Minimal State Research Articles

Limitations of Market Reforms in a Neo-Liberal World Economy

A number of sequential events spanning the last fifty years has given proponents of capitalism, advocating minimal state involvement in the economy, decisive victory, not only over socialism but over heavy government engagement in the economy The main contention of this piece is to prove that the failures of government and public sector did not necessarily make a strong case for the market reforms which was being promoted in SSA and other transition economies. In fact what is often distorted or misrepresented as the successes of unfettered markets are on closer examination evidences in favour of strong government and developmental states which have been able to overcome the so-called ‘Weingast Paradox. Drawing from the historical experience and the successes of a few countries in Far East Asia in addition to the successes of China and India, we make strong case for government-driven economic development after policy-makers have been subjected to the constraints of political and economic institutions. DOI : 10.7176/DCS/9-5-03 Publication date :May 31 st 2019

Over-spilling institutions: The political ecology of ‘greening’ the small-scale gold mining sector in Guyana

This article applies a political ecology framework to examine the challenges of ‘greening’ Guyana’s relatively established small-scale gold mining sector. Based on a year of fieldwork conducted in Guyana’s gold mining landscape, the article highlights a range of ways in which the supposed stability and transparency of Guyana’s institutional mining framework is undermined by the dynamic and discretionary realities of actual small-scale gold mining activity. The tendency of mining activity to overspill institutional boundaries is contributing to worsening ecological conditions in the country’s interior. For miners, it is shown that, even having acquired or accessed formal property, they face various challenges (such as minimal state support, stressed conditions of production, and tenure insecurity) that compromise their ability to enact ‘green’ mining. The state meanwhile faces related challenges in ensuring that dynamic and fluid mining activity remains within its legal and literal boundaries. Overall, the article illustrates how the mainstream green mining ‘storyline’ – based on the notion of formal institutions as a disciplining or containing force – is disrupted by an intimate interaction among unruly socio-ecological realities.

Distributions of pattern statistics in sparse Markov models

Markov models provide a good approximation to probabilities associated with many categorical time series, and thus they are applied extensively. However, a major drawback associated with them is that the number of model parameters grows exponentially in the order of the model, and thus only very low-order models are considered in applications. Another drawback is lack of flexibility, in that Markov models give relatively few choices for the number of model parameters. Sparse Markov models are Markov models with conditioning histories that are grouped into classes such that the conditional probability distribution for members of each class is constant. The model gives a better handling of the trade-off between bias associated with having too few model parameters and variance from having too many. In this paper, methodology for efficient computation of pattern distributions through Markov chains with minimal state spaces is extended to the sparse Markov framework.

On minimal energy states of chiral MHD turbulence

We study the evolution of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence taking into account the chiral anomaly effect. This chiral magnetohydrodynamic description of the plasma is expected to be relevant for temperatures comparable to the electroweak scale, and therefore for the evolution of magnetic fields in the early Universe and young neutron stars. We focus on the case of freely decaying chiral magnetohydrodynamic turbulence and discuss the dissipation of ideal MHD invariants. Using the variational approach we discuss the minimum energy configurations of magnetic field and velocity. As in the case of the standard magnetohydrodynamic turbulence, we find that the natural relaxation state is given by a force-free field, ∇ × B ∝ B. However, the precise form of this configuration is now determined by parameters describing the chiral anomaly effect, leading to some important differences when compared to the non-chiral turbulence. Using this result we argue that the evolution of velocity and magnetic field will tend to effectively decouple during the transition to this minimal energy state.

Regulation of drug metabolizing enzymes in the leukaemic bone marrow microenvironment

The bone marrow (BM) microenvironment contributes to drug resistance in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and multiple myeloma (MM). We have shown that the critical drug metabolizing enzymes cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and cytidine deaminase (CDA) are highly expressed by BM stroma, and play an important role in this resistance to chemotherapy. However, what factors influence the chemoprotective capacity of the BM microenvironment, specifically related to CYP3A4 and CDA expression, are unknown. In this study, we found that the presence of AML cells decreases BM stromal expression of CYP3A4 and CDA, and this effect appears to be at least partially the result of cytokines secreted by AML cells. We also observed that stromal CYP3A4 expression is up‐regulated by drugs commonly used in AML induction therapy, cytarabine, etoposide and daunorubicin, resulting in cross‐resistance. Cytarabine also up‐regulated CDA expression. The up‐regulation of CYP3A4 associated with disease control was reversed by clarithromycin, a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4. Our data suggest that minimal residual disease states are characterized by high levels of stromal drug metabolizing enzymes and thus, strong microenvironment‐mediated drug resistance. These results further suggest a potential role for clinically targeting drug metabolizing enzymes in the microenvironment.

