Minimum Nutritional Requirements Research Articles

Cameras in the Hands of Indigenous Youth: Participation, Films, and Nutrition in India

ABSTRACTBackgroundIndigenous communities in India have diets that do not fulfill all of their minimum nutritional requirements. Given the unaffordability of healthy diets, these communities rely on common-pool resources to make up for shortfalls in food. Yet, such foods are devalued as “backward,” and accessing them is regulated by unequal gendered roles.ObjectivesTo explore the central role of community participation in documenting and transmitting indigenous knowledge about the role of locally available foods in improving dietary diversity.MethodsThrough a participatory action research approach, 10 Santhal youth were trained to make films about a range of locally available foods and other issues of concern to them (Santhal/Santal is a native ethnic group in India). These films were broadcast on a YouTube channel and screened locally. A thematic content analysis of 49 films was undertaken, alongside interviews with the filmmakers and focus group discussions with viewers who attended 4 film screenings.ResultsA majority of the films produced drew on intergenerational and indigenous knowledge about edible plants, insects, and rodents; skills in foraging and preparing food; awareness of the benefits of the food; and sustainability issues across the traditional food systems. The filmmakers initially focused on responding to community needs and showcasing Santhal cultural practices. Their later films began to reflect on aspects of their culture that needed to be preserved, revived, or modified. Audiences noted the relatability and relevance of the provided information, generated ideas and priority themes for further documentation, and expressed the need for revival and modification of certain cultural food practices.ConclusionA participatory filmmaking process in the context of community nutrition can enable participants to question unequal power relations by enabling the most marginalized to voice their own perspectives with the support of cameras and filmmaking skills.

Recent Antimicrobial Responses of Halophilic Microbes in Clinical Pathogens.

Microbial pathogens that cause severe infections and are resistant to drugs are simultaneously becoming more active. This urgently calls for novel effective antibiotics. Organisms from extreme environments are known to synthesize novel bioprospecting molecules for biomedical applications due to their peculiar characteristics of growth and physiological conditions. Antimicrobial developments from hypersaline environments, such as lagoons, estuaries, and salterns, accommodate several halophilic microbes. Salinity is a distinctive environmental factor that continuously promotes the metabolic adaptation and flexibility of halophilic microbes for their survival at minimum nutritional requirements. A genetic adaptation to extreme solar radiation, ionic strength, and desiccation makes them promising candidates for drug discovery. More microbiota identified via sequencing and ‘omics’ approaches signify the hypersaline environments where compounds are produced. Microbial genera such as Bacillus, Actinobacteria, Halorubrum and Aspergillus are producing a substantial number of antimicrobial compounds. Several strategies were applied for producing novel antimicrobials from halophiles including a consortia approach. Promising results indicate that halophilic microbes can be utilised as prolific sources of bioactive metabolites with pharmaceutical potentialto expand natural product research towards diverse phylogenetic microbial groups which inhabit salterns. The present study reviews interesting antimicrobial compounds retrieved from microbial sources of various saltern environments, with a discussion of their potency in providing novel drugs against clinically drug-resistant microbes.

Venezuelan migrants in Colombia: COVID-19 and mental health

Venezuelan migrants in Colombia: COVID-19 and mental health

Nutritional value of cottonseed meal for swine in the finishing phase

The aim of this study was to determine the digestibility coefficients of the nutritional components of cottonseed meal for pigs in the finishing phase. Fourteen castrated male commercial pigs with average initial weight of 56.29 ± 2.49 kg were used. The animals were housed individually in cages for metabolic study (experimental unit) in a randomized complete block design (defined by initial weight) with two treatments and seven replications per treatment. The treatments consisted of a reference diet, formulated to meet the minimum nutritional requirements of pigs in the finishing phase, and a test diet, consisting of 75% of the reference diet and 25% of cottonseed meal. The total feces collection method was used. The values of chemical and digestible composition of cottonseed meal were 88.78; 93.82; 6.18; 21.11; 19.26; 4.29 and 44.09%; and 57.78; 48.62; 0.48; 2.82; 5.83; 2.58 and 28.86% for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), mineral matter (MM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE) and protein (CP) respectively. The values are close to those found in the literature, exception for the protein that presented higher value, however the digestibility was relatively low. Cottonseed meal has high nutritional value, but with low digestible values.

