This paper investigates future forms in Jordanian Arabic (JA), particularly the temporal particles raħ and ra:yiħ as well as participle agentive NPs that appear to reveal universal characteristics in hinting at futurity while occurring in distinct syntactic and pragmatic contexts. The data consists of examples containing various future forms in JA given by the researchers and judged for their grammaticality by five faculty members. These examples were analyzed qualitatively relying on Chomsky’s Minimalist Program and Government theory. Similarities and differences between JA and its Arabic H variety, Standard Arabic (SA), are exemplified as well as those found compared to English. The findings show that there are some similarities and differences between futurity in JA and English in terms of raising and modality. raħ and ra:yiħ represent the similar English case; gonna and going expressing futurity. These Arabic and English items (raħ ‘gonna’, ra:yiħ ‘going’) are lexically derived from the verb “go”. They carry future tense, behave as a raising verb and c-select an infinitival clause. This paper shows that the particle raħ acts as a raising verb. It shows evidence that this particle underwent a grammaticalization process out of the participle NP ra:yiħ which shows identity in deep structure and similarity in its phonetic form. The study contributes to understanding the syntax of future in Arabic vernacular.

Abstract We study a global theory of affine maximal surfaces with singularities, which are called affine maximal maps and are defined by Aledo–Martínez–Milán. In this paper, we define a special subclass of such surfaces other than improper affine fronts, called affine maxfaces , and investigate their global properties with respect to certain notions of completeness. In particular, by applying Euclidean minimal surface theory, we show that “complete” affine maxfaces satisfy an Osserman-type inequality. Moreover, one can also observe that affine maxfaces are in a class that does not contain non-trivial improper affine fronts. We also provide examples of such surfaces which are related to Euclidean minimal surfaces.

Geometric optimization of femoral rotational alignment in total knee arthroplasty using minimal surface theory versus anatomical reference axes: a computational simulation study.

ABSTRACT This study synergistically integrates thermodynamic simulations (FactSage) and process modeling (Aspen Plus) to investigate performance optimization mechanisms of red mud oxygen carrier during chemical looping gasification process. It addresses critical challenges in the conventional coal gasification, namely insufficient carbon conversion and excessive CO2 emission. The results show that the thermodynamic simulations based on Gibbs free energy minimization theory identified the optimal gasification conditions: a reaction temperature of 1050°C, oxygen carrier/carbon ratio of 3, and steam flow rate of 0.5 kg/h. 97.89% carbon conversion and 96.66% syngas selectivity (H2 + CO) were achieved under these conditions. Aspen Plus modeling validated these results, demonstrating 99.08% oxygen carrier regeneration efficiency and 0.112 t/kWh energy efficiency at the optimized excess air coefficient of 1.1. Fixed-bed cyclic experiments further verified the simulation accuracy, with a relative error of less than 8.5% for key metrics, though the carbon conversion decreased to 87.54% after five cycles. Microscopic analysis revealed that pore collapse and active site blockage caused by Na2O-SiO2-Al2O3 eutectic formation were primary driver of performance degradation. In conclusion, this work establishes a multi-scale modeling framework bridging microscale thermodynamic equilibria and macroscale energy consumption analysis, which may provide insights for utilization of coal in chemical looping gasification.

This study investigates existential and equational processes in English and Fulfulde spoken in Adamawa state, Nigeria, using a syntactic approach. The aim is to explore how these processes are realized in both languages, focusing on points of similarity and divergence. Specifically, it seeks to identify the nature of existential and equational syntactic processes, describe their structural patterns with reference to sentence constituents, and categorize them according to their linguistic forms. A descriptive research design was employed, with data collected from native speakers of Fulfulde in Adamawa and systematically compared with English equivalents. It is anchored on Principles and Parameters Theory by Chomsky and refines within the Minimalist Program. It highlights the universality of predication while accounting for parametric variations. Analysis reveals that English existential constructions obligatorily employ the expletive 'there' and the copula 'is', whereas Fulfulde relies on the particle 'ɗon' often without an expletive subject. In equational constructions, English consistently uses the copula 'is', while Fulfulde alternates between 'ɗum', 'woni' or simple juxtaposition, demonstrating structural flexibility and derivational economy. The findings show that while both languages operate under universal syntactic principles, Fulfulde encodes these processes more economically, in contrast to English’s stricter word-order constraints. These outcomes have theoretical implications for cross-linguistic syntax and validate the application of generative frameworks to African languages. Practically, the study provides insights for linguistic research, language teaching, translation, and computational modelling of under-documented languages.

