Ministry Of Environment Research Articles

EFEKTIVITAS PERATURAN DAERAH PROVINSI BALI NOMOR 1 TAHUN 2017 TENTANG PERLINDUNGAN DAN PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP DALAM MENCEGAH PENCEMARAN AIR TANAH

Bali is a tourist destination that is favored by many domestic and foreign tourists. However, the high consumption activity of local people and tourists in the province produces quite a lot of waste generation. Based on data from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK), the city of Denpasar produces 915.5 thousand tons of waste generation throughout 2021. This makes Bali the 8th largest waste-producing province in Indonesia. legal research that uses empirical facts taken from human behavior, both verbal behavior obtained from interviews and real behavior carried out through direct observation. Conclusion of the Effectiveness of Bali Province Regional Regulation Number 1 of 2017 Concerning Environmental Protection and Management in Preventing Groundwater Pollution in the Legal Area of ​​the Denpasar City Environment Service has not been effectively implemented, because based on data on public complaints and data on prosecution of violations there is still an increase from year to year, starting from 2019 to 2022, so it is proven that the enforcement that has been carried out so far has not provided a deterrent effect, because the authorized apparatus related to this Regional Regulation, especially the Civil Service Police Unit, has not been maximal in carrying out enforcement of Constraints and Efforts from the Denpasar City Environment Service in Preventing Groundwater Pollution in the City of Denpasar, namely the obstacle is the participation and supporting capacity of the community in protecting the environment, especially in the application of this Regional Regulation which has not been maximized, and because of the lack of facilities and infrastructure owned in carrying out investigations to detect sources of pollution

Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in coal gasification slags and their leaching toxicity

ABSTRACT The coal gasification process produces a large amount of coal gasification slag (CGS), which accumulates heavy metals from the raw coal. The CGS not only occupies land resources during long-term storage but also poses potential ecological pollution risks. In this study, eight different CGS samples from various regions of China were analyzed to determine their chemical composition and evaluate their environmental risks. Two leaching methods recommended by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China were employed to conduct leaching experiments, aiming to assess the hazardous waste level of CGS. The results indicated that the risk index of YL-FS and XJ-CS reached 101.87 and 87.15, respectively, classifying them as medium-risk materials. The remaining samples were categorized as low-risk materials. CGS itself is not classified as hazardous solid waste. The leaching results revealed that the concentration of Be in the leaching solution of NMG-CS and XJ-CS exceeded 0.005 mg/L, placing them in Class II of general industrial solid waste. The remaining samples exhibited minimal leaching toxicity and were classified as Class I general industrial solid waste.

Requirements for the Transformation towards Returnable Transport Item-Enabled Circular Economies in the Austrian Parcel Industry

The European Green Deal sets the ambitious targets of establishing the first climate neutral continent by 2050 and reducing emissions by a minimum of 55% by 2030. In order to move the involved stakeholders to action, the European Commission has formulated proposals for regulations. One such proposal defines a legal framework to force industries to reduce the environmental burden caused by packaging waste. A major waste producer is the parcel service industry (CEP; courier, express, and parcel) and the industries it serves. Once put into place by the EU member states, the new laws will force all players in these sectors to increase business innovations in circular economies, which are based on the principles of recycling and reuse. Circular economies can be achieved by the implementation of returnable transport items (RTI) integrated with Industry 4.0 technologies. The ongoing research project ReKEP, which is largely funded by the Austrian Federal Ministry for Climate Action, Environment, Energy, Mobility, Innovation and Technology, investigates potential impacts of RTI-based circular economies in the Austrian parcel service industry. The project’s particular interest is to identify the requirements of the most relevant stakeholder groups in the CEP industry for the successful transformation towards RTI-enabled circular economies. For this purpose, we conducted interviews with leaders and decision-makers of 10 stakeholder organizations, including producers, retailers, CEP contractors and the Austrian Federal Economic Chamber. This paper summarizes the interview results, which indicate that, despite recognizing the high potential of RTIs for reaching ecological sustainability goals, the contemporary awareness of the EU Green Deal and the concomitant responsibility to take action seems too low for successful implementation. The study outcome suggests that research and development in RTI should focus on operational requirements of workers and line managers from CEP industries for successful transformations to circular economies.