Calculating minimum nutrition requirements in ICU patients

Critically ill patients frequently receive inappropriate nutrition leading to underfeeding or overfeeding. This is associated with negative outcomes such as poor wound healing, difficulty in weaning from mechanical ventilation and an increase in mortality. This is due to due to lack of standard and appropriate formulas for calorie and protein calculation. We reviewed current evidence and recommendations for the minimum nutrition requirement for ICU patients.
 Received: 6 Oct 2018Reviewed: 16 Oct 2018Corrected: 28 Oct 2018Accepted: 05 Nov 2018
 Citation: Maurya I, Maurya RG. Calculating minimum nutrition requirements in ICU patients Anaesth Pain & Intensive Care 2018;22 Suppl 1:S106-S108

OPTIMIZATION OF FEED COMPOSITION FOR TURKEYS

The article describes that domestic feed products cannot always compete with high quality products of foreign firms. However, the use of imported feed leads to a significant increase in their value and, as a consequence, to an increase in the cost price of the final product. It is established that for the normal development and realization of productivity, turkeys should receive quality and balanced for all indicators of compound feed. Therefore, the task was to develop recipes for turkeys using high quality domestic raw materials. The necessity to determine the complete components characteristics of compound feeds for the finished products production, which meets the requirements of regulatory documents and the consumer, has been proved. There are many indicators and factors that are not taken into account when calculating recipes, but significantly affect the compound feed quality. We have developed compound feed recipes for heavy type turkeys aged 1…4 weeks, 5…13 weeks, 14…17 weeks, 18…30 weeks and over 31 weeks using the “Korm Optima Expert” software complex. The program incorporates the principle of calculating recipes at minimum cost, taking into account the restrictions on the input of each component and the nutrition of the finished product using linear programming by formulas. The expediency of replacing soybean meal in poultry feed due to its high cost for cheaper protein components is substantiated. In order to reduce the cost of compound feed, we have proposed the optimal composition of protein feed additive (PFA) for replacement soybean meal in feed recipes. On the basis of the developed recipes of compound feeds for heavy type turkeys we calculated similar recipes of compound feeds with replacement of soybean meal for PFA in their composition according to the norms of its introduction The quality indicators of finished products are in compliance with the minimum nutritional requirements of compound feeds for heavy type turkeys of a given age. The cost of compound feeds with PFA is much lower than similar with soybean meal. We determined the annual feed consumption of turkeys by growing periods based on the daily feed intake and the duration of each fattening period.

Optimal Consumer Subsidies and Income Transfers for Minimum Nutritional Requirements: A Basic Model:

The supply of food is no longer a major determinant of malnutrition in the developing world. Rather, a lack of purchasing power, ignorance about nutrition, and subjective tastes or preferences prevent some households and individuals from securing adequate diets. Some households spend more on food and other consumer items than would be needed for a minimum balanced diet. Yet they remain malnourished or have nutritionally undesirable diets. Food subsidies and income transfers have been major policy options available to governments to augment household purchasing power and change consumer preferences in order to alleviate malnutrition. Those options have traditionally addressed the problem by considering one critical nutrient and one common staple. The model discussed here provides and demonstrates a solution to the question: What is the combined optimal income-transfer and subsidy programme that would meet particular nutritional requirements with the least budget expense to the government? It is argued and ...

Disponibilidad, consumo y utilización biológica de alimentos en Bolivia: análisis y perspectivas (1990-2030)

El presente documento evalúa cuatro dimensiones de la seguridad alimentaria (i.e., disponibilidad, soberanía, estabilidad y consumo y utilización biológica), encontrando brechas para los siguientes grupos de alimentos: frutas y verduras, proteínas y carbohidratos, a partir de la comparación de la oferta de cada producto con los requerimientos nutricionales mínimos de la población boliviana en el periodo 1990-2012. El resultado más relevante de la investigación es que, por grupo de alimento, sólo el grupo de carbohidratos cumple con las dimensiones estudiadas. Tanto el grupo de proteínas como el de frutas y verduras no cumplen con ninguna dimensión. También se evidencia que existen factores culturales que inciden sustancialmente en la alimentación. Asimismo, no existen incentivos ni políticas de seguridad alimentaria a largo plazo, por lo que se genera una situación de vulnerabilidad. Estas brechas nutricionales son indicadores de desnutrición y desabastecimiento de alimentos.