This article examines syntactic redundancy in modern programming languages and its impact on code perception, readability, and logical consistency. The object of the study is the analysis of redundant syntactic constructs, particularly those related to variable declarations, scope management, loop structures, and flow control mechanisms. The primary aim is to develop and substantiate an optimized syntax concept. This concept combines the declarative rigor of classical languages with the simplicity of dynamic systems. The goal is to reduce code redundancy and improve cognitive ergonomics for developers. The research methodology involved a comparative analysis of key syntactic elements across different language paradigms. The materials for the study included a formal comparison of semantics and an evaluation of equivalent program fragments written in classical languages and in the proposed conceptual language. The results show that the proposed syntactic model significantly reduces auxiliary symbols, improves code clarity, and lowers cognitive load. The scientific novelty is a holistic syntax model defined by three key innovations. First, a simplified variable management system creates local variables automatically, eliminating keywords like var or global and using explicit markers for outer-scope access. Second, a universal loop operator unifies the functionality of traditional for, while, and do-while loops, allowing condition evaluation at the beginning, middle, or end of the block. Third, the traditional goto operator is replaced with a structured try-throw construct, providing a safe, semantically coherent mechanism for exiting nested blocks and error handling. This unified approach forms a basis for further research into minimalist syntax focused on naturalness and readability.

This study proposes a systematic grammar-based approach to the identification of the unit to replace the ambiguous term phrase with the more neutral term group. The unit phrase in grammatical analysis has long posed persistent problems of identification and subcategorisation in grammar. Two interrelated factors account for this difficulty. First, major syntactic frameworks offer divergent and sometimes incompatible definitions of what constitutes a phrase: what counts as a phrase in the Minimalist Program differs considerably from its treatment in Hallidayan Systemic Functional Grammar and traditional reference grammar. Second, many pedagogical and descriptive grammars lack a principled method for identifying this grammatical unit by frequently combining structural, semantic and notional criteria in an unsystematic manner. The consequence is widespread analytical inconsistency where formally identical structures are assigned different categorial labels on the basis of meaning or discourse interpretation rather than grammatical structure. This study addresses these by proposing a systematic grammar-based approach to the identification of the unit to replace the ambiguous term phrase with the more neutral term group. Drawing on descriptive-analytic evidence from English grammar, study argues that group identification should rely solely on grammatical information, specifically (a) constituent structure and headedness, and (b) grammatical functions realised within clause structure. By rigorously separating structural identity from functional realisation and excluding semantic considerations from categorial identification, the proposed approach offers a clear and consistent account of nominal, verbal, adjectival, adverbial, and prepositional groups. The analysis demonstrates that this approach resolves longstanding confusions in existing grammar descriptions and provides a more principled basis for grammatical analysis and pedagogy.

ABSTRACT In this paper, I explain how agreement occurs in English expletive constructions, in accord with recent work in the Minimalist Program. I develop a proposal that relies on feature unification and probe‐goal agreement, as well as the notion that internal merge of arguments generally applies freely. I take the position that there can be unification of identical unvalued features associated with a probe and an expletive goal. An expletive must end up in a phrase that is labeled by a shared person feature. In addition, the notion that internal merge is generally free accounts for the possibility of thematization/extraction, in which an object that is associated with an expletive appears in a preverbal position in a passivized construction.

ABSTRACT High capital costs and vehicle allocation challenges impede urban public transport electrification. This paper presents an integrated optimization framework for battery electric bus (BEB) fleet scheduling under both opportunity and depot charging conditions, simultaneously optimizing battery capacity, dispatch frequency, and fleet size to minimize total annualized system cost. A hybrid heuristic algorithm achieves high-quality solutions within practical runtimes. An evolutionary game model captures dynamic interactions between operators and passengers under alternative allocation strategies. The framework is validated through a case study in Harbin, China. Results demonstrate that the optimal configuration reduces annualized system cost by approximately 17.8% (≈266 million CNY) relative to the baseline and identifies cost-effective combinations of key decision variables. Sensitivity analyses confirm robustness across varying wireless charging facility scenarios. These findings provide actionable insights for electric bus planning and sustainable fleet management in cold-climate urban environments.