Towards Sustainable Urban Transformation: The Role of LEED Certification in Istanbul's Future and Economy

Istanbul, a city with a rich history and vibrant culture, faces the imminent threat of a catastrophic earthquake due to its proximity to the North Anatolian Earthquake Fault. In response, the Turkish government has initiated a sweeping urban transformation led by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. This initiative aims to not only rebuild the city but also to enhance its resilience to earthquakes and environmental challenges. Central to this transformation is the adoption of green building principles, particularly LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certification. LEED provides a comprehensive framework for sustainable building design, construction, and operation, encompassing categories such as Sustainable Sites, Water Efficiency, Energy and Atmosphere, Materials and Resources, Indoor Environmental Quality, Innovation, and Regional Priority. This paper examines the economic and future considerations of enforcing green certification during Istanbul's urban transformation. Through a detailed analysis of the costs and benefits of LEED certification across different categories, as well as alternative approaches to sustainability, this paper aims to provide a holistic view of the implications for Istanbul's economic landscape and long-term prospects. By integrating environmental sustainability into its urban renewal efforts, Istanbul has the opportunity to not only mitigate the risks of earthquakes but also to emerge as a model for sustainable, environmentally conscious urban development. This paper seeks to highlight the importance of green certification in shaping Istanbul's urban landscape for generations to come, with a focus on economic considerations, environmental impacts, and broader implications for the city's future.

Diversity of bird in Timbanuh Hiking Track, Gunung Rinjani National Park, Lombok, Indonesia

Timbanuh Hiking Track is one of the hiking tracks in Gunung Rinjani National Park. This track has four types of potential habitats for birds. This research aims to map bird diversity and their distribution along the Timbanuh Hiking Track. Data collection uses the point count method. Observations were carried out eight times, with a repetition period of two weeks. Bird diversity was analyzed using the Shannon Wiener Diversity Index. Scatterplots are used to map the distribution of birds along hiking track. The results show that on the Timbanuh Hiking Track there are 46 species of birds belonging to 29 families, with a high species diversity index of 3.52. The distribution of bird species is closely related to the four types of habitats on the track. There are four species of birds that are protected based on Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation Number P.106 of 2018, as well as two species with Near Threatened status according to IUCN. The high diversity of birds, the existence of protected bird species, and the threatened status of birds mean that conservation efforts need to be increased by developing bird habitats along hiking track.

Increase in the Abundance of Invasive Fish Species in the Ciliwung River, DKI Jakarta and West Java Provinces

The Ciliwung River is one of the important rivers in the Jakarta Special Capital Region (DKI Jakarta) and West Java. The existence of local fish in the Ciliwung River is threatened by the presence of invasive fish. This research aims to identify the types of invasive fish along the Ciliwung River from 2023 to 2024 and compare them with previous research in 2011. The study uses 6 segments according to Minister of Environment and Forestry Decree No. SK.298/Menlhk/Setjen/PKL.1/6/2017. Each segment consists of 3 research plots, totaling 18 research stations. The sampling method involves collecting fish using environmentally friendly fishing gear. The research results show the presence of 10 species from 5 families and 4 non-native fish orders that are invasive. The most abundant invasive fish species in the Ciliwung River are, in order, Plecostomus (Pterygoplichthys pardalis), Mosquito Fish (Gambusia affinis), Guppy (Poecilia reticulata), Platy (Xiphophorus helleri), Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Bristlenose Pleco (Ancistrus temminckii), Glossom (Andinoacara rivulatus), Carp (Cyprinus carpio), Red Devil (Amphilophus labiatus), and African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). There has been a 100% increase in the number of invasive fish species in the Ciliwung River compared to the 2011 study, which identified only 5 invasive fish species.