On the edges of the law: sex workers’ legal consciousness in England

AbstractIn England, sex workers are placed at the edges of the law. How the social and legal status of sex workers impacts on their perception of and interaction with the law in a semi-legal setting has not yet been explored. Drawing on fifty-two qualitative interviews with indoor and outdoor sex workers in England, this study investigates their disposition to the law, legality and the state. The commonalities and discrepancies between the experiences of indoor and outdoor sex workers reveal the influence of the combination of legal framework and social status on sex workers’ legal consciousness. This study finds that, even in a setting of semi-legality, sex workers attempt to avoid contact with state authorities. However, this aversion to the current law does not prevent them from making claims for legal change. Surprisingly, indoor and outdoor sex workers hold opposing views on the appropriate level of regulation and state involvement in the sex industry. Remarkably, although outdoor sex workers have more negative experiences with arbitrators of the law, they desire the law's protection. In contrast, indoor sex workers’ main grievance is for sex work to be a legitimate industry that can operate with only minimal state control. These differences in outdoor and indoor workers’ legal claims are explicable by sharp cleavages in social status, vulnerability and degree of criminalisation. These findings demonstrate that intra-group differences in the legal consciousness of marginalised groups are key to understanding the role of social and legal status in shaping legal claims.

Varieties of neoliberalism: on the populism of laissez-faire in America, 1960–1985

ABSTRACT A populist turn in the argument for laissez-faire occurred between the mid-1970s and the early 1980s. The essay focuses on Milton Friedman, James Buchanan, the supply-side economists, and eulogists of free enterprise like Michael Novak. They reversed the standpoint of previous advocates of the minimal state, who had feared that the enfranchised poor majority would soak the rich, by arguing that the statist danger came in fact from the liberal elites, pressing on with the expansion of governmental functions against the will and interests of ordinary Americans. Such a shift complemented that occurring in the idiom of the political Right since the 1960s. The economic populism of Friedman and Buchanan, in particular, derived from a blend of abstract analysis and a reassertion of freedom as the constitutive value of the country – they combined the universality and prestige of the economic idiom with a normative vision of national identity.

Lipschitz recursive equilibrium with a minimal state space and heterogeneous agents

This paper analyzes the Lucas tree model with heterogeneous agents and one asset. We show the existence of a minimal state space Lipschitz continuous recursive equilibrium using Montrucchio (1987) results. The recursive equilibrium implements a sequential equilibrium through an explicit functional equation derived from the Bellman Equation. Our method also allows to prove existence of a recursive equilibrium in a general class of deterministic or stochastic models with several assets provided there exists a Lipschitz selection on the demand correspondence. We provide examples showing applicability of our results.

Load prediction analysis based on virtual machine execution time using optimal sequencing algorithm in cloud federated environment

Virtual machine (VM) prediction and an effective resource management are the attractive areas in the cloud environment. VM prediction is an important task to execute the jobs for delay minimization and unnecessary states avoidance. Cloud computing attracted towards the increase in a number of applications that run on remote servers in parallel manner. Increase in parallelism reduces the CPU utilization adversely. Hence, the proper VM prediction and management are necessary stages in provisioning scheme. Also time required for allocating jobs is more in existing algorithms due to the number of computations involved. Therefore a novel algorithm is required to improve the performance of the job allocation with makespan reduction. In this paper the new algorithm is proposed that includes the VM capacity and execution time for load prediction and performance improvement purpose. Our proposed research work utilizes the VM clustering and optimization algorithms to improve job sequencing performance. The cost computation prior to clustering includes the VM capacity as a major factor. Clustering of VM with high-cost and isolation of low-cost and high-cost clusters reduces the searching time of VM and solve the imbalance state problem in traditional methods. The optimization algorithm with suitable initialization function reduces the time and steps for selection of VM for suitable job. The proposed model outperformance is established by the selected parameters.

Subsystem complexity and holography

As a probe of circuit complexity in holographic field theories, we study sub-system analogues based on the entanglement wedge of the bulk quantities appearing in the “complexity = volume” and “complexity = action” conjectures. We calculate these quantities for one exterior region of an eternal static neutral or charged black hole in general dimensions, dual to a thermal state on one boundary with or without chemical potential respectively, as well as for a shock wave geometry. We then define several analogues of circuit complexity for mixed states, and use tensor networks to gain intuition about them. In the action approach, we find two possible cases depending on an ambiguity in the definition of the action associated with a counterterm. In one case, there is a promising qualitative match between the holographic action and what we call the purification complexity, the minimum number of gates required to prepare an arbitrary purification of the given mixed state. In the other case, the match is to what we call the basis complexity, the minimum number of gates required to prepare the given mixed state starting from a minimal complexity state with the same eigenvalue spectrum. One way to fix this ambiguity is to choose an action definition such that UV divergent part is positive, in which case the best match to the action result is the basis complexity. In contrast, the holographic volume does not appear to match any of our definitions of mixed-state complexity.

