Miniaturized Matrix Solid-phase Dispersion Research Articles

Synthesis and application of mesoporous molecular sieve for miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction of bioactive flavonoids from toothpaste, plant, and saliva.

This article describes the use of the mesoporous molecular sieve KIT-6 as a sorbent in miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) in combination with ultra-performance LC for the determination of bioactive flavonoids in toothpaste, Scutellariae Radix, and saliva. In this study, for the first time, KIT-6 was used as a sorbent material for this mode of extraction. Compared with common silica-based sorbents (C18 and activated silica gel), the proposed KIT-6 dispersant with a three-dimensional cubic Ia3d structure and highly ordered arrays of mesoporous channels exhibits excellent adsorption capability of the tested compounds. In addition, several experimental variables, such as the mass ratio of sample to dispersant, grinding time, and elution solvent, were optimized to maximize the extraction efficiency. The proposed analytical method is simple, fast, and entails low consumption of samples, dispersants and elution solvents, thereby meeting "green chemistry" requirements. Under the optimized conditions, the recoveries of three bioactive flavonoids obtained by analyzing the spiked samples were from 89.22 to 101.17%. Also, the LODs and LOQs for determining the analytes were in the range of 0.02-0.04 μg/mL and 0.07-0.13 μg/mL, respectively. Finally, the miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion method was successfully applied to the analysis of target solutes in real samples, and satisfactory results were obtained.

Matrix solid-phase dispersion with chitosan-zinc oxide nanoparticles combined with flotation-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of 13 n-alkanes in soil samples.

In this study, chitosan-zinc oxide nanoparticles were used as a sorbent of miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion combined with flotation-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the simultaneous determination of 13 n-alkanes such as C8 H18 and C20 H42 in soil samples. The solid samples were directly blended with the chitosan nanoparticles in the solid-phase dispersion method. The eluent of solid-phase dispersion was applied as the dispersive solvent for the following flotation-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for further purification and enrichment of the target compounds prior to gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Under the optimum conditions, good linearity with correlation coefficients in the range 0.9991 < r(2) < 0.9995 and low detection limits between 0.08 to 2.5ng/g were achieved. The presented procedure combined the advantages of chitosan-zinc oxide nanoparticles, solid-phase dispersion and flotation-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, and could be applied for the determination of n-alkanes in complicated soil samples with acceptable recoveries.

Extraction and analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzo[a]pyrene metabolites in microalgae cultures by off-line/on-line methodology based on matrix solid-phase dispersion, solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography

This paper describes the development and validation of an analytical methodology to determine the presence of four PAHs: benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene in cultures of the green microalgae Selenastrum capricornutum. The metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), 4,5-dihydrodiol benzo[a]pyrene, 9,10-dihydrodiol benzo[a]pyrene, 3-hydroxy benzo[a]pyrene and 9-hydroxy benzo[a]pyrene were also included. The methodology consisted of three parts: (1) separation of liquid media from biomass samples by centrifugation of pure cultures, (2) off-line extraction of analytes from biomass by a miniaturized matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) method and from liquid media by a solid phase extraction (SPE) method and (3) on-line SPE preconcentration and analysis of the MSPD and SPE extracts, separately, by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD). The off-line/on-line (MSPD/SPE–HPLC-FD) method was validated over a concentration range of 20–200pgmg−1 obtaining good linearity (r2>0.9912) and precision values measured as relative standard deviation (RSD)<5%, recovery values were in the range of (40–66%) and the limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 2 to 6.5pgmg−1. The off-line/on-line (SPE/SPE–HPLC-FD) method was validated over a concentration range of 5–120pgmL−1; r2>0.9913 and RSD<7.36%, recovery values were in the range of 38–74% and LODs ranged from 0.8 to 2.3pgmL−1. This methodology was applied to samples from cultures exposed to BaP at 5ngmL−1 with different exposure times (0.75, 1.5, 3, 6, 24 and 48h). The analytical methodology was suitable for measuring the very low amounts of residual BaP and metabolites produced in bioassays. Results showed that some of the metabolites favored by the microalgae are the dihydrodiols. The microalgae cultures were able to decrease the BaP level in the liquid medium below the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) limit (<0.2ngmL−1).