An assessment on land management services of ministry of environment, natural resources, and energy: the case of Sulu Province

BARMM-MENRE land management services research after legal and administrative reforms. With descriptive-exploratory design, it evaluated 100 clients. Results showed Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources, and Energy-Sulu Land Management Services clients view service execution differently. Certificate of Survey/Land Status Customer satisfaction means good service. Client-respondents impartially approve Survey Plans and title public land. Hypothesis testing demonstrates no gender, civil status, or educational implementation perception gap. Land Management Services subcategory matches age and average monthly family income. This study suggests: Land Management Services of Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Energy-Sulu may review the processes involved to improve the satisfaction of the client-respondents with the Application for the Approval of Survey Plan and Application for Public Land Titling; Land Management Services of Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources and Energy-Sulu may conduct an outreach and information campaigns to raise awareness and educate the public about the benefits and procedures of availing the services to address the disparities in the perceived implementation of the services; Clients may communicate their concerns and suggestions to the service providers and seek assistance when needed especially in Application for the Approval of Survey Plan and Application for Public Land Titling; Employees who are involved in the delivery of the Certification of Land Status and/or Survey Claimant services may maintain their high standards of quality and efficiency and seek to improve their customer satisfaction ratings; and in the delivery of the Application for the Approval of Survey Plan and Application for Public Land Titling services Employees can discover causes of neutral or negative client attitudes and enhance service and satisfaction.

Strengthening Blue Carbon Ecosystem Governance in Indonesia: Opportunities for National Determined Contributions

Purpose: This study analyses the institutional management of blue carbon ecosystems in Indonesia. With transparent governance, blue carbon can be an effective tool to accelerate the achievement of NDC targets. Methode: This empirical juridical research applies a participatory approach involving discussions and interviews with several related parties. It also uses statutory and conceptual approaches. This paper presents a new construction of blue carbon ecosystem governance in Indonesia. Result and Conclusion: The overlapping authority between the Ministry of Environment and Forestry and the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries is resolved by applying the legal principles lex specialis derogate legi generali and lex posteriori derogate legi inferiori. To achieve ideal institutional governance of mangrove management, there is a need for a cooperation scheme between sectors of government agencies, namely between the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, and the non-structural institution Peat and Mangrove Restoration Council.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF LEED CERTIFIED HOSPITALS WITH “YES-TR” IN THE SCOPE OF "GREEN CERTIFICATION"

Sustainability is a major concern for everyone. Diminishing resources and increasing pollution raise questions about, sustainability. This creates a pressure in the world to become more environmentally friendly. A green hospital is an organization that improves people's health and meets its share of the burden of disease by continuously reducing environmental impacts on sustainability. This sector is expected to grow several times over the next decade. Energy savings and water savings are tangible benefits of green hospitals. Increased daylight, faster patient recovery, natural connections, improved hygiene and health are just a few intangible benefits of green hospitals. Criteria have been set worldwide with certificates to qualify hospitals as green. In this context, in Turkey, the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change started the YeS-TR: In this study, a comparison of green certification standards in the world and YeS-TR: Green Certificate application was compared with the green certification standards in the World.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF LEED CERTIFIED HOSPITALS WITH “YES-TR” IN THE SCOPE OF "GREEN CERTIFICATION"

Sustainability is a major concern for everyone. Diminishing resources and increasing pollution raise questions about, sustainability. This creates a pressure in the world to become more environmentally friendly. A green hospital is an organization that improves people's health and meets its share of the burden of disease by continuously reducing environmental impacts on sustainability. This sector is expected to grow several times over the next decade. Energy savings and water savings are tangible benefits of green hospitals. Increased daylight, faster patient recovery, natural connections, improved hygiene and health are just a few intangible benefits of green hospitals. Criteria have been set worldwide with certificates to qualify hospitals as green. In this context, in Turkey, the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change started the YeS-TR: In this study, a comparison of green certification standards in the world and YeS-TR: Green Certificate application was compared with the green certification standards in the World.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF “LEED” CERTIFIED SCHOOLS WITH “YES-TR” IN THE CONTEXT OF “GREEN CERTIFICATION”