Antimicrobial activity of nisin, thymol, carvacrol and cymene against growth of Candida lusitaniae

Yeasts are tolerant to acid pH values, are able to grow in anaerobic media and have minimum nutrition requirements. These capabilities enable them to survive and even grow in foods prepared from acid fruits or vegetables. Among yeasts, Candida is one of the genus most frequently isolated from fruit juices. Bacteriocins and essential oils from spices and aromatic herbs are an alternative to preservatives and other technological treatments and have the advantage that their natural origins do not lead to consumer rejection. However, before the food industry uses them on a large scale, it is necessary to know their effects on microorganisms. The objective of this research was to study the effect of different concentrations of nisin, thymol, carvacrol and cymene on the growth of Candida lusitaniae in pH 5 broth at 25 ℃, and their potential uses as food preservatives. The addition of nisin at the concentrations tested (up to 3 µmol L(-1)) did not affect the yeast growth. Thymol, carvacrol and cymene completely inhibited the yeast growth at concentrations over 1 mM for at least 21 days at 25 ℃. Below this concentration, inhibitions on yeast growth were observed at increasing concentrations. The effect of thymol was also proved in tomato juice. This study indicates the potential use of essential oils for preservation of minimally processed foods.

Science Meets Reality: Economic Efficiency, Markets, Institutions and Food Security

Food still is, and will continue to be, a basic issue at every day decision process in human behaviour. Food consumption has been a problematic issue in human history and today is also recognized as a basic pillar for human health and welfare/quality of life. From a global problem up to the middle of the eighties, right now food security is mainly a local issue (however a macro-level approach continued to be necessary for long run perspective and food safety concerns in trade and commercialization). Food and nutritional concerns today still are unforgetable issues on a local base perspective in many regions: the most common problems are related to the access and consumption to achieve the minimum nutritional requirements, but also other dimensions such as production, transformation, distribution and logistical aspects of the “food equation”, mainly in less developed countries, are crucial aspects to be taken into consideration. Economic effciency from a production perspective in the food sector, measured in terms of output per unit of input (technical and technological innovation) achieved one of the best performances in terms of development in the last 30 years globally and in most regions in the world (few exceptions, like Sub-Sahara countries and some others). The same can not be refered in regard to markets and institutional innovations. In fact, looking at institutions including markets and governments, it is necessary to explore and identify the several observed failures (institutional and governance failures: markets, governmental and others) were science can make a contribution. This is the main purpose of the current research, which is starting based on observed problems and applied solutions with good results in many situations, but also pointing out many other situations were solutions are needed based on the old instruments, but also based on innovative procedures. The method followed explores the basic theoretical approach in production theory and in consumption micro-economic concepts, allowing the introduction of some new proposals in regard to efficiency measures. Adding to those aspects some new questions and models are discussed in regard to the “institutional/organizational economics” in the actual world, providing support for improvement measures (and policy suggestions). The Brasilien case is explored in more detail (the “Fome Zero Program”), but also some African examples are used to illustrate that many solutions will have to rely on technological changes, but also on institutional innovations.

The associations between drug use, indicators of nutritional status and vitamin d levels, a cross-sectional analysis of a polypharmaceutical geriatric outpatient population

for all meals for 3 consecutive days by recording and calculating the calories (kcal) and protein consumed. Nutritional requirements were determined for each patient using standardised equations. Results.– 67 patients were included in the study. 70% (n=47) had cognitive impairment, 45% (n=30) required assistance at mealtimes and 58% (n=39) were medium-high risk for malnutrition (MUST score >2). Nutritional intake was inadequate; 64% (n=43) and 58% (n=39) failed to achieve the minimal caloric and protein requirements respectively. Older adults with a longer LOS, a higher dependency level and of an older age were more likely to meet the minimum nutritional requirements. Conclusion.– We postulate that the group meeting nutritional requirements may have been prioritised for nutritional intervention because of their age and pre-existing risk factors. Older adults need regular screening during their hospital admission to ensure adequate nutritional intake in prevention and treatment of malnutrition. Reference [1] Nutrition and Health in an Ageing Population/UCD Institute of Food and Health/Report 2010 (http://www.ucd.ie/t4cms/ ucd ageing policy doc june 10.pdf).

Nutritional Vulnerability Seen Within Asylum Seekers in Australia

To examine the extent of nutritional vulnerability seen in a cohort of asylum seekers in Australia. Twenty-one asylum seekers (15 males, 6 females) that used a food bank were interviewed over a 6 week period at the Melbourne based Asylum Seeker Resource Centre about foods consumed in the previous 24-h and any non food bank foods obtained. A basket audit was conducted after participants accessed the food bank on the day of interview, Participants obtained significantly less than the minimum requirements for the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating in the vegetables and legumes (P < .001, 95% CI -3.5, -1.7) fruits (P < .001, 95% CI -1.7, -.1.2), dairy (P < .001, 95% CI -1.8, -1.5) and meat and meat alternatives core food groups (P = .001, 95% CI -0.8, -0.3) using foods accessed from the food bank, their primary or sole food source. A high level of nutritional vulnerability was seen in this cohort due to their inability to meet minimum nutritional requirements from their primary food access point. Health professionals working with asylum seeker populations need to be aware of this issue and the resulting potential for longer term ill health as a consequence.