New method based on combining ultrasonic assisted miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion and homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction for the determination of some organochlorinated pesticides in fish

In this study, ultrasonic assisted miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion (US-MMSPD) combined with homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction (HLLE) has been developed as a new method for the extraction of organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) in fish prior to gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC-ECD). In the proposed method, OCPs (heptachlor, aldrin, DDE, DDD, lindane and endrin) were first extracted from fish sample into acetonitrile by US-MMSPD procedure, and the extract was then used as consolute solvent in HLLE process. Optimal condition for US-MMSPD step was as follows: volume of acetonitrile, 1.5 mL; temperature of ultrasound, 40 °C; time of ultrasound, 10 min. For HLLE step, optimal results were obtained at the following conditions: volume of chloroform, 35 μL; volume of aqueous phase, 1.5 mL; volume of double distilled water, 0.5 mL; time of centrifuge, 10 min. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factors for the studied compounds were obtained in the range of 185–240, and the overall recoveries were ranged from 39.1% to 81.5%. The limits of detection were 0.4–1.2 ng g −1 and the relative standard deviations for 20 ng g −1 of the OCPs, varied from 3.2% to 8% ( n = 4). Finally, the proposed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of the OCPs in real fish sample, and satisfactory results were obtained.

Molecularly imprinted matrix solid-phase dispersion combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the determination of four Sudan dyes in egg yolk

A new kind of aniline–naphthol molecularly imprinted microsphere (MIM) synthesized by aqueous suspension polymerization was applied as a selective sorbent of miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion combining with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (MSPD–DLLME) for the simultaneous determination of four Sudans in egg yolk samples. The solid sample was directly blended with MIM in MSPD procedure and the eluent of MSPD was used as the dispersive solvent of the followed DLLME for further purification and enrichment of the analytes before HPLC analysis. Good linearity for all the Sudan dyes was ranged from 0.02 μg g −1 to 2.0 μg g −1 ( r 2 ≥ 0.9990) and their recoveries at three spiked levels were ranged from 87.2% to 103.5% with RSD less than 6.1% ( n = 3). The presented MIM–MSPD–DLLME method combined the advantages of MIM, MSPD and DLLME, and could be applied for the determination of Sudans in complicated food samples.

Miniaturized matrix solid phase dispersion procedure and solid phase microextraction for the analysis of organochlorinated pesticides and polybrominated diphenylethers in biota samples by gas chromatography electron capture detection

This work has developed a miniaturized method based on matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) using C18 as dispersant and acetonitrile–water as eluting solvent for the analysis of legislated organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in biota samples by GC with electron capture (GC-ECD). The method has compared Florisil ®-acidic Silica and C18 as dispersant for samples as well as different solvents. Recovery studies showed that the combination of C18–Florisil ® was better when using low amount of samples (0.1 g) and with low volumes of acetonitrile–water (2.6 mL). The use of SPME for extracting the analytes from the solvent mixture before the injection resulted in detection limits between 0.3 and 7.0 μg kg −1 (expressed as wet mass). The miniaturized procedure was easier, faster, less time consuming than the conventional procedure and reduces the amounts of sample, dispersant and solvent volume by approximately 10 times. The proposed procedure was applied to analyse several biota samples from different parts of the Comunidad Valenciana.

New micromethod combining miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion and in-tube in-valve solid-phase microextraction for estimating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bivalves

Miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) was developed for the extraction of common polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from bivalve samples (100 mg, dry weight). Additional clean-up and analyte enrichment was accomplished by in-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME). For this purpose the extracts collected after MSPD were diluted with water and injected into a capillary column coated with the extractive phase. This capillary column was connected to the analytical column by means of a switching valve. Separation and quantification of the PAHs were carried out using a monolithic LC column and fluorescence detection. Since the in-tube SPME device allowed the processing of large volumes of the extracts (2.0 mL) excellent sensitivity was achieved, thus making solvent evaporation operations unnecessary. The overall recoveries ranged from 10% to 28% for the studied compounds. The relative standard deviation (RSD) ranged from 2% to 10% for intra-day variation ( n = 3), and the limits of detection (LODs) were ≤0.6 ng/g (dry weight). The proposed procedure was very simple and rapid (total analysis time was approximately 20 min), and the consumption of organic solvents and extractive phases was drastically reduced. The reliability of the proposed MSPD/in-tube SPME method was tested by analysing several bivalves (mussels and tellins) as well as a standard reference material (SRM).