With the emergence of green building concept in the construction sector, the increase in green building production has resulted in green building certification systems. It is important to establish these certification systems on a national scale for reasons such as the compatibility of sustainable architecture with local conditions and differences in the legislation of countries. It is inevitable to change the criteria of the certification system in accordance with the function of the building. As the schools are directly related to learning as well as providing the health and comfort to the users, there are internationally specialized certification systems for green schools. In this study, some of the LEED-certified schools in Turkiye were compared; these buildings were evaluated within the framework of the “Green Certificate (YeS-TR)” introduced by the Turkiye’s Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change in 2022. The main categories of “LEED v2009 for Schools” and “Green Certificate” were compared; while “sustainable sites” and “regional priority” categories in “LEED v2009 for Schools” are not included in the “Green Certificate”, the main category of “integrated design, construction and management” and “life cycle assessment” were not met in “LEED v2009 for Schools”. As a result of the study, various suggestions were made for the development of certificates in this context.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF “LEED” CERTIFIED SCHOOLS WITH “YES-TR” IN THE CONTEXT OF “GREEN CERTIFICATION”

With the emergence of green building concept in the construction sector, the increase in green building production has resulted in green building certification systems. It is important to establish these certification systems on a national scale for reasons such as the compatibility of sustainable architecture with local conditions and differences in the legislation of countries. It is inevitable to change the criteria of the certification system in accordance with the function of the building. As the schools are directly related to learning as well as providing the health and comfort to the users, there are internationally specialized certification systems for green schools. In this study, some of the LEED-certified schools in Turkiye were compared; these buildings were evaluated within the framework of the “Green Certificate (YeS-TR)” introduced by the Turkiye’s Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change in 2022. The main categories of “LEED v2009 for Schools” and “Green Certificate” were compared; while “sustainable sites” and “regional priority” categories in “LEED v2009 for Schools” are not included in the “Green Certificate”, the main category of “integrated design, construction and management” and “life cycle assessment” were not met in “LEED v2009 for Schools”. As a result of the study, various suggestions were made for the development of certificates in this context.

Sosialisasi Peraturan Pemerintah tentang Perlindungan Tumbuhan Dan Satwa Liar untuk Mendukung Pengelolaan Hutan Desa Tuwung

Background: The highly biodiverse Tuwung Village Forest has been the site of a productive collaboration between the village community and the government in an effort to manage a sustainable environment. The unique and rare flora and fauna in this forest have benefited significantly from this collaboration. Populations of rare species have increased, and disturbed ecosystems have also experienced significant recovery. The main objective of this collaboration is to maintain the sustainability of the environment and natural resources in Tuwung Village in line with applicable regulations, especially the Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. 106. Method: Assistance using the Asset Based Community Development (ABCD) method has been adopted in the implementation of PLHD management socialization in Tuwung Village. Result: The results of the analysis show that the participants, namely the managers of KPHD Tuwung, have achieved a very good level of understanding regarding various key aspects, such as the role and function of the area protection and security section (95%), area patrol scheme (98%), animal protection status (100%), data collection and reporting (90%), and animal release (100%). Conclusion: The high level of enthusiasm from the participants reflects their commitment to implementing PLHD management concepts, which are expected to contribute significantly to sustainable environmental conservation in Tuwung Village.

Study on Water Quality of Sekadau River Using Pollution Index Method

One of the leading causes of declining water quality is contamination from human activities. The Sekadau River serves as a primary water source for the residents of Sekadau Regency, facilitating bathing, laundry, kitchen equipment cleaning, and freshwater fish cultivation. The objective of this study is to evaluate the water quality of the Sekadau River, comparing it against Class II standards as stipulated in Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021 on Environmental Protection and Management. Subsequently, pollution levels in the Sekadau River at the measurement point were determined using the Pollution Index Method (PIM). The research findings reveal that the pollution index values for 2018, 2022, and 2023 fall within the lightly polluted category. Conversely, in 2019, the water quality of the Sekadau River exhibited improvement. It complied with water quality standards per the Minister of Environment and Forestry Decree No. 115 on Quality Status Determination Guidelines. Consequently, the Sekadau River remains suitable for bathing, laundry, freshwater fish cultivation, and other purposes requiring water of the same quality as its designated use. However, considering the increasing pollution trends in 2022 and 2023, appropriate measures are necessary to prevent the Sekadau River from becoming more polluted.