This study addresses the relative lack of scholarly attention to topic constructions in Yorùbá, with particular focus on Ọ̀họ̀rí, a Yorùbá dialect spoken in WestYorùbá areas (Oyelaran 1976, Adeniyi 2000), specifically Kétu and its surrounding communities in Yewa North Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria. Data for the study were elicited from twelve native speakersof Ọ̀họ̀rí drawn from Kétu, Asá, and Ègùwá. The analysis is framed within the Minimalist Program (Chomsky1995, 1998, 2002) and theory of Information Structure (Halliday 1994; Erteschik-Shir 2007; van der Wal et al. 2025). The findings show that a wide range of constituents, including noun phrases, tense phrases, and conditional clauses, can undergo topicalisation in Ọ̀họ̀rí. The study also examines the syntactic positions of topic elements, drawing on the regions identified in Bamgbọṣe (1990), and proposes two structural representations for topic projections in the dialect. Finally, the paper discusses the semantics of topic constructions in Ọ̀họ̀rí Yorùbá, an aspect that has received little or no attention in existing Yorùbá linguistic literature.

We investigate the predictions for lepton number violating processes within the minimal theory of neutrino masses based on the spontaneous breaking of local lepton number. In this framework, the symmetry is broken at the low scale, leading to the existence of a viable dark matter candidate. The new fermions required for anomaly cancellation mediate lepton number violating processes at the one-loop level. We present a detailed calculation of the most relevant processes, including μ → e γ , μ → 3 e , and μ → e conversion in nuclei. The regions of parameter space excluded by current experimental bounds are identified, and we emphasize the interplay between collider observables and charged lepton flavor violating signatures as a key test of this theory of neutrino masses.

The present paper explores the syntax of unaccusative verbs in Moroccan Arabic (MA) within the theoretical framework of the Minimalist Program (MP). The study aims to delimit the gap in the literature concerning the analysis of unaccusative verbs in the context of MA. The primary objective of this research is to apply the VP split hypothesis to account for unaccusative verb constructions. The findings reveal that unaccusative verbs can appear in locative inversion constructions and expletive-insertion structures but cannot undergo passivization. Furthermore, the Split-VP hypothesis provides an appropriate account for these constructions and the alternating SVO orders of MA. Semantically, unaccusative verbs take one internal theme argument in their thematic grid. This internal argument originates within VP, where it receives nominative case, and remains in VSO order. To derive the SVO order, the theme argument moves to spec-TP to satisfy the EPP feature of T. Therefore, the study provides insights into the syntactic structure of unaccusative verbs in MA, which can supply information for comparative syntax in future research.

In this research, H 2 minimisation theory in combination with internal model control (IMC) is used to analytically derive novel PID controller settings which can be used as ready reference, like look-up tables. These novel analytical settings are developed for a defined range of time delay to time constant ratio. Maximum sensitivity (M s ) is used for deriving the robust analytical equations. Case studies which are thoroughly considered to represent unstable systems are selected to evaluate the closed loop performances for set point variations and for load disturbance variations. Robustness is evaluated for uncertainties in the process model. Recently published methods in the literature are considered for performance comparison with the proposed method. After analysing numerous simulation outcomes, it becomes evident that the present methodology offers markedly improved performance compared to the techniques found in recent literature. To authenticate the practical effectiveness of the proposed method, an experimental trial is conducted on an inverted pendulum. The time integral performance index is employed to assess the effectiveness of the designed controller.

On the minimal theory of consciousness implicit in active inference.

This paper examines the relationship between weak orthogonality and almost orthogonality for complete non-algebraic 1-types in weakly ordered minimal theories. A central element of our approach is the concept of neighborhoods, which encapsulate local properties of type realizations. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of the geometry of types in weakly ordered minimal theories and provides tools that may be applied in related model-theoretic contexts.