Examining the interaction of light, nutrients and carbohydrates on seed germination and early seedling development of Bletia purpurea (Orchidaceae)

The effects of carbohydrate availability, carbohydrate source, nutrient availability and illumination on germination and early development of Bletia purpurea (Orchidaceae) seeds were investigated using asymbiotic seed germination. Of special interest was determining the minimum nutritional and light requirements for the completion of germination. Germination and development was limited when seeds were cultured in darkness without sucrose. Seeds were able to germinate under illuminated conditions even in the absence of sucrose and this effect was enhanced when mineral nutrients were incorporated into media. Sucrose, fructose, glucose and trehalose enhanced germination and seedling development while mannitol and sorbitol did not. These data suggest that carbohydrates, either as products of photosynthesis, from symbiotic fungi in situ or as exogenously supplied sugars in vitro, play an important role in regulating seed germination by fulfilling an energy requirement. This hypothesis has been often expressed but rarely satisfactorily tested. Mineral nutrients appear to be less important for germination than carbohydrates. The differential effect of sucrose, fructose, glucose and trehalose at two different concentrations on rhizoid production indicates carbohydrates may play a role in regulating rhizoid production.

Efecto de la adición de ensilaje de maiz en la digestibilidad aparente de la dieta del avestruz (Struthio camelus, var. domesticus)

Ostriches can digest feed fiber, however, the usefulness of including forages common in Mexico in complete diets for this specie is unknown. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the proportion in which nutrients of complete diets which include corn silage (CS) were in fact digested. All diets (CS: A: 0.00, B: 10.0, C: 20.0 and D: 30.0 %) were formulated to satisfy minimum nutritional requirements of crude protein (12.5 %), fiber (16.0 %) and metabolic energy (2.6 Mcal kg-1 feed). In a 4x4 Latin square design, four diets were consecutively dispensed to each one of four ostriches in its finalization stage (12 mo of age, males) for a 10 d period, the first 3 d as conditioning time and the other 7 d were considered on-test. Feed and feces were sampled in triplicate. Apparent digestibility (AD) of dry matter (DMAD), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were estimated. Statistically significant differences were not observed either in diet intake, weight increase or feed conversion index. However, inclusion of CS in diets allowed for a better performance for protein, NDF and ADF AD. Diet cost fell when CS content increased. Results of this study suggest that CS use in ostriches diet formulas, could increase technical and economic efficiency.

Níveis de lisina para frangos de corte nos períodos de 22 a 42 e de 43 a 49 dias de idade, mantendo a relação metionina + cistina

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de determinar as exigências de lisina para frangos de corte machos, da linhagem Ross, de 22 a 42 e de43 a 49 dias de idade, mantendo-se relação em 71% de Met+cis:lisina. Utilizaram-se, em cada experimento, 900 frangos com peso médio inicial de 780 g aos 22 dias e de 2.556 g aos 43 dias de idade, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos, seis repetições e 25 aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de seis diferentes níveis de lisina, de acordo com a fase, mantendo-se a relação met + cis:lisina. As exigências nutricionais mínimas, exceto para lisina e para metionina + cistina, foram atendidas. Foram avaliados consumo de ração, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, rendimento de carcaça e dos principais cortes, sendo as exigências de lisina estimadas por meio de modelos de regressão. Considerando-se os dados obtidos, as exigências nutricionais de lisina total foram estimadas em 1,140% para máximo desempenho, no período de 22 a 42 dias de idade, e de 1,024% para máximo desempenho e rendimento de carcaça e peito, no período de 43 a 49 dias de idade.

Tube Feeding in Mechanically Ventilated Critically Ill Patients: A Prospective Clinical Audit

When and whether early enteral nutrition (EN) benefits critically ill patients is debatable. This prospective clinical audit aimed to evaluate the feasibility of an early EN protocol and to identify factors that may hinder EN delivery in critically ill patients. Thirty-six medical patients with severe respiratory failure under invasive ventilation and scheduled to receive early EN, with a length of ICU stay >72 hours, were included. As asserted by the Society of Critical Care Medicine, 8% of patients were priority 1, 72% priority 2, and 20% priority 3 for intensive therapeutic and vital support interventions. Overall, because of gastrointestinal complications, only 39% of the prescribed EN was administered; only 8 (22%) patients did tolerate EN within the first 48 hours after admission and did achieve their minimum nutritional requirements. The most frequent complication (78%) was high volume of gastric residuals followed by abdominal distention (61%), both associated with hemodynamic instability (HI). Gastrointestinal dysfunction was associated with high Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (p = .01), total calorie intake (p = .02), total carbohydrate intake (p = .02), HI (p = .03), malnutrition (p = .04), volume of IV saline (p = .04), and concurrent vasoactive drug administration (p = .05). This audit in extremely severe intensive care patients identified several factors that impair gastrointestinal function and preclude EN at any stage, namely early EN. Nutrition management must take into account concurrent therapies, given their potential interference with nutrition and organ function.