Moderating Role of Profitability in The Association Between Green Accounting and Firm Value

Environmental pollution often occurs in various parts of the world, including Indonesia. Indonesia, with abundant natural resources, raises new environmental issues. Companies in the mining and coal sector cause significant environmental damage in Indonesia. Not infrequently, these companies are less aware of the importance of preserving the environment. Most companies only think about profit without paying attention to environmental sustainability. This study aims to analyze and determine the effect of green accounting implementation on firm value and profitability on moderating the interaction between green accounting and firm value. This study uses data from 14 companies engaged in mining and coal for 2020-2022 on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) website and the Proper Value Index issued by the Decree of the Ministry of Environment with a sample of 42 sample data. The test was conducted using panel data multiple linear regression analysis. This study concludes that green accounting affect firm value. Profitability has not been able to model the interaction between green accounting and firm value. This study is expected to add to the literature on financial accounting, sustainability accounting, and green accounting, especially regarding firm value and investor reaction. This research is also expected to provide attention to companies in Indonesia to improve their green sustainability. There is a need to increase the role of the government in overseeing the implementation of green accounting in companies to ensure the sustainability of the Indonesian environment.

Pollution Characteristics and Sources of Ambient Air Dustfall in Urban Area of Beijing

Since 2016, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment and the Beijing Municipal Government have adjusted the minimum concentration limit for ambient air dustfall several times, indicating that they attach great importance to dustfall. To grasp the pollution characteristics and sources of dustfall, in this work, the filtration method was used to determine the insoluble dustfall and water-soluble dustfall in the urban area of Beijing. From our analysis, the influence of the meteorological parameters on dustfall was found, and the chemical components of dustfall were determined. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was also utilized to analyze the sources of dustfall. The results indicated that the average amount of dustfall in 2021–2022 was 4.4 t·(km2·30 d)−1, and the proportion of insoluble dustfall deposition was 82.4%. Dustfall was positively correlated with the average wind speed and temperature and negatively correlated with the relative humidity and rain precipitation. The impact of the meteorological parameters on insoluble dustfall and water-soluble dustfall was the opposite. The average proportions of crustal material, ions, organic matter, element carbon, trace elements, and unknown components were 48%, 16%, 14%, 1.4%, 0.20%, and 20%, respectively. The proportions of the crustal material and ions were the highest in spring (57%) and summer (37%). The contribution rates of fugitive dust source, secondary inorganic source, mobile source, coal combustion source, snow melting agent source, and other sources were 42.4%, 19.3%, 8.3%, 3.0%, 2.7%, and 24.3%, respectively. This study supported dustfall pollution control by analysing the pollutant characteristics and sources of dustfall from the standpoint of total chemical components. In order to better control dustfall pollution, control measures and evaluation standards for fugitive dust pollution should be formulated.

Kesadaran Hukum Masyarakat Kota Ruteng terhadap Pengelolaan Sampah Rumahtangga Ditinjau dari Peraturan Daerah Manggarai Nomor 2 Tahun 2013 tentang Pengelolaan Sampah

Low legal awareness of the community in household in Household waste management is a long-stunding issue in Ruteng City, in 2017-2018, it was once one of the dirties cities in Indonesia according to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. The main problem in this research is the Legal Awarness of Ruteng City Community and the Implementationof Sanction againts Waste Managemnet Actors. The study is an empirical legal research that examines all legal events that occur in society through case and statute approaches. Data collection was conducted through three methods: interview, observations, and document study. The result show that low legal awarness of the community is influenced by law factors, law enforcement, infrastructure, community, and culturals.The impelemntation of criminal sanction is not yet firm and so far only warning sanction have been applied. Therefore, the recommendatons for this research are to increase legal awarness through government community implementing sanction firmly to enhance law enforcement.

