survey.

Pharmacists are key members of the pain management interdisciplinary team in many developed countries. However, the implementation of clinical pharmacy services in pain management is impeded by the imbalance between the pain physicians and clinical pharmacists specializing in pain management in China. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the perceptions, expectations and current experience of Chinese pain physicians regarding clinical pharmacy services. An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was designed according to previously published studies with minor modifications and distributed online to 1100 pain physicians selected randomly in hospitals across all 31 provinces of mainland China in 2021. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. A total of 1071 valid questionnaires were included for analysis. The pain physicians were from all 31 provinces of mainland China and most of them were from tertiary hospitals holding an undergraduate degree. Among listed kinds of clinical pharmacy services, pain physicians were less comfortable with pharmacists treating minor illnesses (p < 0.001). Pain physicians' experiences with clinical pharmacy services were far less than their expectations (p < 0.001), which is in line with the results that most of pain physicians (65.9%) interacted with pharmacists at a frequency of less than once a week. Significant differences in the experiences were found among ages (p < 0.01) and among years of work experience (p < 0.05) of pain physicians. Pain physicians' expectations of pharmacists were positively correlated with their experiences with clinical pharmacy services (p < 0.001). Pain physicians in China had positive perceptions and high expectations, but relatively low experiences regarding clinical pharmacy services. Expanding clinical pharmacist pain management credentialing and increasing pain physicians' exposure to clinical pharmacy services are favourable to support the interdisciplinary collaboration in pain management in China.

Validation of attenuation imaging coefficient, shear wave elastography, and dispersion as emerging tools for non-invasive evaluation of liver tissue in children.

The number of children with acute and chronic liver disease is rising. Moreover, liver involvement may be limited to subtle changes in organ texture especially in early childhood and some syndromic conditions, such as ciliopathies. Attenuation imaging coefficient (ATI), shear wave elastography (SWE), and dispersion (SWD) are emerging ultrasound technologies providing data about attenuation, elasticity, and viscosity of liver tissue. This additional and qualitative information has been correlated with certain liver pathologies. However, limited data are available for healthy controls and have mainly been raised in adults. This prospective monocentric study was conducted at a university hospital with a specialization in pediatric liver disease and transplantation. Between February and July 2021, 129 children aged 0-17.92 years were recruited. Study participants attended outpatient clinics due to minor illnesses excluding liver or cardiac diseases, acute (febrile) infections or other conditions affecting liver tissue and function. ATI, SWE, and SWD measurements were performed on an Aplio i800 (Canon Medical Systems) with an i8CX1 curved transducer by two different investigators with long-standing experience in pediatric ultrasound according to a standardized protocol. Considering multiple potential covariates, we derived percentile charts for all 3 devices relying on the Lambda-Mu-Sigma (LMS) approach. 112 children were considered for further analysis, excluding those with abnormal liver function and under-/overweight (BMI SDS<-1.96/> 1.96, respectively). Age range was 0-17.92 years (mean 6.89±0.50SD), 58% were male. The mean duration of the ultrasound examination (basic ultrasound plus SWE, SWD, and ATI) was 6.67±0.22 minutes and it was well tolerated in 83% (n=92) of cases. While ATI was related to age, SWD was found to depend on BMI SDS, and SWE on abdominal wall thickness and sex. ATI correlated with neither SWE nor SWD, but SWE was correlated with SWD. Our study provides norm values and reference charts for ATI, SWE, and SWD considering important covariates including age, sex and, BMI. This may help to implement these promising tools into imaging diagnostics of liver disease and to improve the diagnostic relevance of liver ultrasound. In addition, these noninvasive techniques proved to be time-effective and highly reliable, which make them ideal for application in children.