Design and Evaluation of UAV Flow Angle Estimation Filters

This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of four filters for the estimation of angle of attack (AOA) and angle of sideslip (AOS) of small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Specifically, two novel filters (a complementary filter and an extended Kalman filter) are proposed and evaluated without using direct flow angle and Global Positioning System measurements; two existing AOA/AOS filters are also implemented and evaluated. All filters are designed with minimal inputs and states to ensure the ease of implementation, simplicity of tuning, and computation efficiency. Both simulation and UAV flight test results show the performance of the proposed filters. Especially, flight test results from two different UAVs (a T-tail UAV and a flying wing UAV) show that the root mean square errors of estimated inertial AOA and AOS are less than 1.5 $^\circ$ under nominal flight conditions and around 2 $^\circ$ under aggressive maneuvers compared with direct flow angle measurements.

Exponential stabilization of the rotating disk-beam system with an interior infinite memory control: A minimal state framework

This article is consecrated to the asymptotic analysis of the rotating disk-beam system subject to an interior infinite memory. Within the minimal state framework, we are able to show that the system is well-posed and its solutions exponentially converge to their equilibrium state. The proof of such outcomes requires a reasonable boundedness condition on the angular velocity of the disk and standard assumptions on the memory kernel involved in the memory term.

Kajian Terhadap Sila Keadilan Dan Teori Keadilan Berfalsafah Libertarianisme Dari Sudut Pandang Berideologi Pancasila

Libertarianism is a classification of philosophy which considers freedom as the main perspective that must be honored. With this assumption making libertarianism is often seen as a processed result or new ideas as a more polite cover of anarchism. Libertarianism initiates a society with a minimal state role, as a manifestation of the fulfillment of rights and the creation of justice where the distribution of resources is determined by the ability of each individual through a market mechanism. With this, it is not impossible to cause a disintegration that will adversely affect their social life. Whereas on the other hand, the government, as it has been placed by libertarians, only acts as a stabilizer to monitor and ensure that there are no violations of rights that occur, not as an opening way towards the creation of a country's goals. Deeper, libertarians oppose various regulations and rules that smell of public interest as well as taxes because they are considered another form of covert slavery. This is said because for them, besides causing obligations that must be borne by each individual, government revenues will actually hinder the development and productivity of each individual. Various speculations, new arguments and terms emerge along with the development of ideological strata that claim that libertarians are as they understand them. Thus emerging new terms such as conservative, left-right, contemporary and so forth as a form of division of the libertarian camp. Based on this, it certainly makes them have their own characteristics in the placement of rights and the application of justice.

Peace-building and business elites in Guatemala and El Salvador: explaining the discursive ‘institutional turn’

ABSTRACTThe local business elites of El Salvador were generally in favour of the peace agreement and supported its negotiation and implementation in 1992, while in Guatemala the private sector reluctantly supported the peace process and, after the peace agreements were signed in 1996, the private sector sought to obstruct parts of its implementation. In the aftermath of the peace accords, business elites united around an ideology espousing a minimal state and a focus on market solutions to social problems. Although welcoming the security-related measures in the peace accords, business elites have often obstructed transformations towards more inclusive and democratic societies. However, in recent years there has been a change in discourse among influential business associations towards recognition of the need for strong state institutions and the need for institutionalised mechanisms for dialogue to find solutions to social problems. In this article, we seek to shed light on the significance of this discursive turn for continued peace-building.

Główne idee nowej prawicy i nowej lewicy

The purpose of the paper is to draw attention to the problem of the division of socio-political life on the right and left and the doctrinal assumptions of the new right and the new left, which are then expressed in social and political programs. The object of these analyzes, however, are not specific political groups or their forms of activity, but only ideological assumptions of social movements. The paper has three parts: 1) it points out that there is no clear criterion for division into right and left, and the use of these terms is polarizing and is conditioned historically, culturally and geographically; 2) the main principles of the new right are presented (economic liberalism, conservatism, minimal state and government, free market, anti-egalitarianism); 3) the ideas of the new left wing were shown (new man, counterculture, criticism, egalitarianism, emancipation, ecology, pacifism).

Acute Myeloid Leukemia Stem Cell Heterogeneity and Its Clinical Relevance.