Disruptions in urban rail transit (URT) systems can significantly impact operational efficiency, while well-designed bus bridging service (BBS) can effectively mitigate such effects. To address the surge in travel demand caused by disruptions, this study comprehensively considers alternative transportation modes that affected passengers may adopt (including taxis, shared bicycles, bridging buses, and walking), aiming to minimize both the operational costs of bridging buses and the total travel time of passengers. A travel choice model based on the random regret minimization (RRM) theory is developed to characterize passengers’ decision-making behavior following station disruptions. Demand uncertainty is represented using trapezoidal fuzzy variables, and a distributionally robust credibility optimization model is established. An innovative reinforcement learning-based parallel genetic algorithm (RPGA) is proposed for solving the model. A case study of a bidirectional disruption during the 08:00–10:00 on the section of Xi’an Metro Line 2 demonstrates that: (1) The proposed model exhibits stronger robustness under demand uncertainty, achieving a reduction of 3 dispatched vehicles and a cost saving of 9,439 RMB by moderately increasing passenger costs by 850 RMB and extending bridging time; (2) The RPGA algorithm outperforms Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), Reinforcement Learning-based NSGA-II (RLNSGA-II), and Multi-objective Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (MOPSO) in hypervolume (HV), generational distance (GD), and non-dominated ratio (NDR); (3) Increasing the rated passenger capacity within a certain range can reduce average passenger delays but correspondingly raises transportation costs. This method effectively enhances the system’s ability to cope with demand fluctuations and provides decision-making support for emergency scheduling in urban rail transit.

The minimal theory of assertion

Lo´s’s theorem states that a first-order formula holds in an ultraproduct of structures if and only if it holds in “almost all” factors, where “almost all” is understood in terms of a given ultrafilter. This fundamental result plays a key role in understanding the behavior of first-order properties under ultraproduct constructions. Pseudofinite structures – those that are elementarily equivalent to ultraproducts of finite models–serve as an important bridge between the finite and the infinite, allowing the transfer of finite combinatorial intuition to the study of infinite models. In the context of unary algebras (unars), a classification of unar theories provides a foundation for analyzing pseudofiniteness within this framework. Based on this classification, a characterization of pseudofinite unar theories is obtained, along with several necessary and sufficient conditions for a unar theory to be pseudofinite. Furthermore, various forms of approximation to unar theories are investigated. These include approximations not only for arbitrary unar theories but also for the strongly minimal unar theory. Different types of approximating sequences of finite structures are examined, shedding light on the model-theoretic and algebraic properties of unars and enhancing our understanding of their finite counterparts.

Lately, many researchers have become interested in the syntactic representation of negation in Standard Arabic as well as in its many regional dialects. While significant attention has been directed toward Palestinian, Jordanian, Kuwaiti, and Syrian Arabic, Algerian Arabic—especially the variety spoken in Bordj Bou-Arreridj (BBA)—has received considerably less attention within this theoretical framework. This study aims to fill this gap by studying the structural properties of sentential negation in the BBA dialect, thereby contributing to broader cross-dialectal and typological discussions on negation. Grounded in the principles of the Minimalist Program, the research critically evaluates three major theoretical accounts of negation: the Specifier Negation Analysis, the Discontinuous Negation Analysis, and Soltan’s (2011) updated proposal for Arabic negation. A descriptive-analytical methodology is adopted, supported by recent developments in syntactic theory, particularly those outlined in the Cambridge Syntax Guides. The data set consists of naturally occurring negated constructions, elicited and analyzed by the author, a native speaker of BBA dialect. The findings demonstrate that Soltan’s analysis most accurately captures the syntactic behavior of negation in this variety. In particular, it shows that negation is located in a position higher than Tense, with the two negation markers—maa and š—occupying distinct syntactic projections, namely the Polarity Phrase and the Negation Phrase, respectively. By contrast, the other two analyses fail to adequately explain negation in nominal clauses and contexts involving Negative Polarity Items (NPIs). This study thus enriches the underrepresented literature on Algerian Arabic and offers theoretical implications for negation in Arabic dialects more broadly.

This article argues that the assignment of nominative case to the subject in present tense verbless sentences (VS) in Standard Arabic (SA) is achieved through the mechanism of Feature Inheritance (FI). Contrary to the analysis that posits assignment through default case, we propose that T(ense) inherits its uninterpretable φ-features and case assigning properties from the C(omplementizer), even in the absence of an overt verb. This view, which uses the Minimalist Program (MP) as a framework, maintains theoretical consistency with phase theory and tries to help unify subject case assignment accounts in verbal and verbless sentences. Accordingly, the analysis also explains the subject’s syntactic movements and reinforces the view that verbless sentences instantiate full CP structures with the subject base generated in Spec, PredP, then moving to Spec, TP to satisfy the Extended Projection Principle (EPP) feature and finally ending up in Spec, TopP. Overall, the paper concludes that FI provides a unified and economical explanation for case licensing, which can be applied across all clause types in SA.