Changes in Surface Water Quality of the El Salvador River in La Joya de los Sachas, Ecuadorian Amazon Region

Water effluent pollution in the Ecuadorian Amazon occurs mainly due to the lack of sewage infrastructure, wastewater treatment plants in urban and rural areas, and agricultural and livestock activities. Consequently, understanding water quality is crucial because of its dynamic nature, influenced by various activities along its course. We evaluated and compared the water quality status of the El Salvador River with the current standards of the Ministry of the Environment, Water, and Ecological Transition in Ecuador and with Decree No. 115/2003 on water quality and water pollution management. The water quality index was determined through random sampling at seven locations along the river. The results show good water quality, with contamination indices ranging from 84 to 87. When comparing the results with the standards, all water quality parameters met the standards for recreational purposes. However, considering the river’s uses for agricultural activities, we compared the water with additional standards from legislation outlined by the Environment Ministry and found that the nitrate content exceeded permissible limits due to runoff from the surrounding crops, causing a potential risk to human health. Therefore, incorporating helophyte plants is a promising option that would promote the health of this aquatic ecosystem and others.

Biodiversity Conservation in Xishuangbanna, China: Diversity Analysis of Traditional Knowledge Related to Biodiversity and Conservation Progress and Achievement Evaluation

Biodiversity plays an important role in maintaining the ecological balance of the earth. The study of traditional knowledge related to biological resources is a hot issue in the field of international biodiversity conservation. Xishuangbanna is a key area of biodiversity and a cultural hotspot of international significance. According to the Technical Regulation for Classification, Investigation, and Inventory of Traditional Knowledge Relating to Biological Diversity issued by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, we investigated and catalogued the traditional knowledge related to biodiversity of the Jino people who have lived in Xishuangbanna for generations, and collected 490 entries of traditional knowledge related to biodiversity of the Jino people. Drawing on the traditional knowledge diversity index calculation method proposed by Wang Guoping, the overall traditional knowledge α-diversity index of the Jino people is 0.63, indicating that the richness of the traditional knowledge of the Jinuo people is relatively high. The traditional culture related to biodiversity, the traditional knowledge related to agricultural genetic resources, and the traditional technology related to the sustainable utilization of biological resources are relatively rich and diverse. The diversity index is 0.86, 0.82 and 0.79, respectively. In addition, Xishuangbanna has invested a lot of energy in biodiversity protection, including the establishment of nature reserves, botanical gardens, zoos, ecological tea gardens and other species reserves, and the promulgation of laws and policies related to biodiversity protection, and has achieved remarkable results in in situ protection and ex situ protection. On the basis of analyzing the progress and achievements of biodiversity conservation in Xishuangbanna, this study points out that Xishuangbanna faces challenges such as the loss of traditional knowledge, insufficient conservation efforts, and great changes in land use, and puts forward corresponding suggestions.

Preliminary Screening of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Philippine Fast Food Packaging Using Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on paper packaging resist water and oil to effectively contain food and beverages. However, previous studies have established correlations between PFAS and several diseases including COVID-19, cancers, and obesity. The goal of this collaborative research between the Philippines and Singapore is to set a baseline for PFAS levels in local packaging with the intended outcome of further increasing awareness on these contaminants in Southeast Asia, providing a starting point for migration experiments and risk assessments on PFAS in commercially-available food contact materials and articles, and initiating policy developments on these substances in the Philippines. In this study, 15 different types of PFAS were analyzed in selected paper packaging used by major quick service restaurants (QSRs) in Metro Manila. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), PFAS was detected in 100% of the samples with a total PFAS concentration range of 8.20-97.7 ng PFAS/100 cm2. The highest amount of PFAS compound measured across all samples was PF-3,7-DMOA (89.8 ng/100 cm2). PFAS compounds regulated in European packaging such as PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA and PFDA were also detected in all samples but at trace levels. Paper wrappers for rice and small burgers were found to have the highest total PFAS of 97.7 ng PFAS/100 cm2. This value translates to approximately 65.1 ng F/100 cm2 which is way below 10,000 ng F/100 cm2, the currently existing limit for PFAS in packaging set by the Danish Ministry of Environment and Food. While each packaging may be deemed safe compared to regulation, the compounded effects brought by use of multiple packaging, and high frequency and long-term exposures require further investigation.