High food wastage and low nutritional intakes in hospital patients

Background and Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the cause of continuing weight-loss in hospitalized patients. We determined 1. whether the hospital menu was able to meet the patients' minimum nutritional requirements, 2. the proportion of food being wasted and 3. the mean nutritional intakes of patients.Methods: This study was carried out in a University hospital (1200 beds). All the food supplied and wasted was measured over a 28 day period on one ward in each of 4 different specialities. Average food intake per patient was calculated and checked against individual food intake measurements.Results: The hospital menu provided over 2000 kcal/day and could meet patients' nutritional requirements. However, high wastage rates of greater than 40% resulted in energy and protein intakes within all specialities being less than 80% of that recommended. The cost of this waste was £139,655 in these four specialities.Conclusions: More than 40% of hospital food was wasted. Energy and protein intakes were low and patients did not, therefore, meet their recommended intakes. This helps to explain continuing weight-loss in hospital patients and represents a large waste of resources. Hospital feeding policies therefore need reviewing and made more appropriate to the needs of the sick.

WORLD FOOD SUMMIT PLEDGE: CAN IT BE ACHIEVED IN SOUTHERN AFRICA?

Since 1995, global food security has become a high profile issue as a result of concerns stemming from global market liberalization that has reflected changes in policies of the major food exporting countries. Responding to these concerns at the declaration of the World Food Summit in November 1996, participants pledged “to reduce the number of undernourished people to half their present level no later than 2015” from the estimated 800 million people. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the future food security situation of 9 Southern African counties: Angola, Lesotho, Malawi, Madagascar, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Baseline food consumption is projected through 2015 and the food gaps to meet minimum nutritional requirements are estimated by country. To examine the options of cutting the nutritional gap of a country by half, a consumption-income relationship was used to estimate food consumption in different income groups. The baseline projections of food consumption by different income groups were then used as a basis to estimate “distribution” food gaps under two different scenarios: targeted and county-wide policies. The paper then proceeds to evaluate the feasibility of closing the gaps by examining the performance of the factors affecting food consumption.

Clinical nutrition of ornamental fish

Proper nutrition provides the foundation on which an adequate ornamental fish husbandry program is constructed. Although ornamental fish nutrition is vast and largely unexplored subject, a large volume of literature on aquaculture food fish (destined for human consumption) nutrition provides the basis for useful extrapolation. This article familiarizes the reader with the types of commercial foods available; discusses the relationship of nutrition, feeding, and water quality; presents minimum nutritional requirements of the koi, Cyprinus carpio ; suggests appropriate feeding regimens; describe methods for providing nutritional support for the anorexic patient; and teaches the reader how to prepare a gelatinized diet.

A preliminary analysis of the biomass energy production potential in Africa in 2025 considering projected land needs for food production

This paper provides a preliminary examination of present and projected land use in Africa to estimate the potential availability of land in 2025 for use in producing biomass energy. Fifty countries are included in the analysis. Future cropland requirements are projected on the basis of average African cereal crop yield improvements since 1972, and minimum nutritional requirements are assumed to be met in 2025 without increasing imports above present absolute levels. Cropland, natural forests and other wilderness areas are excluded from consideration for biomass energy use. Woody biomass energy yields are estimated on the basis of nationally averaged precipitation, using a yield-precipitation correlation for commercial eucalyptus plantations in Brazil. The total African bioenergy production potential in 2025 is estimated to be about 18 EJ per year for a set of baseline assumptions that includes planting only 10% of the available non-crop, non-forest, non-wilderness area with biomass energy crops. A preliminary cost assessment suggests that much of this biomass could be produced for $1–2 GJ −1. A number of uncertainties in the modelling assumptions are examined through a sensitivity analysis. Despite limitations in the model used here, one robust conclusion is that Africa as a whole has a significant biophysical potential for producing biomass energy. This result suggests that more detailed country and sub-country level assessments would be worthwhile to understand better the practical prospects for future biomass energy production in Africa.