The failure of complete remissions to reliably translate into cures in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) can be explained by the leukemia stem cell (LSC) paradigm, which hypothesizes that rare leukemia cells with stem cell features, including self-renewal capacity and drug resistance, are primarily responsible for both disease maintenance and relapses. Traditionally, the ability to generate AML in immunocompromised mice werehow these so-called LSCs were identified. Only those rare AML cells characterized by a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) CD34+CD38- phenotype were believed capable of generating leukemia in immunocompromised mice, but more recently, significant heterogeneity in the phenotypes of engrafting AML cells has been demonstrated. Moreover, AML cells that engraft immunocompromised mice do not necessarily represent either the founder clone or those cells responsible for relapse. A recent study found that the most immature phenotype present in an AML was heterogeneous, but correlated with genetically defined risk groups and outcomes. Patients with AML cells expressing a primitive HSC phenotype (CD34+CD38- with high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity) manifested significantly lower complete remission rates, as well as poorer event-free and overall survivals. AMLs in which the most primitive cells displayed more mature phenotypes were associated with better outcomes. The strong clinical correlations suggest that the most immature phenotype detectable within a patient's AML might serve as a biomarker for "clinically relevant" LSCs. The minimal residual disease state during first remission may be the optimal setting to study novel LSC-targeted therapies, since they may have limited activity against the bulk leukemia and will be utilized at lowest tumor burden as well as least tumor heterogeneity.

Distinctive Features of Contemporary Russian Education

In considering Soviet experience and the situation in contemporary Russia, the author substantiates the thesis that any state has the education system that it needs. The structure and content of the federal educational standard in specialty 081100 “State and Municipal Management” are analyzed in detail, making it possible to conclude that education based on this standard can yield no real knowledge, expertise, or skills in the sphere of management. The author argues that the same scheme underlies practically the entire nomenclature of humanities-associated trends, this system of pseudoeducation being in demand in our country because it fully corresponds to the state of contemporary Russian society. This system was formed within the model of minimal state regulation of all spheres of social life, which was established after the disintegration of the Soviet Union. The implementation of this model has led to the loss of goal-setting and strategic functions of the domestic system of management at all levels. The author calls for a revival of these functions, which will lead to positive transformations in the system of vocational education as well.

TRANSEXUAL “WOMANHOOD” AND THE EMERGENCE OF TRANSFEMINISM: RHETORICS OF HIV/AIDS IN THE LIGHT OF THE QUEER THEORY

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the female transsexual identity and the emergence of transfeminism through the context of vulnerability to HIV / AIDS in light of the Queer Theory. Method: a qualitative, descriptive, exploratory study based on the Queer Theory, carried out in a reference hospital for HIV/AIDS in the State of Pernambuco (Brazil), developed with six young transsexual women. The interviews were analyzed in the IRaMuTeQ software via the similarity analysis method. Results: the relation of male domination through the subordination of the transsexual woman, which originates in the binary, sexist and male chauvinistic heteronormative model, is emphasized. The context of vulnerability to HIV / AIDS is evidenced as a naturalized phenomenon of violence to the young "queer" woman, especially with precarious living conditions, history of family rejection, sexual violence and informal prostitution work. Lack of support from the social network and the imminent risk of transphobic violence result in damage to their physical and mental integrity. The following categories were observed: Emergence of transfeminism through symbolic violence and female transsexual identity and the context of vulnerability. Conclusion: the social impacts of the minimal state policy, social class cohesion (binarism, sexism, racism and male chauvinism), unequal social capital and culture of abjection of transsexual women reflect the context of the HIV / AIDS epidemic and inequalities that result in individual, contextual and programmatic vulnerability and in factors which limit the attainment of a healthy life.

Time Consistency Requirement Implies Generalized Minimal State Variable Criterion

Time Consistency Requirement Implies Generalized Minimal State Variable Criterion

Geometric dynamics of a harmonic oscillator, arbitrary minimal uncertainty states and the smallest step 3 nilpotent Lie group**Dedicated to 70th birthday of Maurice de Gosson

The paper presents a new method of geometric solution of a Schrödinger equation by constructing an equivalent first-order partial differential equation with a bigger number of variables. The equivalent equation shall be restricted to a specific subspace with auxiliary conditions which are obtained from a coherent state transform. The method is applied to the fundamental case of the harmonic oscillator and coherent state transform generated by the minimal nilpotent step three Lie group—the group (also known under many names, e.g. quartic group). We obtain a geometric solution for an arbitrary minimal uncertainty state used as a fiducial vector. In contrast, it is shown that the well-known Fock–Segal–Bargmann transform and the Heisenberg group require a specific fiducial vector to produce a geometric solution. A technical aspect considered in this paper is that a certain modification of a coherent state transform is required: although the irreducible representation of the group is square-integrable modulo a subgroup , the obtained dynamic is transverse to the homogeneous space .